贺兰山东麓不同酿酒葡萄品种成熟期白藜芦醇含量的差异

以不同酿酒葡萄品种"霞多丽""贵人香""烟73""西拉""梅鹿辄""赤霞珠""品丽珠""蛇龙珠"和感染卷叶病毒的"蛇龙珠"等为试材,系统研究了不同成熟期葡萄果实中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性及白藜芦醇(resveratrol,Res)含量,以了解贺兰山东麓不同酿酒葡萄品种成熟期Res含量的差异。结果表明:宁夏贺兰山东麓不同酿酒葡萄品种Res含量差异较大。白色品种中未检测到PAL,有色品种中PAL活性次序为"赤霞珠""梅鹿辄""品丽珠""烟73""西拉";Res含量最高的是"烟73",其次是"西拉""梅鹿辄""赤霞珠""品丽珠""贵人香""霞多丽";感染卷叶病毒的"蛇龙珠"的PAL活性和Res含量均高于健康植株。     

山西地区五个主栽酿酒红葡萄果实香气比较

以山西地区主栽酿酒葡萄为试材,利用气质联用仪对其果实香气物质进行检测分析,探究不同的酿酒品种香气化合物和香气特征之间的差异,以期为地区酿酒葡萄品种优化提供参考依据.结果 表明:在5个酿酒葡萄果实中共检测到89种香气化合物,其中"西拉"果实中检测到香气化合物种类最多,在"美乐"果实中检测到30种酯类物质,且总含量最高;在"赤霞珠"葡萄果实中烯烃类香气物质含量占比为51.55％.5个酿酒葡萄中"美乐"葡萄果实中水果香OAVs(气味活性值)值最高,"赤霞珠"葡萄花香OAVs值显著高于其它4个品种.主成分分析表明,前2个主成分累计贡献率为97.52％,其中"美乐""品丽珠""西拉"是以具有花果香为主香气的品种,"马瑟兰"葡萄中含有较高的奶酪香物质.前3个主成分得分表明果实中特征香气含量为"西拉"＞"美乐"＞"马瑟兰"＞"赤霞珠"＞"品丽珠".     

贺兰山东麓产区“马瑟兰”葡萄的酿酒特性

以"马瑟兰"葡萄为试材,以贺兰山东麓产区主栽品种"赤霞珠"葡萄为对照,对比研究了"马瑟兰"葡萄单品种酿酒特性,为产区酿酒葡萄品种的推广提供参考依据。结果表明:对照品种"赤霞珠"葡萄的成熟最适采收期在10月2—12日,"马瑟兰"葡萄在9月27日至10月7日,比"赤霞珠"葡萄提前1周左右,原料均达到了良好的成熟度,"马瑟兰"葡萄所酿葡萄酒各项常规理化指标正常,品质优于"赤霞珠"葡萄酒。"马瑟兰"葡萄酒的酒精度小于"赤霞珠";残糖含量符合干型葡萄酒的要求,均小于4g·L~(-1);总酸含量在6~7g·L~(-1);挥发酸含量均处于较低的水平;pH在合理范围内(3.8左右)。因此,新引进品种"马瑟兰"葡萄适宜酿造优质干红葡萄酒,适合在产区内推广种植。     

中国野生复叶葡萄'固原-1'抗寒性研究与利用

以河岸葡萄、"北冰红""赤霞珠""固原-1""左优红""北醇""红地球"的一年生枝条为试材,测定不同温度下电导率、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性及丙二醛、脯氨酸含量,研究了7种葡萄材料的抗寒能力,以期获得"固原-1"的抗寒能力评价并加以利用.结果 表明:抗寒性极强的是河岸葡萄和欧山品种"左优红"."固原-1"抗寒性远优于欧洲葡萄,但是与欧山品种"北醇"相近.根据这些抗寒性鉴定结果,在宁夏贺兰山东麓葡萄产区,可以露地试栽"北冰红""左优红"与"北醇葡萄",中国野生复叶葡萄"固原-1"可以用作抗寒育种的种质资源进行杂交育种应用,也可作为欧洲葡萄品种的砧木,用于抗寒栽培利用.     

