番茄生理性病害田间简易识别与防治

番茄生理性病害是指番茄生长发育过程中由于缺少某种营养元素、受不良环境条件影响或栽培管理不当，导致生理障碍而引起的异常生长现象。番茄生理性病害在番茄栽培过程中发生较为普遍，并且往往能诱发侵染性病害的发生。因此，及时识别和防治番茄生理性病害是促进番茄生产，提高菜农收益的重要环节。笔者根据近几年的调查与试验，将番茄生产过程中较为常见的几种生理性病害的田间症状、发生原因及防治措施介绍如下。     

番茄畸形果发生与防治

番茄畸形果是番茄生产中常见的生理性病害，尤以冬春日光温室生产和春季抢早栽培发生较多。轻影响其商品性，重失去商品价值。生产上栽培管理不当，特定生长期生长条件恶劣、忽视预防措施等是造成畸形果的主要原因。     

棚室番茄生理性病害的识别及防治

番茄是北方地区棚室种植的主要蔬菜，在改善城市供应和提高农民收人两方面都起到了巨大作用，但是近年来棚室番茄生理性病害逐渐增多，如裂果、日灼、空洞果等，在栽培过程中较为普遍，不仅影响产量，而且也会造成生理抗性降低，诱发传染性能病害的发生，降低产值。因此及时识别和防治番茄生理性病害，是促进生产、提高菜农收益的重要环节。     

番茄常见生理性病害及其防治措施

番茄的生理性病害也是影响其品质及其经济效益的重要因素,了解番茄的生理性病害特征并掌握防治措施,对于番茄生产者非常必要的。本文扼要地介绍了番茄见的生理性病害及防治措施。     

保护地‘红太子'番茄越夏高产栽培技术

'红太子'属无限生长型优质番茄品种,非常适合保护地越夏栽培.主要介绍'红太子'番茄培育壮苗、适时定植、定植后管理技术,同时介绍其生理性病害、真菌性病害、细菌性病害、病毒病及虫害防治措施.     

番茄缺钙的原因及综合防治措施

番茄是一种喜钙作物,在番茄栽培生产过程中常会发生由于缺钙造成的番茄生理性病害。描述了番茄缺钙的常见症状,分析了造成缺钙的几种主要原因,并提出了综合防治措施,以期为番茄生产过程中出现的缺钙问题提供技术指导。     

保护地番茄常见的生理性病害以及综合防治措施

种植保护地番茄,因效益好,易管理,种植面积逐年增大。但在种植过程中,菜农常常注重病理性病害的防治,对生理性病害重视程度不够,造成番茄大面积减产,商品品质下降。对保护地番茄生理性病害的认识与防治,是保护地番茄高产、优质的关键措施之一。     

保护地番茄筋腐病、畸形果和空洞果的发生及其防止途径——蔬菜病虫害的综合治理(十六)

随着保护地蔬菜生产的不断发展，保护地番茄的生理性病害发生日趋加重，被害率一般为１５％～３０％，重者高达５０％～６０％，给生产造成很大的损失。经调查研究，这类病害主要是因栽培管理措施不当所致的非传染性病害。目前生产上较常见的有畸形果、僵果、空洞果、筋腐...     

番茄果实的几种生理性病害及防治

果实上的生理性病害在番茄栽培中普遍存在，对产量及品质造成很大的影响。番茄果实的生理病害主要有下列几种。 一、大型畸形果 大型畸形果主要产生于花芽分化及发育时期，即在低温、多肥（特别是氮素营养过多）、水分及光照充足的条件下，生长点部位营养积累过多，正在发育的花芽细胞分裂过旺，心皮数目过多，开花后由于各心皮发育的不均衡，而形成多心室的畴形果。 防治上要选用不易产生畸形果的品种，及时摘除畸形果，育苗期间温度不宜控制过低，水分及营养必须调节适宜。 二、番茄脐腐病 果实顶部腐烂，变为黑褐色，组织被破坏，凹陷。…     

番茄几种生理性病害的识别与防治

番茄生理性病害是指番茄生长发育过程中由于缺少某种营养元素、受不良环境条件影响或栽培管理不当,导致生理障碍而引起的异常生长现象.     

