施氮对小麦干物质累积和转运的影响

为给高产小麦氮素科学管理提供依据,以河南温县和兰考典型高产区为试验地点,连续两年在0、90、180、270、360kg.hm-2氮水平下,研究了施氮对多穗型品种豫麦49-198和大穗型品种兰考矮早八干物质累积、分配、转运的影响及与产量的关系。结果表明,从越冬到收获,小麦干物质累积逐步增加,但两个品种小麦干物质累积都在拔节后差异明显,以拔节-开花增幅最大,其次是开花-收获。施氮使小麦干物质累积、转运和产量均增加,其中豫麦49-198干物质累积量和转运量、转运干物质对籽粒的贡献率、籽粒产量都以施氮270kg.hm-2较高,而兰考矮早八则都以施氮180kg.hm-2较高。氮肥用量与小麦开花期、成熟期干物质累积和不同器官干物质分配之间的关系均可用一元二次曲线拟合,豫麦49-198在开花期不同器官最大干物质的施氮量都高于兰考矮早八,但两个品种最大籽粒产量的施氮量接近。开花期豫麦49-198茎鞘干物质比例低于兰考矮早八,穗轴干物质比例高于兰考矮早八;成熟期豫麦49-198叶片、茎鞘、穗轴干物质分配比例低于兰考矮早八,籽粒干物质分配比例高于兰考矮早八;豫麦49-198花前干物质累积比例、转运干物质对籽粒的贡献率都低于兰考矮早八。     

种植密度对两种穗型冬小麦品种籽粒糖含量和淀粉积累的影响

为探明不同种植密度对两种穗型冬小麦品种籽粒糖含量和淀粉积累的影响,于2004~2005年在大田试验条件下,分析了不同种植密度下多穗型品种豫麦49-198系和大穗型品种兰考矮早八灌浆期间籽粒蔗糖、可溶性糖含量和淀粉积累量的变化。结果表明,随着灌浆进程的推进,两种穗型冬小麦品种籽粒中蔗糖和可溶性糖含量均呈下降趋势,而淀粉含量则持续上升。不同种植密度对小麦品种籽粒糖含量变化和淀粉积累的影响存在差异:多穗型品种豫麦49-198系和大穗型品种兰考矮早八分别以225×104株/hm2和375×104株/hm2种植密度有利于蔗糖和可溶性糖的转化以及籽粒淀粉的积累,从而提高了千粒重;两种穗型品种千粒重变化与光合同化物及淀粉积累的变化趋势相吻合。因此,在生产实践中,应针对不同类型品种籽粒糖和淀粉积累特点确定适宜的种植密度,以达到提高产量的目的。     

行距配置对两种穗型冬小麦品种光合特性及产量的影响

为确定两种穗型冬小麦品种高产栽培的适宜行距配置,在大田试验条件下,研究了不同行距(10、15、20和25cm)种植方式下,多穗型品种豫麦49和大穗型品种兰考矮早八的旗叶光合特性。结果表明,两种穗型品种旗叶净光合速率(Pn)均随籽粒灌浆进程呈逐渐降低的趋势,花后0～14d,多穗型品种豫麦49旗叶Pn高于大穗型品种兰考矮早八,之后兰考矮早八优势趋于明显;两品种旗叶qP和Fv/Fo均于花后10d达最大值,之后逐渐下降;豫麦49的光截获(LI)在花后10d高于兰考矮早八,而在花后20d低于兰考矮早八。行距对两种穗型冬小麦品种光合特性、LI和产量有一定影响。随着行距的变大,豫麦49的Pn逐渐增加,而兰考矮早八则逐渐降低;豫麦49的Fv/Fo在花后0～10d随行距的增加而升高,之后以行距20cm最高,兰考矮早八则随行距增加呈先升后降趋势,但始终以15cm最高;豫麦49以行距20cm的qP值较大,而兰考矮早八以行距15cm最高;两穗型品种的LI均随行距增大而降低。籽粒产量则表现随行距增加呈先升后降的变化趋势,豫麦49和兰考矮早八分别以行距20和15cm的产量最高。因此,生产中不同穗型品种选择各自适宜的行距配置,有助于光能的吸收利用,促进光合物质向籽粒转移。     

