Pyramidisieren von Schorfresistenzen in der Apfelzüchtung

High quality disease resistant apples are the main breeding objective in the programme at Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil (ACW). Apple scab caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis is still the most important disease in apple production. To ensure the durability of scab resistance we are combining different resistance genes (pyramiding). Moreover, we are incorporating also resistances against powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) and fire blight (Erwinia amylovora). Principles and methods of resistance breeding are outlined and pyramiding of resistances is illustrated by analysing crosses between two cultivars carrying different scab resistance genes (Vf and Vh2). Crosses are being analysed applying marker-assisted selection (MAS) to detect plants carrying multiple resistances. Phenotypic screening of seedlings for scab symptoms and MAS results are compared and the observed segregations into resistant and susceptible progenies discussed.     

多效唑在桃果实中的残留量评估

 为评估多效唑在桃园中使用的安全性,于2010-2011 年分别以3 个普通桃品种为试材,使用不同剂量（0.0375 ~ 0.225 g · m^-2）、不同浓度（500 ~ 1 500 mg · L^-1）多效唑进行土壤施入或叶面喷施,利用气相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱仪（GC–MS–MS）对成熟桃果实中的多效唑残留量进行了测定。结果表明,仅在大棚桃试验中的1 个较高浓度叶面喷施处理（1 250 mg · L^-1 喷施2 次）的桃果实中多效唑残留量超过0.5 mg · kg^-1,其它处理的残留量均小于0.5 mg · kg^-1,其中大部分土施处理的残留量低于0.05mg · kg^-1。如果以最大残留量 ≤ 0.5 mg · kg^-1（欧盟现行桃残留限量标准）为标准,按树冠投影面积,土壤施入0.0375 ~ 0.225 g · m^-2 等不同剂量,桃果实中多效唑残留量不超标;在露地条件下叶面喷施浓度不超过1 500 mg · L^-1,在大棚条件下浓度不超过1 000 mg · L^-1,喷施次数不多于2 次,果实中多效唑残留量也不超标。     

Biology of Some Predatory Insects and Mites Associated With the Fruit Tree Red Spider Mite (Metatetranychus Ulmi (Koch)) in South-Eastern England: I. The Biology of Blepharidopterus Angulatus (Fall.) (Hemiptera-Heteroptera,Miridae)

Fungicide programmes, designed to control both scab and mildew, have been compared for phytotoxicity in several seasons on apple and pear varieties. Dodine acetate was found to cause russeting of the fruits of several apple and pear varieties. In one year, frost at a spraying time seemed to interact with dodine acetate application to produce unusual russet on Sunset apples. Crops of Conference and of Doyenne du Cornice pears were reduced in some years when dodine was applied.

The fungicide based on nitrated octylphenols, DNOPC, caused no undesirable effects on the apple varieties, but tended to reduce cropping on pears; the effects of the unesterified mixture, DNOP, were more serious.

Both dodine acetate and DNOPC caused reductions of fruit bud formation on Cornice, an effect already reported for organomercurial fungicides on Conference and for didecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) on both varieties. It is suggested that freedom from this effect should be a criterion to be satisfied in the evaluation of any new pesticide for pears.     

A single application of Milsana® followed by Bion® assists in the control of powdery mildew in cucumber and helps overcome yield losses

Summary

The efficacy of candidate activators of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), Bion^® (Syngenta, Basel, Switzerland), Rezist^® (Stoller Enterprises, Houston, Texas, USA), and Milsana^® (P. J. Margo Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India), was evaluated for the control of powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) on cucumber and zucchini. Each candidate activator significantly reduced the incidence of disease on both crops in a glasshouse, where spore inoculum was applied to treated leaves. Both Bion^® and Rezist^® induced increased chitinase activity in plants, confirming their action as activators of SAR. However, Milsana^® did not have this effect, suggesting that its mode of action was as a direct inhibitor of infection by spores. In the field, two or three applications of Bion^®, at 14-day intervals, gave consistently better results in protecting cucumber plants from powdery mildew. Several applications of Milsana^® alone were less effective than a single application of Bion^® alone. However, several applications of Bion^® adversely affected plant growth, resulting in lower yields. The application of Milsana^® before or after Bion^® provided effective control of powdery mildew and minimised the adverse effects of Bion^® on yield. Application of all three candidate activators alone, on field-grown zucchini did not control powdery mildew, although a systemic increase in chitinase activity occurred in response to Bion^® or Rezist^®. A greater understanding of the mode of action of Milsana^®, and of the interaction between disease load and the timing of activator application(s) may improve the control of powdery mildew.     

