植物促生菌促进盐生环境植物生长的研究进展

土壤盐渍化是一个严重影响作物产量的全球环境问题。在中国,土壤盐渍化和次级盐化程度突出。应用植物根际促生菌(PGPR)是一种经济有效、提高植物生物量或产量和清除环境污染的方法。该研究综述了土壤盐分对植物的影响和土壤改良、促生菌的促生机制、盐胁迫下促生菌在不同植物物种中应用的研究进展,阐述应用植物促生菌的重要意义,对今后研究方向进行了展望,旨在为盐渍化土壤植物促生菌的开发提供科学参考。     

植物根际促生菌在蔬菜种植中的应用进展

植物根际促生菌(PGPR)对植物生长具有广谱促进功效,生物调节潜力巨大。将PGPR应用于可持续的蔬菜生产系统建设,对营造良好的根际生态环境、改善土壤理化性质、提高土壤供肥能力、降低作物对化肥的依赖、抑制病害发生及减少农药污染等具有重要作用。现介绍了PGPR的主要种类和基本作用机理,并重点总结了国内外将PGPR应用于7种蔬菜作物种植的试验研究和成功实例。     

根际促生菌防治蔬菜根结线虫的研究

从蔬菜根结线虫生物防治的研究现状,PGPR(根际促生菌)防治蔬菜根结线虫研究的国内外现状及相关机理、发展趋势等方面进行论述,为利用PGPR防治蔬菜根结线虫和进行抗线虫育种提供参考。     

复合促生菌株筛选及其对油菜、黄瓜幼苗的促生效果

为了筛选获得复合型功能微生物(PGPR)菌株材料,进而从功能微生物的角度理解稻—油轮作制度的优势,以稻—稻、稻—油轮作制度下耕层水稻土壤作为筛选源,采用选择性培养基传统培养法对可培养细菌、固氮菌、解磷菌以及产IAA菌株进行分离和筛选,并利用人工气候箱培育试验验证了对部分筛选获得的复合型促生菌株对油菜、黄瓜幼苗早期生物促生效果。结果表明:稻—稻轮作耕层土壤可分离固氮菌35株、解磷菌3株;稻—油轮作耕层土壤可分离固氮菌38株、解磷菌35株;具有固氮、解磷以及较强生长素分泌能力的复合型促生菌株6株,其普遍对油菜和黄瓜早期幼苗株高生长具有一定的促生效果,可分别提高25.45%～111.96%和4.45%～18.22%;此外,DD-69和DY-111菌株对黄瓜根长、DY-6和DD-79菌株对黄瓜鲜质量具有显著的促生作用。     

植物根际促生菌对香蕉幼苗生长及抗枯萎病效应研究

 通过盆栽试验,研究从香蕉根际土壤分离筛选的植物根际促生菌（PGPR）芽孢杆菌PAB-1、PAB-2菌株制剂对香蕉幼苗生长、养分吸收利用和香蕉枯萎病防治的效应研究。结果表明：试验处理56 d后,施用植物根际促生菌菌剂的处理,株高、假茎围、地上部生物量、根长、根系生物量、总生物量、单株叶面积和叶绿素含量分别比对照增加18.5% ~ 28.9%、17.0% ~ 18.2%、16.8% ~ 33.9%、41.5% ~ 47.6%、65.5% ~ 69.5%、24.8% ~ 39.8%、24.0% ~ 38.3% 和 30.0% ~ 44.9%;施用PAB-2菌剂的处理,地上部氮、磷、钾、钙、镁养分吸收量分别比对照增加51.1%、46.1%、165.2%、7.4%和32.8%。接种香蕉枯萎病病原菌（FOC）的处理中,施用PGPR菌剂的香蕉叶片丙二醛含量显著低于只接种FOC4的,降低4.4% ~ 10.6%;56 d后香蕉枯萎病病情指数比只接种FOC4的降低12.5 ~ 31.3,防控效果达到18.8% ~ 46.9%。施用PGPR菌剂能显著促进香蕉苗期植株生长,提高植株养分吸收,有效防控香蕉枯萎病发生。     

