培养时间对黑木耳单核菌株同32酶酶谱的影响

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了不同培养时间对黑木耳(Auricularia auricula)单核菌株7种酶同工酶的影响,其中EST、MDH、FDH的同工酶酶谱在菌丝生长阶段较稳定,培养20d的单核菌株H2和J3的EST、MDH和FDH的同工酶分别出现3个、2个和1个多态性位点,可用于H2与J3杂交后代同工酶基因位点的遗传分析.培养时间不同的H2和J3的ADH、GDH、ME、ACP的同工酶酶谱变化较小,单核菌株H2和J3的同工酶酶谱无显著的多态性表现.     

北虫草不同菌株酯酶同工酶谱的比较分析

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法对北虫草的5个菌株（D、J、S、5-1、5-3）的同工酶进行了联合系数比较与聚类分析,结果表明：5个北虫草菌株共检测出9种酶带类型,表明北虫草的酯酶同工酶酶谱分布呈多态性,但大部分菌株种间酶带差异不大,多态性不强。J、S号菌种酶带基本相同,5-1、5-3号菌株酶带基本相同,表明这两组菌株间遗传差异较小;利用DPS软件进行聚类分析,树状图反映出5个菌株被分为三大类,类间和类内菌株遗传变异程度不同,但总体上遗传变异并不丰富。     

培养时间对黑木耳单核菌株同工酶酶谱的影响

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了不同培养时间对黑木耳（Auricularia auricula)单核菌种7种酶同工酶的影响，其中EST，MDH，FDH的同工酶酶谱在菌丝生长阶段较稳定，培养20d的单核菌株H2和J3的EST，MDH和FDH的同工酶分别出现了3个，2个和1个2多态性位点，可用于H2与J3杂交后代同工酶基因位点的遗传分析。培养时间不同的H2和J3的ADH，GDH，ME，ACP的同工酶酶谱变化较小，单核菌株H2和J3的同工酶酶谱无显著的多态性表现。     

基于酯酶同工酶的暗褐网柄牛肝菌遗传多样性分析

从云南、四川两省9个采样地共收集31个暗褐网柄牛肝菌(Phlebopus portentosus)子实体,通过组织分离获得菌株,分别利用固体、液体培养基培养菌丝体,对其进行酯酶同工酶分析,通过酶谱聚类分析研究分离菌株的遗传多样性。结果表明,固体培养的菌丝体共检出10个酯酶同工酶条带、21种酶谱类型,每个菌株具有2条~5条同工酶条带;液体培养菌丝体共检出11个同工酶条带、23种酶谱类型,每个菌株具有2条~6条同工酶条带;2种培养方式下所有菌株均检出一条相对迁移率R_f=0.13、相对分子质量为136 kDa的同工酶条带;不同培养方式相同菌株的酯酶同工酶酶谱存在较大差异。在遗传距离为0.220时,固体培养菌丝体的酯酶同工酶酶谱聚为9类,液体培养的聚为7类;在遗传距离为0.300时,2种培养方式的酶谱均聚为4类;聚类结果与地理来源无相关性。暗褐网柄牛肝菌具有丰富的遗传多样性,为后续种质资源保护、优良菌株筛选和种性鉴定等工作提供参考。     

桦褐孔菌菌株过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱及其模糊聚类分析

本试验采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对采自6个不同地区的桦褐孔菌菌核分离得到的纯菌丝的过氧化物酶同工酶进行研究。结果表明,所有菌株酶带数目在2～8条,在Rf=0.75、Rf=0.98处所有菌株的酶带都较宽且着色较深,此为桦褐孔菌菌株的特征酶带。进一步采用Fuzzy聚类法进行数量分析表明,菌株间隶属度在[0.250,1.000],当隶属度为0.330时将8个菌株分类。结果显示,同一培养时期的各菌株间同工酶酶谱存在一定的种内及地理分布差异,部分菌株间存在较近的亲缘关系。     