Characterisation of the chemical composition of scab-resistant apple pomaces

Summary

Pomaces obtained during the production of cloudy or clear juice from scab-resistant apple cultivars (28 harvested in 2006, and 23 harvested in 2007) were studied as a source of nutritionally important components. It was shown that the average yield of pomace during the production of cloudy juice was 6.4% (w/w), and 4.9% (w/w) for clear juice pressing. The average total dietary fibre (TDF) contents were 48.4% (w/w) and 52.4% (w/w) for cloudy and clear juice pomaces, respectively. Ten pomaces from cloudy apple juice production, and 12 obtained from clear juice production, contained ≥ 2,000 mg kg^?1 of polyphenols.‘Ariwa’ and ‘Rajka’ are apple cultivars suitable for juice production and their pomaces are characterised by having high contents of TDF [50.9% (w/w) and 51.1% (w/w), respectively], with aboveaverage polyphenol and quercetin glycoside concentrations. The mean contents of quercetin glycosides for pomaces from all apple cultivars was 994 mg kg^?1 after clear juice production, and 908.2 mg kg^?1 after cloudy juice production. ‘Topaz’, which became a popular commercial apple cultivar in Europe, was the best source of health-promoting components. Its pomace was the richest source of polyphenols among all 28 cultivars studied. It contained ≥ 2,000 mg kg^?1 quercetin glycosides in both its clear and cloudy juice pomaces.     

苦瓜新品种金绿苦瓜的选育

金绿苦瓜是由材料Y100作母本,913＃作父本配制而成的苦瓜一代杂种。植株生长势旺盛,单株坐果能力强,瓜长圆锥形,表皮油绿亮泽,瓜长25 cm左右,横径约5.7 cm,肉厚1.0 cm,单瓜质量320 g左右,感官品质优;鲜果VC含量622 mg•kg^-1,可溶性固形物23 g•kg^-1,粗蛋白9.9 g•kg^-1,粗纤维12 g•kg^-1。中抗白粉病,田间表现耐热、耐寒性好。每667 m2产量3 800 kg左右。适宜华南地区春秋种植。     

保护地黄瓜新品种‘山农5号’

 ‘山农5 号’为保护地黄瓜新品种, 主要适于华北地区日光温室越冬栽培。植株生长健壮, 后期不早衰, 丰产性好, 越冬栽培产量可达120 t/ hm² 以上。瓜长棒状, 绿色, 有光泽, 刺瘤密, 腰瓜长约35 cm, 单瓜质量约150 g, 果肉淡绿色, 质脆, 味清香, 品质佳。耐低温、弱光能力强。抗枯萎病, 对霜霉病、白粉病、黑星病有较强抗性。     

The Pillnitz Re-Series of Apple Cultivars – Do They Hold Promise? – 80 Years of Professional German Fruit Breeding 2008

The aim of the Pillnitz apple breeding is to combine improvements in fruit quality + yield + resistance to different pathogens in new cultivars. Early-, mid- and late-season apple cultivars were selected in two series, Pi- and Re-cultivars?. The Re-cultivars? guarantee a high degree of resistance. Triple and multiple resistant cultivars were selected with resistance to scab, mildew and fire blight: ‘Remo^®’, ‘Regia^®’, ‘Rewena^®’ and ‘Rebella^®’. ‘Rebella^®’ was found to have resistance also to bacterial canker, red spider mite and abiotic damages. The cultivars are the base for a new growing management in integrated and organic cultivation. Doubtless, the Pillnitz resistance breeding conception is a success, even if some problems remain to solved in the future. Various degrees of scab infection on Vf-resistant cultivars had been observed since 1984 in Central Europe. No infections were found in cultivars with other genes like V _f such as ‘Reglindis^®’ (V _A), ‘Reka’ (V _r), or ‘Regia^®’ (V _r). New sources are necessary for resistance breeding, especially for pyramiding of resistance genes. However, if the V _f-gene is overcome, new resistance sources and cultivars with two or more different sources of resistance to stabilize healthiness in the field will be required in the future. More explanation and advertisement about the value of resistant cultivars to promote the cultivation in commercial orchards is needed.     

黄瓜病害苗期多抗性鉴定方法的评价

选用22份黄瓜高代自交系为试材,通过对单一接种法和复合接种法的调查结果进行相关性分析,发现两种方法之间有着显著的正相关(ra=0.99723,rb=0.998586,rc=0.99887,rd=0.99946).经双样本等方差分析,各种病害单接与复接病情指数在0.01水平差异均不显著,充分说明复合接种法是可行的,可以用于黄瓜种质资源该4种病害的多抗性筛选.在复合接种条件下,17份自交系抗枯萎病;18份抗白粉病;5份抗炭疽病;8份抗黑星病.Q6对4种病害均具有较好的多抗性;66可兼抗枯萎病、白粉病和炭疽病;R1和K25-4可兼抗枯萎病、白粉病和黑星病3种病害,与田间鉴定结果相一致.     