根际促生菌YHN对番茄和茄子的促生作用研究

以"寿研11-3"番茄和"二苠"茄子幼苗为试材,采用拌土和喷雾方式配套使用根际促生菌制剂YHN,研究了根际促生菌YHN对2种作物生长势的影响,以明确根际促生菌YHN在工厂化育苗过程中的促生作用。结果表明:根际促生菌制剂可以显著增加番茄和茄子的株高、叶面积、根部鲜重和地上部鲜重,由此可见其促生效果显著。     

无土栽培辣椒促生菌的筛选及苗期促生效果

采用种子和苗期筛选方法,从40种待选菌种中筛选出4种对辣椒生长有明显促进作用的促生菌G15-7、A21-4、R2-1、L24-1,并验证了这4种促生菌的促生效果。结果表明:这4种菌对辣椒苗期的形态指标和生理指标有显著促进作用,其中R2-1的影响效果最显著;L24-1和A21-4分别对辣椒苗期的形态指标和生理指标影响显著;G15-7对辣椒苗期生长也有明显促进作用,但显著性不及其它3种菌。     

柠条根际产铁载体促生菌的分离鉴定及其促生特性

以柠条根际土壤为试材,采用CAS(铬天青S)选择性培养基分离筛选具有产铁载体功能的根际促生菌株,通过16S r DNA序列分析进行菌株鉴定,并测定菌株解磷、固氮、产IAA(吲哚乙酸)和ACC(1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸)脱氨酶等促生活性,通过盆栽试验分析验证菌株Fe11对柠条幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:共分离出14株产铁载体根际促生菌,其中6株菌具备较强的产铁载体能力。所有菌株的16S r DNA序列同源性与假单胞菌达到99%~100%,假单胞菌属细菌是柠条根际产铁载体的优势菌群。多数菌株兼具2种以上促生活性,菌株Fe9、Fe11和Fe13表现出多种促生潜能。回接试验证实,接种菌株Fe11使柠条幼苗的株高、根长、叶片数、鲜质量和干质量分别增长17.25%、6.68%、17.75%、42.51%和20.67%,表明菌株Fell对柠条的生长具有良好的促进效果。     

苹果内生促生真菌筛选及其促生特性

【目的】从苹果不同部位内生真菌中筛选具有促生潜力的菌株，为开发苹果益生真菌储备菌种资源，为探究苹果内生真菌与宿主互利共生关系提供试验基础。【方法】采用组织分离法获得内生真菌，基于ITS序列鉴定到属种；筛选、比较菌株产IAA、铁载体等促生能力；回接潜力菌株于苹果组培苗，50 d后观察组培苗生长情况。【结果】共分离获得内生真菌51株鉴定为29种。促生潜力筛选后，选取IAA含量高、兼具促生功能多的5株菌（LG06、PG06、LG12、LY09、PJ09）回接苹果组培苗。结果表明其中4株内生真菌对苹果组培苗的促生效果明显，与对照相比，菌株PG06的叶片数量、叶绿素含量、叶片总氮含量增高最多（p<0.05），依次增加了61.17%、44.08%、42.56%。【结论】苹果内生真菌PG06、LG12、LG06、LY09对苹果组培苗均具有显著促生作用，可进一步探索田间试验。研究为苹果生物肥料的研发提供了实验依据。     

植物根际促生菌防治黄瓜枯萎病的研究进展

黄瓜枯萎病是制约黄瓜生长发育及产量的重要生物胁迫因素.近年来,黄瓜生产过程中土地长期高度集约化、高复种指数以及不合理的施肥、灌溉等措施造成土壤微生物区系失衡,导致黄瓜枯萎病危害日趋严重.植物根际促生菌(PGPR)不仅能改善黄瓜根际微生物区系结构,促进黄瓜生长发育,还能通过自身作用或诱导黄瓜产生系统抗性以有效防治黄瓜枯萎...     