宁夏贺兰山东麓‘马瑟兰’葡萄栽培技术

‘马瑟兰’是原产于法国的一个酿酒红葡萄品种,是由‘赤霞珠’与‘歌海娜’杂交而成,兼备‘赤霞珠’的细致感和‘歌海娜’的坚实结构感,所酿制的葡萄酒品质优良,逐渐受到各酿酒葡萄主产区的重视。该品种在栽培中表现为抗旱、较抗病、长势中等,结实性较好、耐瘠薄,但在贺兰山东麓产区存在树势贪青旺长、葡萄果实和枝条成熟较差、树势早衰、抗寒性下降、翌年萌芽不齐等问题。为此,该研究将近年来的成果归纳总结,为该品种在宁夏贺兰山东麓的优质高效科学栽培提供参考。     

八个酿酒葡萄品种抗寒性比较

以8个酿酒葡萄品种的一年生枝条为试材,测定不同低温胁迫下葡萄枝条电导率和可溶性糖含量2个指标,并进行抗寒性分析。结果表明:随着处理温度的降低,各品种枝条的相对电导率、可溶性糖含量逐渐升高,递增的速度和幅度存在一定差异,且递增幅度大小与抗寒性强弱一致;根据相对电导率、可溶性糖含量增幅大小不同可知,"威代尔"、"黑比诺"、"赤霞珠"和"霞多丽"抗寒性较强,"梅鹿辄"和"品丽珠"抗寒性较弱,其它品种抗寒性居中。     

不同杏品种抗寒性及生理指标

以"晋梅杏""凯特""鸡蛋杏""金太阳"一年生休眠枝条和带花枝条为试材,通过不同低温处理,测定膜透性、保护酶活性和渗透调节物质,比较生理指标在低温下的变化以及与抗寒性的关系,分析各指标间的相关性,以期为筛选抗寒新品种提供参考依据。结果表明:随温度降低,枝条相对电导率、枝条丙二醛(MDA)含量、枝条脯氨酸含量、杏花MDA含量、杏花脯氨酸含量呈上升的趋势;枝条超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、花朵SOD活性整体呈先升后降的趋势。"凯特"枝条中MDA含量与其它3个品种差异显著;"金太阳"枝条中脯氨酸含量与其它3个品种差异显著。花朵中MDA含量与4个杏品种的抗寒性呈负相关;除"鸡蛋杏"以外,枝条中脯氨酸含量与抗寒性呈正相关。相对电导率和枝条中SOD活性、枝条中脯氨酸含量、花朵中MDA含量呈极显著正相关,与花朵中脯氨酸含量呈显著负相关。花朵中MDA含量与花朵中SOD活性、花朵中脯氨酸含量呈极显著负相关;花朵中SOD活性与花朵中脯氨酸含量呈极显著正相关。综上所述,4种杏品种抗寒性强弱顺序为"金太阳">"晋梅杏">"鸡蛋杏">"凯特"。     

贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄成熟过程中花色苷组分含量及其主成分分析

选择宁夏贺兰山东麓园林场、御马酒庄、玉泉营3个酿酒红葡萄产区,以酿酒葡萄品种"黑比诺""蛇龙珠""梅鹿辙""西拉""赤霞珠"为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱法,对花色苷含量进行了定性、定量分析,通过主成分分析法对花色苷组分及其含量进行判断。结果表明:6种花色苷可简化为4种主成分,累积方差贡献率可达到98.417%;第一主成分主要是由芍药色素、飞燕草色素、锦葵色素、矢车菊色素构成,其线性回归函数为Y_1=0.388X_1+0.029X_2+0.392X_3-0.264X_4+0.052X_5;第二主成分主要是由矮牵牛色素和矢车菊色素构成,其线性回归函数Y_2=-0.181X_1+0.408X_2-0.185X_3+0.726X_4+0.052X。     