Response of the phenylpropanoid pathway to Venturia inaequalis infection in maturing fruit of ‘Braeburn’ apple

Summary

This study investigated the activities of key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway and the accumulation of phenolic products in apple peel in response to infection with Venturia inaequalis [(Cooke) G. Wint.]. We compared healthy apple peel with apple peel showing symptomatic scab lesions, and with peel tissue from 1 – 2 mm around the scab lesions in fruit 1 month before maturity [140 d after full bloom (DAFB)] and at physiological maturity (175 DAFB). Infection with V. inaequalis enhanced the synthesis of some phenolic compounds. Compared to healthy peel, scab lesion tissue had ≤ 3.1-times higher hydroxycinnamic acid content, ≤ 1.3-times higher dihydrochalcone content, and ≤ 3.9-times higher flavan-3-ol content. Scab lesions showed slightly higher phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, flavonol synthase, and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase activities. The total amount of phenolics remained relatively stable between the two sampling dates, except for epicatechin and caffeic acid which decreased in amount toward fruit maturity, and levels of catechin which increased in more mature fruit. During fruit maturation, only chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase activities decreased in all tissues examined. This study showed that the phenylpropanoid pathway in apple fruit peel changed significantly following infection with the apple scab pathogen.     

1-Naphthaleneacetic acid and 6-benzyladenine thinning of a common slender spindle ‘Jonagold’/M.9 apple orchard. I: Dose effects and spray distribution in the crowns

Summary

To find the most appropriate rates of application of plant growth regulator (PGR) thinning-agents for a common slender spindle apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchard, different volumes of dilute 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzyladenine (BA) were sprayed ha^?1. Mature ‘Jonagold’/M.9 trees, 3.0 – 3.5 m high and 1.2 – 1.5 m wide, planted in a single row system with 3,030 trees ha^?1, were used. Significant thinning was observed in the case of dilute sprays of NAA at 10 mg l^?1, or BA at 100 mg l^?1, to run-off, using 2,000 l ha^?1 or 1,500 l ha^?1; while 1,000 l ha^?1 did not result in sufficient thinning. Thinning using smaller volumes (250, 500, or 750 l ha^?1) was also significant if the concentration of PGR thinner was proportionally higher (i.e., based on the 1,500 l ha^?1 application rate of more dilute sprays of NAA at 10 mg l^?1 or BA at 100 mg l^?1). Spray distribution measurements in the crowns showed better spray deposits when higher water volumes (i.e., more dilute PGR solutions) were sprayed at all positions (bottom, middle, or top) of the canopy. At 2,000 l ha^?1, 54 – 72% coverage of the leaf area was observed; but, at 250 l ha^?1, coverage was only 10 – 21%. The lower 30% of the canopy was covered poorly when smaller volumes of water (250, 500, or 1,000 l ha^?1) were applied. When 1,500 l ha^?1 was sprayed, good coverage of the lower and upper surfaces of the leaves occurred, and no differences in canopy positions were measured. It was concluded that 1,500 l ha^?1 (i.e., dilute PGR) spraying was the most appropriate volume to use when calculating the dose of NAA or BA to be applied ha^?1 to common (3.0 – 3.5 m-high) mature slender spindle apple orchards on M.9 rootstock. This study was part of the ISAFRUIT Smartfruit Project, aimed at improving existing methods for apple crop regulation with more precise use of PGR thinning agents and with minimum impact on the environment.     