利用EST同工酶鉴定天麻品种及亲缘关系的研究

目的：鉴定3种天麻品种及其亲缘关系。方法：采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)对三种天麻菌株酯酶(EST)同工酶进行研究。结果：天麻不同菌株之间酯酶同工酶活性不同，酶谱条带数在4～5条，且具有特征谱带。B、G的酶谱条带数基本相同；R、B、G的酶谱条数依次分别为4条，5条，4条；其中基本酶带有3条；G号菌株与B号菌株的相似度指数为0．89，说明这两个菌株间亲缘关系最近。G号菌株与R菌株的相似度指数为0．75，反映它们之间的亲缘关系相对较远。     

桦褐孔菌诱变菌株过氧化物同工酶研究

对桦褐孔菌菌株JL01及经JL01诱变后的3个菌株（JLZ1、JLZ2、JLC1）的菌丝体过氧化物同工酶进行了研究。结果表明,JLZ1、JLZ2、JLC1比JL01多4条酶带且酶带颜色深浅不同,4个菌株间的相似系数在0．60～1．00,说明诱变菌株较出发菌株遗传基因有所改变,3个诱变菌株之间的遗传差异较小。     

双孢蘑菇不同菌株生物学特性的研究

比较研究了13株双孢蘑菇菌株的菌丝生长势、出菇性状、菌丝拮抗性、酯酶同工酶酶谱等。结果表明,13个菌株中表现出一定的遗传差异性,部分菌株为同物异名。Ag-004菌株菌丝生长势最强,日平均生长速度0.54 cm·d~(-1),23d长满试管;出菇试验表明棕色蘑菇品种表现出比白色蘑菇品种产量高、较耐低温和抗逆性强的特性。大多数菌株之间表现出一定的拮抗反应,少部分菌株间拮抗现象不明显。酯酶同工酶酶谱出现3个区域,Rf=0.1758、0.2424、0.7697为所有菌株共有,可能为双孢蘑菇酯酶同工酶的特征谱带,Rf=0.8060为白色蘑菇品种的酯酶同工酶的特征条带,而Rf=0.7151为2个棕色蘑菇菌株所有,在所有的白色品种中几乎没有,Rf=0.7151可能为棕色蘑菇菌株的特征谱带。     

杏鲍菇不同菌株生物学特性的研究

比较研究了杏鲍菇4个菌株的菌丝拮抗性、酯酶同工酶酶谱、菌丝生长速度、菌丝体生物量及多糖含量。结果表明，4个菌株问存在遗传差异。菌株X3菌丝生长速度最快，日均长速为0．69cm；菌株X2菌丝体生物量最高，为1．572g／100mL；菌株X1菌丝体多糖含量最低，仅为39.07μg／mg，菌株X2、X4和X3菌丝体多糖含量分别为84．28μg/mg、79．20μg／mg和78．99μg/mg。     

粤北野生灵芝与栽培灵芝同工酶及可溶性蛋白的研究

采用垂直聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,分别对粤北5株野生灵芝与9株栽培灵芝进行酯酶和过氧化物酶同工酶及可溶性蛋白进行比较与分析,并通过聚类分析对比各菌株间的遗传差异性.结果表明:酯酶和过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱在酶带数量和酶活性方面都表现出一定的差异;供试各菌株间可溶性蛋白差别不大.进一步采用两种同工酶综合聚类分析发现,14株菌株分为13类,野生灵芝菌株与栽培菌株之间差异较大;这也表明同工酶技术在灵芝分类、鉴定、和遗传标记等方面都具有参考作用,且粤北地区野生灵芝资源潜在较大的开发利用价值.     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Effect of puerarin on pulmonary arterioles wall collagen metabolism of chronic hypoxia hypercapnia rats

