我国优质水稻发展思路

依据稻谷的质量指标,分析了我国优质水稻生产的现状及存在问题,关键是减少垩白,提高食味值。在此基础上,提出了我国优质水稻的发展思路:采用遗传改良方法选育新品种,利用现代技术改进栽培措施,保护生态环境避免污染,利用先进设备提高加工水平,制定优质稻米标准、实施名牌策略。     

我国杂交水稻的形势与战略

我国杂交水稻从开始研究至今已有３０年历史，已为我国粮食生产作出了巨大贡献。要进一步发展杂交水稻，必须通过育种方法和材料的改进来提高组合的多样化、产量潜力、品质、抗性和制种产量。两系杂交稻正在走向成功，三系杂交稻在本世纪仍将是主力。杂交水稻国际开发前景可观。     

利用香稻改良杂交水稻稻米品质

To improve grain quality of the high-yielding hybrid rice in China, we introduced the aromatic rice MR365, an improved Indian cultivar with aroma and other desirable grain quality characters such as long grain and low chalkiness, from IRRI in 1984 and began to transfer its aroma and good quality characters into the existing maintainer lines with good combining ability but poor grain quality. In the meantime, we also conducted the research on the inheritance of aroma for increasing the breeding efficiency. Through years of research and breeding practices, two cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines Xiangxiang 2 A and Xinxiang A and a series of quasi-aromatic hybrids mated from these aromatic CMS lines have been developed and released for commercial production in China. It was found that the inheritance of aroma in MR 365 and its derivatives including Xiangxiang 2 A, Xinxiang A and Xiang 2B S was controlled by one pair of recessive major genes based on the identification of aroma by the KOH-soaking method. We also found that there existed disparity in aroma degree among different grains of F2 generation, and different aromatic CMS lines derived from the same aromatic donor such as Xiangxiang 2 A and Xinxiang A had also a little difference in the degree of aroma, which implies that, besides the major genes, aroma may also be affected by the genetic backgrounds or minor genes. Xiangxiang 2 A, developed from the cross of V20A∥V20B/MR365, is the first aromatic CMS line bred in China. It is not only aromatic but has good grain quality and combining ability. Using it as female parent, Xiangyou 63 (Xiangxiang 2A/Minghui 63), the first quasi-aromatic hybrid rice combination in China, was developed and approved to release to farmers in 1995. Xiangyou 63 is characteristic of quasi-aromatic or partially aromatic (because only a portion of or NOT ALL grains are aromatic), good grain quality, high-yielding ability, good blast resistance and wide adaptability. However, Xiangxiang 2 A has an evident drawback, i.e., instablility in male sterility under higher temperature conditions resulting from the existence of restoring minor genes in it, which greatly hampered the extension of its elite hybrid Xiangyou 63 with both high yield and fine quality in commercial production. To improve Xiangxiang 2 A, we made hybridization of Xiangxiang 2 B with V20 B again in 1990. A new aromatic CMS line Xinxiang A was successfully developed in 1994. It not only retains the favorable characteristics of Xiangxiang 2 A in grain quality and combining ability, but also expresses complete and stable male sterility and high seed production yield potential. Up to now, by using it as female parent, a series of quasi-aromatic hybrids have been developed. Some of them such as Xinxiangyou 63 (Xinxiang A/Minghui 63), Xinxiangyou 77 (Xinxiang A/Minghui 77), Xinxiangyou 80 (Xinxiang A/R80), Xinxiangyou 207 (Xinxiang A/R207) and Xinxiangyou 96 (Xinxiang A/R96) have been released to farmers. Such hybrids have been preferred and well welcome by the farmers in China, because they can not only yield higher or as high as but also possess a better grain quality than the current common high-yielding hybrid rice varieties, especially, they are naturally-mixed aromatic rice so that it can be consumed daily just like non-aromatic common rice. The planting area under these hybrids is increasing rapidly in China. It is expected that the quasi-aromatic hybrid rice will have a good prospect in the coming years.     

江西“优质晚稻早种”模式的调查与思考

在农业科技和促粮政策双向推动下,我国粮食生产能力不断提升,粮食产量实现多年连增,为保障国家粮食安全做出了巨大贡献。早稻作为南方稻区第一季粮食,“低质低效”长期困扰着生产。近年来,江西创新和大力示范推行“优质晚稻早种”模式,并取得了初步成效,但推行中仍存在困难与挑战,需从良种选育、示范推广、农业社会化服务体系建设、龙头企业引领带动等角度进行推动,促进南方稻区早稻可持续发展。     

从稻米品质评价标准的变化看我国水稻品质育种的发展

对我国水稻生产中应用最为广泛的两个稻米品质标准<优质食用稻米>(NY 122-86)和<优质稻谷>(GB/T 17891-1999)作了比较分析,认为NY 122-86指标数过多,部分指标过于严格,脱离了育种实际,而GB/T 17891-1999则具有重点突出、紧密结合实际、可操作性强等优点.以这两个标准的颁布为转折点,可将我国水稻品质育种历程分为3个阶段:即起步阶段、全面改良和提高阶段、重点攻关阶段.根据当前育种实际,论述了我国水稻品质育种的主要发展趋势.     