宁夏贺兰山东麓产区‘马瑟兰’葡萄最佳采收期的确定

【目的】研究‘马瑟兰’葡萄在不同采收期果实成分的变化,探索该品种在宁夏贺兰山东麓产区的最佳采收期。【方法】测定葡萄浆果的可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、pH、可溶性固形物含量、总酚、单宁及花青素含量,运用聚类分析法和主成分分析法对葡萄浆果成分指标进行综合评价,以确定宁夏贺兰山东麓地区‘马瑟兰’葡萄的最佳采收期。【结果】2018年度宁夏贺兰山东麓产区‘马瑟兰’葡萄在9月10日至9月20日之间得分函数的分值大于零,其中9月13日的得分函数分值为最大值,达到了2.173。通过测定上述指标,结合聚类分析和主成分分析,可以实现对酿酒葡萄采收期较为客观、全面的判断。【结论】2018年度‘马瑟兰’葡萄的适宜采收时间段为9月10日至9月20日,其中9月13日为该地区‘马瑟兰’葡萄的最佳采收期。     

土壤因素对酿酒葡萄栽培的影响

正近年中国葡萄酒产业发展迅猛,2019年我国葡萄酒消费量180万吨,居世界第五位。我国也是重要的葡萄酒生产国,年产葡萄酒83万吨,葡萄种植面积85万公顷,其中酿酒葡萄约占12%(OVI统计)。酿酒葡萄不同于鲜食葡萄和制干葡萄,酿酒葡萄果粒小、果皮厚、含糖量高,我国现广泛种植的酿酒葡萄品种有赤霞珠、美乐、蛇龙珠、品丽珠、霞多丽等。酿酒葡萄相比于鲜食葡萄对气候及土壤的要求更加严     

‘赤霞珠’‘梅鹿辄’和‘品丽珠’不同营养系果实与葡萄酒挥发性香气成分分析

【目的】为发挥酿酒品种‘赤霞珠’‘梅露辄’和‘品丽珠’不同营养系的优点,筛选香气优良的营养系。【方法】采用顶空固相微萃取结合气质联用技术分析了3个品种共11个营养系成熟果实和葡萄酒中挥发性香气成分。【结果】果实、葡萄酒中香气成分种类分别在64~99种、105~121种,相应的果实与葡萄酒共有成分在60~88种,分为中短链脂肪酸、乙醇酯、醇类、乙酸酯、醛类、单萜和降异戊二烯类、其他7类。除‘赤霞珠’685醇类、191醛类,其余营养系葡萄酒中每类香气浓度均高于果实。果实和葡萄酒中超过阈值的香气成分分别有5种和15种,但不同品种或同一品种不同营养系同一香气气味活性值(OAV值)不同,从而导致其香气特征的差异。‘赤霞珠’685、169和‘梅鹿辄’348果实中苯乙醛、β-大马士酮OAV值高于其他营养系,与花香、甜香味OAV值最大一致;170果实中2-甲氧基-3-异丁基吡嗪(IBMP)OAV值显著高于191,与其植物味OAV值最高一致,且TDNOAV值最高,与其化学味OAV值最高一致。‘品丽珠’c214果实中IBMP>327>409,赋予c214植物味OAV值>327>409,3个营养系中苯乙醛、β-大马士酮OAV值趋势与焦糖味、花香味一致。与其他营养系相比,‘赤霞珠’170、338葡萄酒中较高的己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、苯乙醛和β-大马士酮赋予酒较高的水果味、花香味;‘梅鹿辄’181葡萄酒中较高的辛酸乙酯、己酸乙酯和丁酸乙酯赋予酒较高的水果味、花香味;‘品丽珠’c214中己酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯OAV值最高,与酒水果味OAV值最高一致,327中IBMP和癸醛OAV值较高,赋予酒植物味高于c214。【结论】根据果实香气特征,‘赤霞珠’685、169、‘品丽珠’327和‘梅鹿辄’348相对较好,根据葡萄酒香气特征‘赤霞珠’338、170、‘梅鹿辄’181和‘品丽珠’409较好。根据其香气特点及市场需要,可进行营养系筛选或酿造工艺改良。     