AIM:To investigate the effect of puerarin on pulmonary vessel collagen metabolism in pulmonary hypertension rats induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.METHODS:Collagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and their mRNA were observed in pulmonary arterioles by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.RESULTS:① Light microscopy showed media thickness of pulmonary arterioles was much higher in HH(hypoxic-hypercapnia) group than that of NC(normal control) group, and, vessel cavity turned more straiter in HH group than that of NC group.However, the damage of pulmonary arterioles in HP(hypoxic-pueratin) group was much slighter than that of HH group. ② The levels of plasma ET-1 and lung homogenates Hyr were much higher in HH group than those of NC group(P＜0.01), and lower in HP group than HH groups(P＜0.01).Plasma NO content in group HH was lower than that of group NC(P＜0.01), it was higher in group HP than that of group HH(P＜0.01).③Expression of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅰ mRNA in pulmonary arterioles were significantly higher in HH groups than those of NC group (P＜0.01), and they were lower in HP group than those of HH group (P＜0.01).Expression of collagen Ⅲ and collagen Ⅲ mRNA showed no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Puerarin inhibited the deposition of collagen and improved pulmonary vessel remodeling.     

Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest of Grand Canyon,Arizona, USA

Fire regime characteristics of high-elevation forests on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, were reconstructed from fire scar analysis, remote sensing, tree age, and forest structure measurements, a first attempt at detailed reconstruction of the transition from surface to stand-replacing fire patterns in the Southwest. Tree densities and fire-/non-fire-initiated groups were highly mixed over the landscape, so distinct fire-created stands could not be delineated from satellite imagery or the oldest available aerial photos. Surface fires were common from 1700 to 1879 in the 4,400 ha site, especially on S and W aspects. Fire dates frequently coincided with fire dates measured at study sites at lower elevation, suggesting that pre-1880 fire sizes may have been very large. Large fires, those scarring 25% or more of the sample trees, were relatively infrequent, averaging 31 years between burns. Four of the five major regional fire years occurred in the 1700s, followed by a 94-year gap until 1879. Fires typically occurred in significantly dry years (Palmer Drought Stress Index), with severe drought in major regional fire years. Currently the forest is predominantly spruce-fir, mixed conifer, and aspen. In contrast, dendroecological reconstruction of past forest structure showed that the forest in 1880 was very open, corresponding closely with historical (1910) accounts of severe fires leaving partially denuded landscapes. Age structure and species composition were used to classify sampling points into fire-initiated and non-fire-initiated groups. Tree groups on nearly 60% of the plots were fire-initiated; the oldest such groups appeared to have originated after severe fires in 1782 or 1785. In 1880, all fire-initiated groups were less than 100 years old and nearly 25% of the groups were less than 20 years old. Non-fire-initiated groups were significantly older (oldest 262 years in 1880), dominated by ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, or white fir, and occurred preferentially on S and W slopes. The mixed-severity fire regime, transitioning from lower-elevation surface fires to mixed surface and stand-replacing fire at higher elevations, appeared not to have been stable over the temporal and spatial scales of this study. Information about historical fire regime and forest structure is valuable for managers but the information is probably less specific and stable for high-elevation forests than for low-elevation ponderosa pine forests.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

瓜叶绿素降解关键酶基因PPH和PAO cDNA片段的克隆与表达初步分析

 以西双版纳黄瓜和‘华黄5号’黄瓜叶片为试验材料,研究了衰老过程中两种黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量变化及脱镁叶绿素脱镁叶绿酸水解酶基因PPH和脱镁叶绿酸a加氧酶基因PAO的表达。结果表明：随着叶片衰老,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值在0.5左右,推测叶绿素b的含量可能对黄瓜叶片保绿起到重要作用。荧光定量RT-PCR分析结果显示：PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片生长35 d时表达量最高,分别为5.50和1.86;PPH在‘华黄5号’叶片35 d时表达量最高,为7.14,而PAO在35和45 d表达量都很高,分别为3.90和3.91;PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片中的表达量低于在‘华黄5号’中。     

Effects of simvastatin on PDGF-BB and serum-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and on the expression of tumor suppressor gene PTEN

