朝鲜蓟DUS测试指南研制必要性及指南研制初探

朝鲜蓟纳入到我国植物品种保护名录中是加大其知识产权保护的重要手段,而研制符合我国国情的朝鲜蓟新品种DUS测试指南是使朝鲜蓟纳入我国植物品种保护名录的基本保障。笔者主要从朝鲜蓟DUS测试指南研制的必要性和怎样研制朝鲜蓟DUS测试指南两方面论述,让相关育种者认识研制朝鲜蓟DUS测试指南的重要性及其他未研制DUS测试指南作物育种者初步了解如何编制DUS测试指南提供参考。     

稗新品种DUS测试指南的研制

根据我国稗育种的实际情况,以UPOV文件为参考,参照TGP/7/1、TG/1/3、GB/T19557.1[7-9]等相关原则,根据植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性测试的原理和技术规则,阐述了稗新品种DUS测试指南的研制原则、性状选择与确定、性状分级标准、判定标准品种的选择等内容;筛选出25个测试性状和15个标准品种,其中数量性状19、假质量性状6,为我国稗新品种保护提供DUS测试的理论参考。     

红三叶新品种DUS测试指南的研制

以UPOV文件为依据,参照TGP/7/1、TG/1/3、GB/T19557.1等相关原则,根据植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性测试的原理和技术规则,结合我国红三叶育种实际,阐述了红三叶新品种DUS测试指南的研制原则、性状选择与确定、性状分级标准、判定标准及标准品种的选择等内容;筛选出30个测试性状和16个标准品种,其中,质量性状4个、数量性状18个、假质量性状8个,为我国红三叶新品种保护提供了DUS测试的依据。     

UPOV果树DUS测试指南综述及对我国果树指南研制的建议

综述了UPOV颁布的61个果树DUS测试指南,对UPOV果树DUS测试指南的范围、颁布时间、主要内容、提交材料要求和测试性状等进行了解读和分析,并对我国研制UPOV果树DUS测试指南、我国果树DUS测试指南的制修订工作进行了探讨和展望,以期为我国研制相关技术标准提供参考。     

无花果新品种DUS测试指南的研制

植物新品种特异性(Distinctness)、一致性(Uniformity)和稳定性(Stability)简称为DUS测试指南,是进行植物新品种实质审查的基础,以国际植物新品种保护联盟(UPOV)的TG/1/3和TGP系列文件为重要指导,通过连续2个生长周期的田间试验,编制适合于我国无花果新品种测试的指南,详细阐述了无花果测试指南主要内容及研制过程,筛选了63个测试性状及性状对应的表达状态、确定了20个标准品种和DUS判定的标准,为无花果新品种测试与授权提供技术支持。     

中国南瓜新品种保护工作现状浅析

DUS测试是植物新品种权授权的重要依据。为促进中国南瓜育种创新,保护育种者合法权益,提高我国中国南瓜品种竞争力。笔者通过对中国南瓜列入保护名录后申请和授权等情况进行统计分析,同时归纳总结中国南瓜测试过程中存在的问题,并提出建议,以期为中国南瓜测试工作及相关技术规程制定提供借鉴。     

中国和UPOV、日本葡萄品种DUS测试指南比较分析

葡萄新品种已成为推动产业发展的重要因素。开展植物特异性（Distinctness）、一致性（Uniformity）和稳定性（Stability）（简称DUS）测试是新品种保护的技术基础和品种能否授权的科学依据，DUS测试指南是指导测试单位开展DUS测试工作的技术标准，也是审批机关开展新品种实质性审查的技术规范。通过对中国、国际植物新品种保护联盟（International Union For The Protection Of New Varieties Of Plants，简称UPOV）和日本的葡萄品种DUS测试指南在繁殖材料、测试方法、DUS判定标准、测试性状等方面的差异进行了分析，为进一步完善我国葡萄品种DUS测试指南提供参考。比较分析结果表明，三者在提交繁殖材料的质量和形式要求、测试周期、测试地点、附加测试、带星号性状等方面基本一致，在提交繁殖材料的数量要求、DUS判定标准、测试性状、基本性状、分组性状、选测性状、技术问卷性状等方面的要求不尽相同。     

我国蝴蝶兰DUS测试指南与UPOV指南的异同

介绍我国蝴蝶兰DUS指南与UPOV指南的异同。通过与UPOV指南的比较,我国蝴蝶兰DUS测试指南:(1)在提供的无性繁殖数量至少多5株;(2)增加11个测试性状,并调整UPOV指南中11个性状的表达状态;(3)在技术问卷中申请品种需要指出的性状多7个。     

以茄子为例浅谈DUS测试中申请人需注意事项

随着我国新修订的《中华人民共和国种子法》的实施以及暂停征收新品种保护等相关费用之后,育种人员申报植物新品种权的积极性得到大大提高,申请量急剧增加。但部分申请人对DUS测试了解不够详细,致使申请过程中出现诸多问题。为帮助育种人员更好地了解DUS测试,作者以《植物品种特异性、一致性和稳定性测试指南——茄子》(GB/T19 557.20-2017)为例,对DUS测试的关键内容作了解读分析,并提出了DUS测试中存在的问题与解决对策。     