陕西渭北红富士苹果园土壤有效养分及长期施肥对产量的影响

 调查了陕西渭北地区915 个盛产期红富士苹果园的土壤有效养分、全年施肥和产量情况, 并在合阳县1 个果园通过8 年定位试验研究了长期施用氮、磷、钾肥对苹果产量、单果质量的影响及肥 料农学效率和肥料贡献率的变化。结果表明,土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的平均值分别为60.1 mg · kg^-1、17.7 mg · kg^-1 和173.0 mg · kg^-1,有机质含量为12.6 g · kg^-1,最高分布频率的土壤养分分布范围 分别为碱解氮40 ~ 60 mg · kg^-1,速效磷10 ~ 20 mg · kg^-1,速效钾150 ~ 200 mg · kg^-1,有机质10 ~ 15 g · kg^-1。 碱解氮和速效磷含量与苹果产量的相关性分别达到极显著和显著水平,土壤速效钾和有机质含量与产量 的相关性不显著。果园氮、磷、钾肥平均用量分别为纯N 454.5 kg · hm^-2、P2O5 327.7 kg · hm^-2、K2O 313.2 kg · hm^-2,有机肥平均用量4.7 t · hm^-2;纯N、P2O5 和K2O 用量均为200 ~ 400 kg · hm^-2 的分布频率最高, 仅26.6%的果园施用有机肥。氮、磷、钾肥用量与苹果产量和土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量具有极显著或显著 相关性。在高产年份、中产年份和低产年份,氮肥对苹果产量、单果质量的影响效果及其农学效率和肥 料贡献率均大于磷和钾肥。对苹果产量的影响,高产年份磷肥显著大于钾肥,中、低产年则无显著差异。 对单果质量的影响效果,高产和中产年份磷肥和钾肥无显著差异,低产年份钾肥显著大于磷肥。氮、磷、 钾肥的农学效率和肥料贡献率,在高、中产年份为氮 > 磷 > 钾,低产年份为氮 > 钾 > 磷。     

Determination of Energy Use Efficiency of some Apple (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Malus x domestica</Emphasis>) Production in Turkey: a Case Study of Eğirdir Region

This research aims to make an analysis of energy use efficiency of apple (‘Starkrimson Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’) production in E?irdir region of Turkey, during the production season of 2012. Production data this research was collected in 2013. In order to determine the energy use efficiency of apple, various surveys have been conducted in 71 apple farms, selected through Simple Random Sampling method, located in E?irdir region of Turkey. The data have been collected through face to face questionnaires and first hand observations. The energy input and output values in apple production have been calculated as 34,703.63 MJ ha^?1 and 95,034 MJ ha^?1, respectively. Energy inputs consist of diesel fuel energy by 29.04?%, chemical fertilizers energy by 24.28?%, machinery energy by 15.70?%, chemical energy by 9.84?%, human labor energy by 8.54?%, electricity energy by 5.63?%, irrigation energy by 3.97?%, farmyard manure energy by 2.88?% and lime energy by 0.12?%. Energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy in apple production have been calculated as 2.74, 1.16 kg MJ^?1, 0.86 MJ kg^?1 and 60,330.36 MJ ha^?1, respectively. The total energy input consumed has been classified as direct, by 47.17?%, indirect, by 52.83?%, renewable, by 15.38?% and non-renewable, by 74.62?%.     

几种农药处理对采后苹果安全性分析研究

为了解甲氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、百菌清、多菌灵在苹果采收前的使用安全性,采用日本岛津GC-2010气相色谱仪及液相色谱仪检测了25种不同处理苹果的农药残留量.结果表明:采后苹果中百菌清检出率最低,均低于我国及欧盟标准1.0 mg/kg.多菌灵检出率最高,除采收前30 d处理没有检出外,其余均有检出,采前10 d加倍处理的“嘎啦”、“富士”苹果中多菌灵最高农残含量分别为0.637、0.984 mg/kg,均高于我国农产品安全质量-无公害水果安全要求(GB18406.2-2001)的限量指标0.5 mg/kg;三氟氯氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯检出率居中,三氟氯氰菊酯农药残留量检出范围(0.165～0.784 mg/kg),且在苹果中残留量主要受施药总量的影响；甲氰菊酯农药残留量检出范围(0.271～0.342mg/kg),均低于营养标准委员会规定的限量标准为5.0mg/kg.因此,可以认为甲氰菊酯在苹果采前使用,对苹果的质量安全影响残留污染性较小.     

新疆部分地区籽用西瓜、甜瓜白粉病菌生理 小种鉴定

对来自新疆南、北疆不同地区的10 份白粉病菌样本采用国际通用的甜瓜白粉病菌生理小
种鉴别寄主与标准鉴定体系进行了生理小种鉴定,初步确定新疆地区的白粉病菌主要为瓜单囊壳白粉菌
（Sphaerotheca fuliginea）的两个生理小种,即生理小种1 和生理小种5,北疆地区优势小种是生理小种1,
南疆两个地区的生理小种为生理小种5。     

黄瓜新品种‘中农29号’

‘中农29号’黄瓜是以双雌性系151G和0559G为亲本配制而成的雌型黄瓜一代杂种。果实短筒形,瓜色亮绿一致,果面光滑,瓜长12～15cm,单瓜质量80～100g,口感脆甜;丰产,产量可达150t·hm-2以上;抗黑星病、枯萎病、白粉病和霜霉病等;耐低温弱光,适宜保护地栽培。     

The relationship between different spray combinations of certain fungicides with calcium nitrate and the incidence of bitter pit and fungal diseases of apple

Two apple cultivars, Cox’s Orange Pippin and Worcester Pearmain, were sprayed at high volume for scab control in two seasons with either captan or thiram, with dinocap to control mildew. On Worcester, it was confirmed that thiram reduced crop and increased fruit russet and bitter pit incidence; the proportion of misshapen fruits was also increased. On Cox, thiram reduced crop number, without any compensatory increase in weight, and provided inferior scab control as well as increasing fruit russet.