北方粳稻新品种培育与发展

北方粳稻生产直接影响我国粳米市场稳定,承载着国家粮食安全和社会稳定的历史重任。种子是粮食生产的基础,粮食丰收则需要优质的种子。近几十年来,北方粳稻新品种培育极大促进了北方粳稻生产的快速发展。新形势下,北方粳稻新品种培育应采用“高产与优质并重、轻简高效广适高抗相结合、常规育种和生物育种相结合、商业化育种与公益性育种并重”的策略,把优质的北方粳稻种子牢牢攥在自己手里,筑牢国家粮食安全之基。     

优质软米不育系乐软101A的选育

乐软101A是国内首次育成的优良软质米三系不育系，具有育性稳定，败育彻底，柱头外露率高，异交习性好，农艺性状优良，配合力强等特点。杂种一代表现米质软而优、丰产性好，且易于繁殖制种。于2001年8月通过四川省科技厅主持的技术鉴定。     

粮农对稻谷最低收购价上调的反应及建议——基于江西省万年县600户粮农调查结果

2019年我国停止下调稻谷最低收购价,2020、2021年连续2年上调稻谷最低收购价并实行限量收购,我国粮食价格形成机制改革进入深化阶段。通过对江西省万年县12个乡镇600户粮农展开问卷调查,系统掌握不同粮食主体对粮食最低收购价上调的反应,认为地方政府仍应不断完善粮食价格形成机制、粮食生产利益补偿机制、农业政策性保险机制,加强对中储粮系统引导、监管,提高粮食综合生产能力,引导粮食经营主体主动适应市场,提高抵御市场风险能力。     

Relationship Between Plant Type and Grain Quality of Japonica Hybrid Rice in Northern China

Plant type and grain quality are two major aspects in rice breeding. Using canonical correlation analysis and canonical redundancy analysis, the relationship between plant type traits and rice grain quality traits was studied with 100 crosses derived from 10 sterile lines × 10 restorer lines. There was a complex relationship between parts of the traits of the two aspects. The angle of the 2nd leaf from the top and single panicle weight played important roles in plant type system and amylose content and grain length in grain quality system. The angle of the 2nd leaf from the top, plant height and single panicle weight had a great effect on grain quality traits, and amylose content, brown rice rate and translucency were easily influenced by plant type traits. Selection index model indicated that japonica hybrid rice in Northern China with good quality was characterized by broad flag leaf and 2nd leaf from the top, narrow and short 3rd leaf from the top, low plant height, short culm, long and more panicles and low single panicle weight.     

杂交晚籼新组合三香优714的选育与应用

三香优714是衡阳市农业科学研究所用优质不育系三香A作母本,恢复系yo714作父本杂交配组育成的杂交晚籼新组合.该组合具有米质较优、高产、生育期适宜、适应性广等特点,经国家南方区试鉴定,平均产量7.12 t/hm2,比对照汕优46增产3.77%,达显著水平,且主要米质指标达部颁二级优质米标准.2004年10月通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定.     

BT型粳稻不育系8006A的选育与应用

8006A是用BT型不育系863A与优质早熟晚粳稻品种8006杂交并回交转育而成的早熟晚粳稻不育系,具有米质较优、不育性稳定、较易制繁种等特点,所配组合结实率和千粒重高、丰产性好、米质较优,具有较好的应用前景。8006A及其与恢复系湘晴配组育成的新组合苏粳优2号(原名T优011)均于2006年1月通过江苏省品种审定。     

杂交水稻抗病虫育种实践与思考

我国是水稻生产大国,也是消费大国。新中国成立70多年来,我国的水稻事业取得了显著发展,特别是杂交水稻的发明为我国的粮食安全提供了坚强保障。在当前粮食生产减少农药、化肥施用的"双减"目标新形式下,培育高产、优质、抗逆和广适应性的水稻新品种势在必行。笔者就高抗稻瘟病恢复系明恢63及几个抗飞虱恢复系的育种实践向大家做介绍。     

不同栽培环境条件对优质杂交稻培杂双七稻米品质的影响研究

通过在不同地区、不同季节进行不同插植密度和施肥条件的大田种植试验,对培杂双七稻米品质的变化进行了研究.结果表明:华南稻区早晚季种植、珠江三角洲地区和丘陵地区种植以及不同插植密度和混施硅肥、沸石均对部分品质性状产生显著的影响,但是所有这些环境条件中没有一种能明显改善该组合的全部品质性状或稻米的综合品质.因此,杂交稻的综合品质改良,只有通过不育系和恢复系的遗传改良才能从根本上解决问题.     