2009年宁夏产区主栽酿酒葡萄果实品质的研究

2009年研究了宁夏产区主栽各种酿酒葡萄的果实品质,期望为葡萄与葡萄酒产业发展提供依据。结果表明:芦花台、玉泉营、青铜峡3个地区赤霞珠的最佳采收期均为10月5日,梅鹿辄在芦花台为9月26日、青铜峡则为9月24日;玉泉营的西拉为10月5日。玉泉营的赤霞珠果实质量显著的优于芦花台和青铜峡,尽管含糖量(205.67g/L)与其它2个地区没有显著差异,但糖酸比(28.21)、总酚含量极显著或显著的高于其它2个地区,而含酸量(7.29g/L)则极显著的低于其它2个地区。青铜峡的梅鹿辄质量较好,其含糖量(213.83g/L)、糖酸比(31.96)、总酚及单宁含量均显著的高于芦花台,而含酸量(6.69g/L)则显著的低于芦花台。玉泉营的西拉表现出了较高的质量,果实还原糖含量217.00g/L、含酸量6.84g/L、糖酸比31.73。     

冰川红叶小檗和紫叶小檗抗寒性对比分析

以冰川红叶小檗和紫叶小檗当年生枝条为试验材料,于12月和3月测定其7个处理温度(4℃、-10℃、-20℃、-30℃、-35℃、-40℃、-50℃)下的相对电导率、电阻抗参数值以及3个处理温度(-10℃、-20℃、-40℃)下的萌芽率,并对电导法、电阻抗图谱法及恢复生长法的测定结果进行相关性分析。结果表明,不同低温处理下的冰川红叶小檗当年生枝条的相对电导率均低于紫叶小檗;12月份冰川红叶小檗当年生枝条用相对电导率,胞外电阻率(r e)及低频电阻率(r 1)拟合的半致死温度分别为-34.84℃、-31.46℃和-29.47℃,紫叶小檗拟合的半致死温度分别为-28.37℃、-27.12℃和-26.07℃。3月份冰川红叶小檗当年生枝条用相对电导率,胞外电阻率(r e)及低频电阻率(r1)拟合的半致死温度分别为-31.94℃、-29.94℃和-27.98℃,紫叶小檗拟合的半致死温度分别为-26.84℃、-26.08℃和-25.43℃,证明冰川红叶小檗的半致死温度均低于紫叶小檗的半致死温度;12月份不同低温处理下的当年生枝条冰川红叶小檗的萌芽率为85.79%、74.33%和14.77%,紫叶小檗的萌芽率为75.74%、57.65%和8.06%;3月份不同低温处理下的当年生枝条冰川红叶小檗的萌芽率为88.80%、77.77%和16.16%,紫叶小檗的萌芽率为78.92%、68.37%和12.38%。由此表明,冰川红叶小檗的萌芽率均高于紫叶小檗,冰川红叶小檗的抗寒性高于紫叶小檗。     

毛欧杂种葡萄‘NW196’花色苷组成与相关基因表达分析

以不同发育期毛欧杂种葡萄‘NW196’为试验材料,利用HPLC–MS检测其果皮中花色苷的组成及含量,Real-time PCR检测花色苷合成相关基因表达水平,并与欧亚种‘赤霞珠’比较。结果表明,成熟后期‘NW196’果皮中花色苷总量显著高于‘赤霞珠’;采收期‘NW196’葡萄果皮中共检测到23种花色苷,成熟后期单糖苷所占比例高于双糖苷,其中含量最高的是花翠素–3–O–葡萄糖苷,3’5’–羟基取代花色苷比例高于3’–羟基取代花色苷;与欧亚种‘赤霞珠’相比,‘NW196’果皮中酰化和甲基化花色苷比例较低。结论:毛欧杂种‘NW196’花色苷组成与欧亚种‘赤霞珠’差异明显,这与其品种特性有关,并受到类黄酮代谢路径相关基因的调控;此外,花色素双糖苷主要在转色初期合成。     

Effect of bearing position on phenolics profiles in the skins of four cultivars of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Summary

The fan-shaped trellis training system, resulting in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) with more than two trunks, has been widely used in northern China. The fruiting zone of grapevines trained to the fan-shaped trellis system is distributed from the top to the bottom of the canopy. The phenolics profiles of the skins of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Merlot’, ‘Chardonnay’, and ‘Italian Riesling’ grape berries were analysed to measure the effect of differences in bearing position on the phenolic compound and anthocyanin compositions of grape berries.The results showed that the upper bearing position significantly increased the concentrations of most phenolic compounds in grape berry skins. Among the non-anthocyanin and anthocyanin phenolic compounds identified in this study, the upper bearing position promoted the accumulation of delphinidin-, cyanidin-, and petunidin-glucosides in the skin of the two red grape cultivars. However, lowering the bearing position was associated with greater methylation of anthocyanins, and the flow of photosynthate towards the biosynthesis of kaempferol. These results were correlated with micrometeorological alterations in the canopy at the different bearing positions. The findings of this study suggest that higher bearing positions can increase the accumulation of phenolic compounds in grape berry skins in four different grapevine cultivars.     