The application of commercial calcium nitrate (C.C.N.) four times between mid-June and mid-August led to a considerable reduction in the incidence of bitter pit and storage rots in fruits from trees sprayed with captan and dinocap; it also partially offset the greater incidence of bitter pit associated with thiram treatments. In contrast to this, the application of a similar total amount of calcium, either in the form of a standard lime sulphur programme or by adding C.C.N, to the organic fungicide programmes for scab control, i.e. from April to mid-July, failed to reduce the incidence of bitter pit on either cultivar. Neither C.C.N, programme affected cropping, fruit russeting or scab control on either cultivar.

The ratio of potassium to calcium was higher in leaves and fruits from Worcester trees receiving thiram than in those from trees receiving captan; the application of C.C.N, in the summer reduced this ratio in fruits from trees receiving captan but not in those from trees receiving thiram, although it reduced the incidence of bitter pit associated with both fungicide programmes.

Results on Cox show that fungicide deposition and control of scab were independent of fungicide formulation and of the presence or absence of C.C.N. ; mildew control was not affected when C.C.N, was applied as the recommended summer programme.     

‘紫红1 号’红肉苹果果肉抗氧化性及花色苷分析

 ‘紫红1号’是新疆红肉野苹果[Malus sieversii f. neidzwetzkyana（Dieck）Langenf.]与‘富士’苹果杂交的F₁代中的一株果肉全红的株系。以其为试材,测定其果肉的花色苷、多酚、类黄酮含量及其抗氧化能力,结果表明其果肉花色苷含量为228.3 mg · kg^-1 FW,总酚含量为2 523 mg · kg^-1 FW,类黄酮含量为2 514 mg · kg^-1 FW,其抗氧化能力（ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP）为13.39 μmol · g^-1。利用液质联用（UPLC-PAD-/MS/MS）鉴定了红肉苹果果肉花色苷的主要组分有9种,其中4种分别为矢车菊3–O–葡萄糖苷、矢车菊3–O–半乳糖苷、矢车菊3–O–木糖苷、矢车菊3–O–阿拉伯糖苷,其中矢车菊3–O–半乳糖苷占73.37%,另外5种暂不能确定其结构。本研究表明花色苷的稳定性,发现该色素在pH 1 ~ 3,40 ℃以下比较稳定,高温加速花色苷的降解。花色苷对光照敏感,暴露在室内自然光下15 d其残留率为41.53%。     

Calcium deficiency of ‘Cox's Orange’ apple trees during the fruit growth period

In a pot experiment with apple trees, cultivar ‘Cox's Orange’, Ca was omitted in the nutrient solution for periods of different length. Trees lacking Ca in the latest $\text{2}\text{3}$ of the growth period contained 42 mg kg^?1 Ca in the fruits, which is 21% below control. In the bulked sample, average size of fruits was not considerably affected, but the distribution of small and large fruits changed toward more smaller fruits. Concommitantly, bitter pit was reduced compared to the control.Sufficient K supply (1.20–1.70% K in leaf dry matter) given to trees receiving high Ca supply depressed Ca concentration in the fruits to 41 mg kg^?1, which is 23% below control. Average fruit size was not significantly changed, but the distribution was towards larger fruits. Under these circumstances bitter pit was increased. Ca deficiency, caused either by omission of Ca or competition between K and Ca, increased fruit rot, russeting and cracks on the fruits. Short term variations in Ca levels were not seen to produce any measurable response.     

保护地专用黄瓜新品种——中农202

 ‘中农202’为极早熟、抗病、优质、高产、全雌性一代杂种。植株生长旺盛,田间高抗白粉病、角斑病、枯萎病, 兼抗黑星病和霜霉病。适合华北、东北、华中、西南和华东大部分地区春季保护地栽培。产量75 t/ hm²。瓜棒形, 长约30 cm, 横径3. 0 cm 左右, 单瓜质量150~ 200 g, 果皮深绿, 刺白, 口感和商品性均好。