中国和UPOV梨品种DUS测试指南比较分析

DUS测试指南是开展植物特异性、一致性和稳定性测试的重要依据。笔者简单介绍了中国和UPOV梨品种DUS测试指南,比较了不同指南的主要内容,包括材料要求、测试设计、结果判定、测试性状、标准品种和技术问卷等,分析总结了不同指南的优缺点,探讨并展望了中国梨品种DUS测试指南研制的潜力,为我国进一步研制梨品种DUS测试指南提供参考和思路。     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

辣椒素积累生理研究的最新进展

辣椒素的积累主要受到遗传、环境、竞争物质、酶的影响.在遗传方面,辣椒的基因型以及决定辣椒素含量的特定基因对辣椒素的积累起着决定作用,环境中的光照、温度、CO2、肥料起辅助作用,竞争物质,如木质素、类黄酮、蛋白质、单宁、生物碱、香豆素等物质与辣椒素的积累相互抑制,辣椒素的合成酶和降解酶同样影响辣椒素的积累.     

Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest of Grand Canyon,Arizona, USA

Fire regime characteristics of high-elevation forests on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, were reconstructed from fire scar analysis, remote sensing, tree age, and forest structure measurements, a first attempt at detailed reconstruction of the transition from surface to stand-replacing fire patterns in the Southwest. Tree densities and fire-/non-fire-initiated groups were highly mixed over the landscape, so distinct fire-created stands could not be delineated from satellite imagery or the oldest available aerial photos. Surface fires were common from 1700 to 1879 in the 4,400 ha site, especially on S and W aspects. Fire dates frequently coincided with fire dates measured at study sites at lower elevation, suggesting that pre-1880 fire sizes may have been very large. Large fires, those scarring 25% or more of the sample trees, were relatively infrequent, averaging 31 years between burns. Four of the five major regional fire years occurred in the 1700s, followed by a 94-year gap until 1879. Fires typically occurred in significantly dry years (Palmer Drought Stress Index), with severe drought in major regional fire years. Currently the forest is predominantly spruce-fir, mixed conifer, and aspen. In contrast, dendroecological reconstruction of past forest structure showed that the forest in 1880 was very open, corresponding closely with historical (1910) accounts of severe fires leaving partially denuded landscapes. Age structure and species composition were used to classify sampling points into fire-initiated and non-fire-initiated groups. Tree groups on nearly 60% of the plots were fire-initiated; the oldest such groups appeared to have originated after severe fires in 1782 or 1785. In 1880, all fire-initiated groups were less than 100 years old and nearly 25% of the groups were less than 20 years old. Non-fire-initiated groups were significantly older (oldest 262 years in 1880), dominated by ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, or white fir, and occurred preferentially on S and W slopes. The mixed-severity fire regime, transitioning from lower-elevation surface fires to mixed surface and stand-replacing fire at higher elevations, appeared not to have been stable over the temporal and spatial scales of this study. Information about historical fire regime and forest structure is valuable for managers but the information is probably less specific and stable for high-elevation forests than for low-elevation ponderosa pine forests.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

瓜叶绿素降解关键酶基因PPH和PAO cDNA片段的克隆与表达初步分析

 以西双版纳黄瓜和‘华黄5号’黄瓜叶片为试验材料,研究了衰老过程中两种黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量变化及脱镁叶绿素脱镁叶绿酸水解酶基因PPH和脱镁叶绿酸a加氧酶基因PAO的表达。结果表明：随着叶片衰老,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值在0.5左右,推测叶绿素b的含量可能对黄瓜叶片保绿起到重要作用。荧光定量RT-PCR分析结果显示：PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片生长35 d时表达量最高,分别为5.50和1.86;PPH在‘华黄5号’叶片35 d时表达量最高,为7.14,而PAO在35和45 d表达量都很高,分别为3.90和3.91;PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片中的表达量低于在‘华黄5号’中。     

Effects of simvastatin on PDGF-BB and serum-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and on the expression of tumor suppressor gene PTEN

AIM:To observe the effect of simvastatin on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) induced by serum and growth factor PDGF-BB and the effect of simvastatin on the expression of PTEN,a important regulator of G₁/S cell cycle transition. METHODS:The DNA synthesis was determined by [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle was examined with flow cytometry, the protein level of PTEN was measured by Western blot method. RESULTS: (1)Simvastatin inhibited [³H]-TdR incorporation in a dose dependent manner. (2) Flow cytometric DNA analysis revealed that simvastatin induced significantly enhancement of G₀/G₁ phase and decrease in S phase VSMCs.(3)Simvastatin increased protein level of PTEN and mevalonate, a metabolite of HMG-COA, reversed the effect of simvastatin on PTEN protein expression. CONCLUSION:Simvastatin may inhibit proliferation of VSMCs and retarded cell cycle in G₀/G₁ phase by increasing PTEN expression through inhibiting synthesis of mevalonate.     