施氮量对超高产冬小麦花后光合特性及产量的影响

为给冬小麦超高产栽培中氮肥合理运筹提供参考依据,于2007-2008年在河南温县、兰考两试验点,以两个具有超高产潜力的冬小麦品种豫麦49和兰考矮早八为供试材料,在全生育期施氮0、90、180、270 和360 kg N ·hm-2（底施和拔节期追施各半）的条件下,研究了施氮量对冬小麦光合特性、干物质积累和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,两试验点施氮量180和270 kg·hm-2处理的籽粒产量均达到了每公顷9 000 kg以上的水平,高于其他施氮处理,与不施氮和90 kg N ·hm-2处理间差异均达显著水平。进一步分析发现,与其他处理相比,180和270 kg·hm-2处理提高了两个小麦品种开花后旗叶光合速率和SPAD值,进而增加了花后干物质积累量。两试验点的施氮处理对大穗型品种兰考矮早八成穗数影响不显著,而施氮量180和270 kg·hm-2处理显著提高了多穗型品种豫麦49的成穗数;两品种穗粒数和粒重均表现为不施氮和90 kg N ·hm-2处理显著低于适宜施氮量（180和270 kg N ·hm-2）处理。两品种在两试验点获得最高产量的施氮量不同,豫麦49和兰考矮早八分别在270和180 kg·hm-2获得最高产量。由此可见,在本试验条件下,两个品种在施氮量180~270 kg·hm-2、基施和拔节期比例5∶5条件下,在稳定足够穗数的基础上,增加穗粒数,促进花后物质积累量,提高粒重,可实现超高产。     

冬小麦碳氮积累、转运和籽粒产量对小花发育期追氮的响应

为给冬小麦高产优质栽培过程中氮肥的合理调控提供参考依据,通过河南郑州和兰考两点大田试验,分别在总施氮量240和180 kg·hm^-2下,以全部基施为对照,进行基施和追施各50%施氮处理［追肥时期分别在返青期(二棱末期)、返青后10 d(护颖原基分化期)、20 d(雌雄蕊原基分化期)和30 d(雌蕊凹期)］,探讨了小花发育期施氮对两种穗型冬小麦碳、氮积累和转运及产量构成的影响。结果表明,在小花发育期追施氮肥均有利于花前碳、氮的贮藏积累和转运,且兰考矮早8品种贮藏碳、氮转运对籽粒的贡献率分别高于对照处理4.49和3.98个百分点,而豫麦49198品种分别高于对照处理1.68和0.47个百分点;两个品种花前贮藏氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率分别高于碳素42.97和38.47个百分点。在本试验条件下,在小花雌雄蕊原基分化期追施氮肥增加了兰考矮早8的千粒重和豫麦49198的穗粒数,且追肥处理的穗粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量显著高于其他处理,氮素积累和转运的增加也显著提高了籽粒蛋白质含量和产量。根据本研究结果,在总施氮量180~240 kg·hm^-2下,采取基施和小花雌雄蕊原基分化期追施氮肥各50%,提高了籽粒产量和蛋白质产量。     

减氮处理对不同小麦品种干物质积累及氮素转运特性的影响

为了解低氮对小麦的氮累积量、干物质累积量、产量及氮利用率的影响,在豫北高产田常规施氮量的基础上,研究了减氮处理下小麦品种漯麦18、豫麦49-198、西农509和豫农202开花期和成熟期氮素积累量、花前和花后干物质和氮素转运、积累特性及产量和氮素利用效率的差异。结果表明,减氮处理下,漯麦18和豫麦49-198开花期和成熟期的氮素积累量均大于西农509和豫农202,且氮素积累量下降幅度均小于后两个小麦品种;4个小麦品种花前贮存氮素对籽粒的贡献率均在73.78%以上,而花后氮素积累量对籽粒的贡献率较低;4个小麦品种花前干物质转运量对籽粒的贡献率为35.05%~39.71%,而花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率均高于60.29%。减氮处理后,漯麦18和豫麦49-198的产量、氮肥偏生产力和产投比均高于西农509和豫农202,产量降低幅度小于西农509和豫农202,植株氮素利用效率、氮肥偏生产力和产投比提高幅度均显著高于西农509和豫农202。说明减氮处理下种植漯麦18和豫麦49-198更有利于在获得较高产量的同时,提高氮素利用效率和经济效益,减少氮素损失。     

源库调节对小麦籽粒灌浆及光合特性的影响

为探讨不同穗型超高产小麦品种的源库关系，通过剪叶和去穗处理研究了两个不同穗型小麦品种“兰考矮早八”和“豫麦49—198”的籽粒灌浆和光合特性。结果表明，两个品种的籽粒体积、千粒重、灌浆速率在花后15d之后均表现为去穗处理〉对照〉去叶处理。去叶处理使两个品种的千粒重、灌浆速率均有所下降．其中豫麦49—198较对照下降最大比例分别为24．4％和22％，兰考矮早八下降的最大比例分别为7．6％和9％；去穗处理使两个品种的千粒重和灌浆速率均有所增加，其中豫麦49—198较对照增加的最大比例分别为11．1％和17％，兰考矮早八增加的最大比例分别为12．2％和17．25％。源库改变对两个品种的光合特性均有影响，表现为对照旗叶〉去穗旗叶〉去叶倒二叶〉对照例二叶。随着灌浆进程，豫麦49—198去叶处理的倒二叶光舍速率较对照增加的比例从40％减为25％．兰考矮早八去穗处理的旗叶光合速率较对照下降的比例从27％减为20％。     