Growth of Vitis vinifera L. and Vitis aestivalis Michx. as Affected by Temperature

Abstract

Four European (Vitis vinifera L.) winegrape cvs., ‘Semillon’, ‘Pinot Noir,’ ‘Chardonnay’, and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, and one American (Vitis aestivalis Michx.) winegrape cv. ‘Cynthiana’, were subjected to three temperature regimes in growth chambers set at 20/15°C, 30/ 25°C, or 40/35°C, for 16/8 hr day/night to determine the influence of temperatures on vine growth and development. In general, the best temperature for shoot and root growth 28 days after temperature treatments was 20/15°C for ‘Semillon’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, and ‘Cynthiana’, and 30/25°C for ‘Pinot Noir’ and ‘Chardonnay’. Although 40/35°C reduced number of leaves, shoots, tendrils, and internodes, total leaf area (LA), and total shoot biomass of all the cultivars, the reduction was more pronounced in ‘Cynthiana’ than in the European cultivars. The average reduction in number of leaves at 40/35°C for the European cultivars was 47%, compared with 92% for ‘Cynthiana’. The two types of grapes adapted differently to high temperature. Shoot growth in the European cultivars continued under high temperature, whereas growth ceased in ‘Cynthiana’. Roots of ‘Cynthiana’, however, were less susceptible to the adverse effect of high temperatures than were the shoots. This study shows that the European cultivars were relatively more tolerant to high temperature than the American cultivar and they have a potential for production of wine in the climate of south central Kansas.     

Asexual Propagation of Grapevine Transmits Pierce’s Disease Pathogen (Xylella fastidiosa) to Rooted Cuttings

An objective of this study was to investigate rooting success of grape cuttings propagated from vines symptomatic of Pierce’s disease. Additional objectives were to assess if rooted cuttings could survive and produce viable plants, and determine if Xylella fastidiosa (causal agent of Pierce’s disease) could be found in rooted cuttings. In Jan. 2008, cuttings were taken from symptomatic and asymptomatic ‘Merlot’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapevines growing in the Hill Country and Gulf Coast regions of Texas. Six weeks after cuttings were propagated, each cutting was uprooted and evaluated for rooting and infection parameters. Cuttings were then planted in containers and held in the greenhouse to evaluate survivability. To confirm the presence of X. fastidiosa, propagated cuttings were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data indicate several rooted cuttings tested positive for X. fastidiosa and appeared viable and healthy. Therefore, vines infected with X. fastidiosa have the ability to produce asexually propagated cuttings, and potentially contaminate non-infected vineyards.     

金叶莸和榆叶梅抗寒性研究

以金叶莸、榆叶梅1年生离体枝条为试验材料,经过6个不同低温的处理,用电导法测定其相对电导率,并测定低温下植物丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量的变化。研究结果表明,低温对膜稳定性有影响,这2种植物的抗寒性具有明显差异。榆叶梅的抗性较强,而金叶莸较差。     

Effect of the Period of Maceration on the Content of Antioxidant Substances in Grape Juice

The study deals with the monitoring of the content of antioxidant components in grape juice in the course of cold maceration of grapevine varieties ‘Italian Riesling’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, vintages 2011 and 2012. For analyses, grape juice was sampled after the maceration intervals of 0; 2; 4; 6; 8; 12 and 24?h. Spectrophotometry was used to estimate antioxidant activity (by the DPPH test), total flavanols, contents of anthocyans and contents of hydroxycinnamic acids. The content of total acidity and pH were estimated as well. Obtained results indicated that contents of aforementioned compounds increased with the increasing time of mush maceration.