AIM:To observe the effect of simvastatin on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) induced by serum and growth factor PDGF-BB and the effect of simvastatin on the expression of PTEN,a important regulator of G₁/S cell cycle transition. METHODS:The DNA synthesis was determined by [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle was examined with flow cytometry, the protein level of PTEN was measured by Western blot method. RESULTS: (1)Simvastatin inhibited [³H]-TdR incorporation in a dose dependent manner. (2) Flow cytometric DNA analysis revealed that simvastatin induced significantly enhancement of G₀/G₁ phase and decrease in S phase VSMCs.(3)Simvastatin increased protein level of PTEN and mevalonate, a metabolite of HMG-COA, reversed the effect of simvastatin on PTEN protein expression. CONCLUSION:Simvastatin may inhibit proliferation of VSMCs and retarded cell cycle in G₀/G₁ phase by increasing PTEN expression through inhibiting synthesis of mevalonate.     

Multi-scale landscape and seascape patterns associated with marbled murrelet nesting areas on the U.S. west coast

Habitat for wide-ranging species should be addressed at multiple scales to fully understand factors that limit populations. The marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), a threatened seabird, forages on the ocean and nests inland in large trees. We developed statistical relationships between murrelet use (occupancy and abundance) and habitat variables quantified across many spatial scales (statewide to local) and two time periods in California and southern Oregon, USA. We also addressed (1) if old-growth forest fragmentation was negatively associated with murrelet use, and (2) if some nesting areas are more important than others due to their proximity to high quality marine habitat. Most landscapes used for nesting were restricted to low elevation areas with frequent fog. Birds were most abundant in unfragmented old-growth forests located within a matrix of mature second-growth forest. Murrelets were less likely to occupy old-growth habitat if it was isolated (> 5 km) from other nesting murrelets. We found a time lag in response to fragmentation, where at least a few years were required before birds abandoned fragmented forests. Compared to landscapes with little tono murrelet use, landscapes with many murrelets were closer to the ocean's bays, river mouths, sandy shores, submarine canyons, and marine waters with consistently high primary productivity. Within local landscapes (≤ 800ha), inland factors limited bird abundance, but at the broadest landscape scale studied (3200 ha), proximity to marine habitat was most limiting. Management should focus on protecting or creating large, contiguous old-growth forest stands, especially in low-elevation areas near productive marine habitat. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Relationships of landscape,prey and agronomic variables to the abundance of generalist predators in cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis>) fields

A two-year field study investigated the possible effects of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) and uncultivated areas on the abundance of generalist predators in commercially-managed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields in Texas, USA. From 63 to 70 fields were sampled for pests and predators over nine consecutive weeks during early stages of cotton development. Additional data on agronomic practices and landscape composition at three spatial scales were also collected for each field. Stepwise regression analyses were used to determine the relationships of landscape, agronomic and prey variables to the abundance of generalist predators. Because the variables most closely linked to predator levels could vary over time, separate regressions were conducted for three time periods corresponding to stages of grain sorghum growth (half-bloom, hard-dough, maturity) in each year. Significant relationships between predator abundance and agricultural landscape composition appear in both years and in all three time periods, but the specific relationships of landscape variables to cotton predator levels differed between and within years. At maturity in 2001, predator levels rose as the amount of uncultivated land from 1.6 to 3.2 km distant and the perimeter shared with grain sorghum increased. During 2002, the area of grain sorghum (half-bloom) and uncultivated land (hard-dough) within 1.6 km of cotton fields were both positively related to predator numbers. Cotton planting dates and the abundance of cotton fleahoppers (Pseudatomoscelis seriatus [Reuter]) were also strongly linked to predator numbers during both years. Results suggest that the total amount of grain sorghum or uncultivated land in an area is more important than the presence of these habitats adjacent to cotton fields, and that landscape composition may sometimes be the most important factor in determining predator abundance.