种植行距对两种穗型小麦品种籽粒糖代谢及灌浆特性的影响

为给不同穗型小麦品种选择适宜种植行距提供参考依据,以多穗型品种豫麦49和大穗型品种兰考矮早8为材料,在大田高产栽培条件下,研究了行距对两种穗型小麦品种花后籽粒蔗糖代谢和籽粒灌浆的影响。结果表明,两品种在灌浆期间籽粒可溶性糖含量、蔗糖含量和蔗糖合成酶活性均呈下降趋势,淀粉含量则快速上升。在灌浆前期兰考矮早8的可溶性糖含量和蔗糖含量以窄行距（15和10 cm）处理较高,而灌浆后期则以宽行距（20和25 cm）处理较高;豫麦49在整个灌浆期可溶性糖含量和蔗糖含量均表现为宽行距处理高于窄行距处理。籽粒淀粉含量两品种均呈现“S”形变化动态。兰考矮早8籽粒淀粉含量为窄行距处理高于宽行距处理,豫麦49则相反。行距对灌浆特征参数的影响因品种而异,兰考矮早8籽粒灌浆持续期、有效灌浆持续期和最大粒重以15 cm最大,豫麦49平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率和有效灌浆持续期的灌浆速率以及最大粒重则以20 cm最高。综合来看,兰考矮早8适宜行距为15 cm,而豫麦49为20 cm。     

低温对小麦幼苗干物质积累及根系分泌物的影响

为了解小麦干物质积累和根系分泌物变化与小麦抗寒性的关系,采用盆栽方法,以弱春性小麦品种兰考矮早八、偃展4110和半冬性小麦品种豫麦49-198、周麦18为材料,设置4个不同温度处理(T1:昼夜均为18℃;T2:昼夜分别为12℃/7℃;T3:昼夜均为4℃;T4:昼夜均为-10±3℃),研究了低温对小麦幼苗干物质积累、根系分泌物和相对电导率的影响。结果表明,低温胁迫2 d,小麦根系分泌物中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖及总酚含量升高;低温胁迫3 d,T3处理下,小麦根系分泌物中游离氨基酸和总酚含量较高,T4处理下小麦根系分泌物中可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸及总酚含量均表现最低,而可溶性糖含量较高。低温胁迫下,根系相对电导率升高,其中豫麦49-198升幅最小,而兰考矮早八升幅最大。低温胁迫下,小麦幼苗干物质积累受到抑制。T3处理下,豫麦49-198干物质积累及幼苗相对生长速率均较高。在4个小麦品种中,豫麦49-198抗寒性较强,兰考矮早八抗寒性较弱。     

氮肥运筹对稻茬小麦干物质、氮素转运及氮素平衡的影响

为给稻茬小麦高产、优质栽培中合理施氮提供依据,以低蛋白小麦品种宁麦9号和高蛋白小麦品种豫麦34号为材料,设置不同施氮水平(0、150、225和300 kg·hm-2)及基追比(基肥∶追肥为1∶9、3∶7、5∶5和7∶3),研究氮肥运筹对小麦植株C-N积累与转运规律、产量、蛋白质含量及氮素利用的影响。结果表明,适当增加施氮量及追肥比例可同步提高两小麦品种籽粒产量和蛋白质含量。随施氮量和追肥比例的增加,两品种干物质转运量均呈先增后降的趋势,而干物质转运效率及其对籽粒产量的贡献率则显著降低。营养器官氮素转运量随施氮量增加而增加,随追肥比例增加先增后降;氮素转运率及其对籽粒氮素贡献率则随施氮量和追肥比例增加而下降。相关分析表明,提高花后干物质积累是提高小麦产量的重要途径,而促进花前营养器官贮存氮素向籽粒的转运是提高小麦蛋白质含量的重要措施。增加施氮量和基肥比例显著增加了两品种氮素的表观损失量并降低了氮素利用效率。本试验条件下,增施氮肥至225 kg·hm-2,追肥比例宁麦9号≤50%、豫麦34号为50%～70%可同步提高两品种籽粒产量、品质和氮素利用效率,降低氮素损失。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻中的残留消解动态及残留分析

本文建立了气质联用仪测定稻田环境中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的残留分析方法,对苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻、土壤和田水中的消解动态和残留规律进行了研究。苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米、稻壳、植株、土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度均为0.20 mg/kg,最小检出量为0.2 ng,在不同样品中的平均加标回收率为80.8%~109.5%,相对标准偏差在1.7%~19.7%之间。田间试验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解动态规律均符合一级动力学反应模型,苯醚甲环唑在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为6.3~11.6 d和1.4~11.6 d;嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为3.6~8.7 d和2.9~23.1 d。以推荐剂量600 g/hm2和1.5倍推荐剂量900 g/hm2,最多施药3次,距最后一次施药15 d时,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米中的最高残留量分别为0.461 mg/kg和0.634 mg/kg,低于我国国家标准《食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB2763-2014)中规定的糙米中苯醚甲环唑最大残留限量0.5 mg/kg和欧盟、美国规定的糙米中嘧菌酯最大残留限量5.0 mg/kg。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.