水稻高产与优质栽培的冲突与协调

水稻高产与优质栽培之间存在着冲突与矛盾,实现产量和品质的协同提高是水稻生产发展的目标。本文论述了我国水稻优质生产的起伏,高产与优质之间的发展关系;在简要比较优质稻品种、优质稻谷和优质大米国家标准和行业标准的基础上,提出了水稻优质栽培的主攻目标;在探讨遗传、环境和栽培因素对稻米品质影响的基础上,指出高产与优质栽培的矛盾在于产量和食味品质提升对幼穗分化期N养分需求的不一致;提出了以前期促长精准控施穗肥N为核心的水稻高产与优质相协调的栽培策略。     

江苏淮北地区17个优质粳稻品种适应性筛选试验

为促进优质食味粳稻品种在江苏淮北地区的推广应用,于2019年引进17个优质食味粳稻品种,以徐稻9号为对照,从生育期、抗逆性、丰产性、品质等方面进行综合评价。结果表明,供试的17个品种均能在安全齐穗期内齐穗(该地区安全齐穗期为9月15日前),生育期均处于安全期范围内。比对照增产的品种有7个,其中瑞华1903产量最高,达10888.5 kg/hm^2;圣稻022生育期最短,仅131 d;南粳518株高最矮,为95.7 cm。品质测定结果显示,武运粳1706整精米率和直连淀粉含量最高,分别达75.0%和16.2%;南粳5718、南粳518、南粳2728直链淀粉含量在10.0%左右,为优良食味粳稻品种。通过产量水平、农艺性状、生育期和品质等综合分析认为,供试品种中南粳518、南粳2728丰产性较好、株高较矮,且均为优良食味品种,生产中不仅产量潜力高、米质较优,同时早熟能有效规避低温危害和缓解淮北地区稻麦茬口季节紧张矛盾,适合淮北中熟中粳稻区人工栽插、机插和直播条件下大面积推广应用。     

采用分子标记技术育成优质抗病杂交稻新组合中优218

中优218是用中国水稻研究所采用分子标记辅助育种技术培育的含白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21的恢复系中恢218,与印水型高异交率优质不育系中9A组配出的中晚兼用型杂交稻新组合.该组合连续多年参加国家南方稻区区试、江西省区试和各地的试种示范,表现高产稳产,米质优,抗至中抗稻瘟病,抗白叶枯病,适应性广,制种产量高,于2003年3月通过江西省品种审定.     

盐碱地区水稻食味值及其与品质性状的关系

以辽宁省盐碱地利用研究所提供的65个水稻品系为试材,分析了这些水稻品系食味值的总体表现,及食味值与各品质性状的关系。结果表明,各参试品系品质普遍较好,但品系间各品质性状有一定差异;各参试品系食味值在60.44~84.00之间,品系间差异显著,并接近正态分布;食味值与垩白粒率、垩白度呈极显著正相关,与精米率、直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关,与长宽比呈显著负相关。因此,在品种选育过程中,应选择直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量相对较低,籽粒长宽比较小的品种,这样可以提高食味值。但是,食味值的提高会增加稻米的垩白粒率和垩白度。     

利用分子标记辅助育种技术育成优质高产抗病杂交稻国稻1号

国稻1号是中国水稻研究所利用分子标记辅助选择育种技术育成带有抗白叶枯病基因Xa21的恢复系中恢8006,再与印水型胞质不育系中9A组配的中晚兼用杂交稻新组合.该组合参加国家南方稻区区试、江西省区试和各地试种示范,表现高产稳产、米质优(国标3级)、抗性强(抗稻瘟病,中抗白叶枯病)、适应性广、易于制种等特点.于2004年3月通过江西省品种审定,2004年10月通过国家审定.     

高千粒重优质恢复系绵恢3728的选育与利用

绵恢3728是绵阳市农业科学研究所以高千粒重恢复系辐恢838为母本、优质低垩白恢复系绵恢725为父本杂交选育而成的高千粒重优质恢复系。该恢复系株型紧凑,植株高大,千粒重38 g左右,米质达国标优质稻谷3级标准,恢复力强,配合力好,花粉量充足,制种易获高产,于2004年8月通过四川省技术鉴定。所配组合宜香3728(宜香1A绵/恢3728)米质达国标优质稻谷2级标准,于2005年通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

四川省审定的川香29A所配中籼迟熟杂交稻组合品质性状分析

对通过四川省审定的13个川香29A所配三系杂交稻中籼迟熟组合的品质性状进行了分析,并研究了各品质性状间的相关关系。结果表明,13个组合的整精米率平均为58.5%,其中有12个组合达到国颁优质稻谷3级标准以上;长宽比平均为2.8,有5个组合达到国颁优质稻谷3级标准以上;垩白粒率平均为38.2%,有7个组合达到国颁优质稻谷3级标准以上;垩白度平均为7.6%,有6个组合达到国颁优质稻谷3级标准以上;胶稠度平均为63mm,有11个组合达到国颁优质稻谷3级标准以上;直链淀粉含量平均为22.4%,有9个组合达到国颁优质稻谷3级标准以上。在13个组合中只有3个组合的综合米质指标达国颁优质稻谷3级标准,制约综合米质达标的主要因子是长宽比、垩白度和垩白粒率。在各项品质指标中,长宽比与垩白粒率、垩白度呈极显著负相关;垩白粒率与垩白度呈极显著正相关;整精米率与垩白粒率呈显著负相关;直链淀粉含量与垩白粒率、垩白度呈显著正相关。因此,要进一步提升川香29A所配组合的稻米品质,应注重选用粒型细长、垩白粒率低和垩白度小的恢复系来进行配组。