微波消解ICP—MS法测定香菇中重金属含量

采用密闭微波消解法消解香菇样品,在优化微波消解条件的基础上,建立微波消解ICP—MS法同时测定千香菇中As、PI）、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe和Mg九种重金属元素的方法,在最佳试验条件下,加标收率为92．0％～104．6％,RSD为2．2％-5．3％。该方法简便、快速、准确：     

Relationships of landscape,prey and agronomic variables to the abundance of generalist predators in cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis>) fields

A two-year field study investigated the possible effects of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) and uncultivated areas on the abundance of generalist predators in commercially-managed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields in Texas, USA. From 63 to 70 fields were sampled for pests and predators over nine consecutive weeks during early stages of cotton development. Additional data on agronomic practices and landscape composition at three spatial scales were also collected for each field. Stepwise regression analyses were used to determine the relationships of landscape, agronomic and prey variables to the abundance of generalist predators. Because the variables most closely linked to predator levels could vary over time, separate regressions were conducted for three time periods corresponding to stages of grain sorghum growth (half-bloom, hard-dough, maturity) in each year. Significant relationships between predator abundance and agricultural landscape composition appear in both years and in all three time periods, but the specific relationships of landscape variables to cotton predator levels differed between and within years. At maturity in 2001, predator levels rose as the amount of uncultivated land from 1.6 to 3.2 km distant and the perimeter shared with grain sorghum increased. During 2002, the area of grain sorghum (half-bloom) and uncultivated land (hard-dough) within 1.6 km of cotton fields were both positively related to predator numbers. Cotton planting dates and the abundance of cotton fleahoppers (Pseudatomoscelis seriatus [Reuter]) were also strongly linked to predator numbers during both years. Results suggest that the total amount of grain sorghum or uncultivated land in an area is more important than the presence of these habitats adjacent to cotton fields, and that landscape composition may sometimes be the most important factor in determining predator abundance.     

Inferring the effects of landscape structure on roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) movements using a step selection function

In this study, we sought to understand how landscape structure affects roe deer movements within their home-range in a heterogeneous and fragmented agricultural system of south-western France. We analysed the movements of 20 roe deer fitted with GPS collars which recorded their locations every 2–6 h over several months (mean = 9 months). Based on empirical observations and previous studies of roe deer habitat use, we hypothesised that roe deer should avoid buildings and roads, move preferentially along valley bottoms and through the more wooded areas of the landscape. To test these hypotheses we paired each observed movement step with 10 random ones. Using conditional logistic regression, we modelled a step selection function, which represents the probability of selecting a given step as a function of these landscape variables. The selected model indicated that movements were influenced by all the tested landscape features, but not always in the predicted direction: our results suggested that roe deer tend to avoid buildings, roads, valley bottoms and possibly the more wooded areas (although the latter result should be interpreted with caution, as it may be influenced by a bias in the rate of GPS fix acquisition in woods). The distances to buildings and to roads were the most influential variables in the model, suggesting that the avoidance of potential sources of disturbance may be a key factor in determining ranging behaviour of roe deer in human dominated landscapes.     

Inoculation of growing media with the rhizobacterium Variovorax paradoxus 5C-2 reduces unwanted stress responses in hardy ornamental species

Inoculation of growing media with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has a number of potential benefits for the production of ornamental plants. Certain rhizobacteria synthesise the enzyme ACC deaminase, which cleaves ACC, the precursor of the plant hormone ethylene. Bacterial metabolism is now known to lead to a reduction in [ACC] in the plant transpiration stream and bacteria are hypothesised to act on ACC exuded from roots. This in turn reduces the ethylene generated in plants growing in growing media inoculated with these bacteria. Here we tested if applications of the ACC deaminase containing rhizobacteria Variovorax paradoxus⁵C–²could be of benefit to ornamental growers by reducing ethylene generation in stressed plants. Ethylene is produced at levels that are inhibitory to growth and development under a number of abiotic stresses. The propagation and production of hardy ornamentals is deleteriously affected by abiotic stresses that involve ethylene signalling, including drought and physical wounding. Inoculation of growing media with V. paradoxus 5C-2 lowered ethylene emission from mature leaves of Cytisus × praecox experiencing drought stress. In addition, bacterial inoculation of the growing media resulted in significantly reduced abscission of the mature leaves under drought treatment. Beneficial effects of inoculation where also found in the wounding response of Fargesia murielae following divisional propagation and late season senescence in Aquilegia × hybrida in response to drought stress. Together these results demonstrate that V. paradoxus⁵C–²has real potential for use on ornamental nurseries in situations where plant stresses are unavoidable.