根际有益微生物不同接种方法对春季塑料大棚黄瓜生长的影响

为明确根际有益微生物不同接种方法对春季塑料大棚黄瓜生长的影响,以黄瓜为试验材料,比较分析了自根苗育苗基质加菌剂、自根苗定植穴加菌剂、嫁接苗砧木基质加菌剂、嫁接苗砧木基质不加菌剂、自根苗基质不加菌剂5个处理下的黄瓜苗期植株长势、定植后植株长势、果实品质以及产量表现,以自根苗基质不加菌剂为对照。结果表明:黄瓜自根苗育苗基质接种菌剂可提高黄瓜自根苗壮苗指数(1.09)和果实可溶性糖含量(2.07%),后期植株长势和产量也表现较好,是适宜黄瓜生长的接种方法。     

Alteration of tomato fruit quality by root inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): Bacillus subtilis BEB-13bs

In this study the effect of inoculation of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) roots with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield and fruit quality was evaluated. The control treatment was non-inoculated (CTL) and the PGPR treatment was inoculated with Bacillus subtilis BEB-lSbs (BS13). Yield per plant and marketable yield, as well as fruit weight and length were increased by the BS13 treatment when compared to the CTL treatment. Texture of red fruits was also enhanced by the BS13 treatment compared to that in the CTL treatment. These results demonstrated that PGPR have positive effects on tomato fruit quality attributes, particularly on size and texture.     

Rhizobacteria as bioenhancer and biofertilizer for growth and yield of banana (Musa spp. cv. ‘Berangan’)

Banana, an important fruit crop, requires high amounts of fertilizers for commercial cultivation, which is costly and can be hazardous to the environment when used excessively. Inoculations of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been shown to produce beneficial effects through growth stimulation in legumes and cereals, and an attempt has been made to use rhizobacteria in bananas. Three experiments were conducted to observe the effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculation on root stimulation and colonization, nutrient absorption, growth and yield of bananas (Musa spp. cv. ‘Berangan’, AA type). The results showed that inoculation together with 33% N improved the bioenhancing activity by increasing root and shoot growth, and photosynthetic rate. The PGPR inoculation with 33% N-fertilizer also increased the Ca uptake capacity resulting in higher Ca concentration in root, corm and pulp but increased the Mg concentration in the root only. In addition, the total accumulation of nutrients was heavily influenced by PGPR inoculation due to enhanced root proliferation. The PGPR inoculation greatly increased the bunch yield (35–51%). The strains Sp7 and UPMB10 were evaluated for their N₂ fixing capacities in association with banana roots by ¹⁵N isotopic dilution technique and acetylene reduction assay (ARA). The results conclusively showed that roots of PGPR-inoculated plants fixed N₂ and produced higher ARA values and inoculated plants together with the least N-fertilizer supply showed the highest amount of nitrogen derived from atmosphere (Ndfa). The findings from the above studies demonstrated that PGPR strains (Sp7 and UPMB 10) inoculation with minimal N-fertilizer supply are effective as a bioenhancer for increasing plant growth, nutrient uptake and yield of bananas.     

AM 真菌和PGPR 菌剂组合对低温胁迫下黄瓜生长及防御酶活性的影响

为了筛选适于黄瓜耐低温的最佳丛枝菌根（AM）真菌和PGPR 组合菌剂,研究了不同AM 真菌、PGPR 组合菌剂对
低温胁迫下黄瓜生长及防御酶活性的影响。结果表明低温胁迫下,单接种AM 真菌或是单接种PGPR 的处理,其黄瓜生长量
及SOD、POD 和CAT 活性均高于不接种对照,而MDA 含量则显著低于不接种对照。AM 真菌接种处理中以接种地表球囊霉
（Glomus versiforme）处理的黄瓜生长量较大、防御酶活性较高、细胞膜受伤害较小;PGPR 接种处理中以接种多粘类芽孢
杆菌（Paenibacillus polymyxa）的处理黄瓜生长量较大、防御酶活性较高、细胞膜伤害较小。AM 真菌和PGPR 双接种处理中,
以地表球囊霉+ 多粘类芽孢杆菌处理生长量最大、防御酶活性最高、细胞膜伤害最轻。可以考虑在今后温室黄瓜种植中添加
该组合菌剂促进黄瓜生长,提高植株耐冷性。     

Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on young apple tree growth and fruit yield under orchard conditions

The effects of rootstocks (M9 and MM 106), cultivars (Granny Smith and Stark Spur Golden) and growth promoting rhizobacteria (OSU-142, OSU-7, BA-8 and M-3) on the tree growth and yield at apple (Malus domestica Borkh) trees were studied in a clay loam soil in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey in 2002–2004. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were capable of producing indole acetic acid (IAA) and cytokinin, but three of them (OSU-7, BA-8 and M-3) were also able to dissolve phosphate. Maximum shoot number of apple trees was found after inoculation with BA-8 followed by OSU-7 and M-3. All the inoculated PGPR strains contributed to the increase in fruit yield of apple when compared to control but it was strongly depended on rootstocks, cultivars and treatments. Plant growth responses were variable and dependent on bacterial strains, rootstock and cultivar and growth parameters evaluated of young apple trees. Newly planted apple trees inoculated with OSU-142, OSU-7, BA-8 and M-3 PGPR increased average shoot length by 59.2, 18.3, 7.0 and 14.3% relative to the control and fruit yield by 116.4, 88.2, 137.5 and 73.7%, respectively. Bacterial inoculation increased shoot diameter from 7.0 to 16.3% when compared to control. The production of plant growth hormones has been suggested as one of the mechanisms by which PGPRs stimulate young apple sapling growth. The growth-promoting effect appears to be direct, with possible involvement of the plant growth regulators indole-3-acetic acid and cytokinin. In view of environmental pollution due to excessive use of fertilizers and high costs of the production of fertilizers, PGPR strains tested in our study have potential to be used for the sustainable and environmentally benign horticultural production.     

促生菌CH1诱导黄瓜对猝倒病抗性的研究

 采用分根法研究了植物生长促生菌CH1诱导黄瓜对猝倒病的抗性以及黄瓜植株经CH1处理后根部与叶部组织的超氧化物歧化酶( SOD) 、过氧化物酶( POD) 、过氧化氢酶(CAT) 、多酚氧化酶( PPO) 和苯丙氨酸解氨酶( PAL) 的活性变化。结果表明, 促生菌CH1提高了黄瓜的成苗率, 处理后的28 d, 猝倒病相对防效高达78.64% , 推测促生菌CH1使黄瓜产生的诱导抗性是其防病的主要原因。黄瓜经CH1处理并同时接种腐霉菌后, 处理根部与未处理叶部组织中SOD、POD、CAT、PPO和PAL活性都明显高于其它处理, 其根部这些酶的活性分别在处理后3、3、5、5和5 d时出现高峰, 叶部酶活性变化基本与根部的相吻合。表明这些酶活性的提高与CH1诱导的黄瓜对猝倒病抗性可能有一定的相关性, 而且CH1对这些酶活性的诱导具有系统性。     

促生菌对番茄产量影响和氮肥替代效应的研究

将番茄种子用促生菌CS1(Pseudomnas putida,恶臭假单胞菌)和CS2(Enterobacter cloacae,阴沟肠杆菌)等体积均匀混合培养液和蒸馏水分别浸泡处理,并在幼苗移栽时加含有该2种促生菌的藻原胶珠子,种植于5个氮肥梯度以拉丁方排布的温室里,研究促生菌对番茄产量的影响和对氮肥的替代效应并寻求最佳的接菌方式.结果表明:蒸馏水浸泡处理的番茄在移栽时加藻原胶珠子在总产量上比对照优越,形成了显著性差异,而且,接菌可以起到对氮肥的部分替代效应.     

番茄疮痂病生物防治研究进展

番茄疮痂病是世界范围内普遍发生的一种细菌性病害,主要为害番茄和辣椒,严重影响其产量与品质。本文综述了国内外利用植物根际促生菌(PGPR)、突变菌株(Mutant)、噬菌体(Phage)、其他生防菌及活性剂等生防因子防治番茄疮痂病的研究进展,并对该病害生物防治存在的问题和发展前景进行了探讨。