Effect of salinity and water table on growth and tolerance of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity (no salt, 2000 p.p.m. or 4000 p.p.m. of CaCl₂ and NaCl, 1:1) and water table (30 cm, 60 cm or 90 cm from the soil surface), on the vegetative growth and tolerance of ‘Golden Japanese’ plum and ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches were studied. The plants were grown in lysimeters. The growth of the trunk, total shoot length, the increase in shoot length per cm and the fresh weight of top, root and total plant were reduced with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. The effect was accentuated when the plants were maintained at high water table level. The salinity treatments resulted in the death of 43%, 73% and 76% of the plants in the plum, and the ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches, respectively, indicating that the plum is more tolerant to salinity than the peach. The plants of the salinity treatments showed various symptoms of salt injury, such as leaf burn, defoliation, shoot die-back and finally death. In the peaches, salt injury started to occur in the first growing-season, whereas the salt injury appeared in the plum in the second growing-season. The symptoms were more pronounced in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment than in the 2000 p.p.m. treatment and were more pronounced at the high water table level. The salinity level was the predominant factor and the effect of the water table on the vegetative growth diminished with increase in the salinity level of the irrigation water.     

洞庭1号无籽西瓜套种棉花高产高效模式的研究与应用

根据西瓜、棉花两者生长发育特点进行套种试验,研究其高产高效栽培模式。试验示范结果表明,以西瓜行株距4.5m×0.65m,棉花行株距1.5m×0.45m的种植密度,西瓜与棉花之间互颉作用最小,西瓜和棉花的产量和产值在3个套种模式中位居第1,在5个处理中经济效益最高。     

Primary culture and identification of mouse PASMCs and effects of hypoxia on proliferation and apoptosis of PASMCs

AIM：To establish a fast, accurate and economical technique for culturing mouse pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and to explore the effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs. METHODS：In sterile condition, the pulmonary artery was isolated from the male BALB/c mice by digesting with collagenase I, and the cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum-coated flask. Centrifugal procedure was not used during the cell passage. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope. α-Smooth muscle actin was identified by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs were detected by CCK-8 assay and TUNEL assay. RESULTS：PASMCs were identified by the methods of immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence staining and observation of morphology. Unlike the rat PASMCs with typical subcultured peak-vally pattern, the mouse PASMCs showed a lot different without a peak-vally pattern. The cells could be subcultured after 5 d to 7 d and there was 3 to 5 generations depending on the activity of the cells. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the A values of PASMCs exposed to hypoxia increased after 24 h (P＜0.05) as compared with normoxia. TUNEL result showed that the apoptotic index of the PASMCs in hypoxia decreased after 24 h (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：This technique for obtaining cultured mouse PASMCs is simple, fast, accurate and economical. The digestion time is easy to control. Hypoxia promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of PASMCs.     

小檗碱和壳聚糖抗蔬菜病原真菌活性测定及复合膜制备

研究了小檗碱和壳聚糖对几种常见蔬菜病原真菌的抑制活性,以及以小檗碱和壳聚糖为主料制备复合膜的方法,并测定了该膜的药物释放效果。试验表明:低浓度(0.234 mg/mL)小檗碱即可抑制辣椒炭疽病菌(Vermicularia capsici)等5种蔬菜病原真菌的生长。20 mg/mL浓度壳聚糖对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制率高达65%,而对其余4种果蔬病原真菌也有一定的抑制作用。为了集成这2种天然化合物的优点,制备了小檗碱-壳聚糖复合膜,该膜具有缓释功能,在模拟外部环境(磷酸缓冲液,pH 6.8)条件下,20 d小檗碱累计释放率接近25%,提示其在果蔬贮藏抗菌中的应用价值。     

世界及中国鳄梨产销概况与展望

依据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)数据库、联合国商品贸易统计数据库(UN Comtrade)中的数据,围绕鳄梨种植面积、产量、迚出口市场、主产国生产情况、主要迚出口国贸易情况等斱面,对世界及中国鳄梨的生产与贸易迚行回顾、分析与展望,幵在此基础上,对中国鳄梨产业的发展提出建议。     

Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour

Fresh onion seeds desiccated to 6.0% seed moisture content (SMC) were stored in various packaging materials under different storage conditions. Seeds packed in aluminum-laminated pouches beside those stored with silica gel at 25 °C maintained satisfactory germinability and vigour after 12 months. Desiccated seeds stored in moisture impervious containers produced more vigourous seedlings. Germination potential of onion seeds increased with reduced SMC besides storage in moisture impervious packets along with desiccants as physiological and biochemical attributes are regulated. Seed viability and vigour decreased with accelerated ageing due to increased lipid peroxidation, decreased activities of several free radical and peroxide scavenging enzymes. Electrical conductance of seed leachates also increased with ageing. Thus, adoption of appropriate storage temperature and moisture control techniques would significantly affect onion seed quality, which was due to minimum accumulation of free peroxide radicals and enhanced activity of free radical scavenging enzymes.     

西瓜与粮油菜套种栽培试验

近年来,我省西瓜发展速度较快,到2004年全省西瓜栽培面积已达3万hm^2.由于我省耕地面积有限,大幅度扩大西瓜单种面积,不仅造成我省西瓜与粮油菜争地的矛盾,而且土地也未能得到充分有效的利用.为了解决这一生产中存在的实际问题,我们从2002年开始,进行了西瓜与粮油菜套种的栽培试验.历经4年的试验、示范,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益.现将试验结果报告如下.     

热处理对果蔬采后品质及病虫害的影响

采后热处理是近年来快速发展的果蔬采后处理技术,广泛应用于改善果蔬贮藏期间的品质、增强抗逆性等 方面。从果蔬贮藏期间的生理生化、采后品质及防治病虫害等方面阐述了热处理的机理,讨论了热处理对果蔬衰老 方面的生理特征如色泽、风味、硬度(软化)、失重、呼吸、乙烯释放、酶活性等变化及与抗逆性有关的诱导蛋白质合成 及基因表达的影响,较全面阐述了热处理防治果蔬贮藏期间病虫害的机理如直接作用于病菌、害虫与提高果蔬的抗 病虫性等。     

陕西冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病病原菌的分离鉴定及特征比较

以大荔县冬枣种植区采集的发病枣果为试材,采用常规组织分离法进行病原菌的分离纯化,通过柯赫氏证病法则、形态学观察及分子生物学分析,研究鉴定了冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病的病原菌种类,并采用田间调查法对2种病害为害特征进行比较分析,以期为田间有效区分冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病为害症状,并快速判断其病原类型,及进一步深入开展精准防控提供参考和指导.结果表明:陕西大荔冬枣黑斑病的病原菌为细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima),炭疽病的病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides).2种病害均主要为害枣果实,在枣果果腰或果肩上形成黑褐色病斑,可能同时存在且症状相近极易混淆,但在病斑表面、皮下及久置表型3个方面存在明显区别.     

钾肥在小白菜和萝卜上的施用效果

采用盆栽试验方法研究了施用钾肥对小白菜、萝卜生长发育、产量、品质及钾素含量的影响。结果表明 ,施用钾肥对小白菜和水萝卜的株高、叶片数无显著的影响 ,但可提高水萝卜块根的产量 ,提高幅度为 31.0 4 %～ 97.93%。施用钾肥可提高小白菜和萝卜的蛋白质和VC含量 ,降低硝酸盐含量 ,增加植株的钾素含量