高地钩叶藤材化学成分含量分析

为构建棕榈藤材材性数据库,提升棕榈藤材高附加值加工利用水平,文章以高地钩叶藤为研究对象,对其主要化学成分含量进行测定和分析。结果表明,高地钩叶藤材综纤维素、酸不溶木质素、α-纤维素、半纤维素、苯-醇抽提物、热水抽提物、冷水抽提物、1%NaOH抽提物及灰分含量的均值分别为67.98%、16.72%、43.91%、24.38%、9.78%、18.85%、15.02%、38.60%和1.46%。径向上,综纤维素、α-纤维素、酸不溶木质素及灰分含量均为藤皮>藤中>藤芯;而半纤维素、冷水抽提物、热水抽提物、苯-醇抽提物及1%NaOH抽提物含量均为藤芯>藤中>藤皮。轴向上,综纤维素、α-纤维素、酸不溶木质素及灰分含量最大值均在中部,而半纤维素及4种抽提物含量最大值均在梢部。酸不溶木质素和α-纤维素含量最小值在梢部,综纤维素、半纤维素及灰分含量最小值在基部,冷水抽提物、苯-醇抽提物及1%NaOH抽提物含量最小值均出现在基部以上2 m处,而热水抽提物含量最小值在中部。     

杉木、I-72杨主要化学组成的株内纵向变异研究

对杉木和I-72杨的心、边材的主要化学组成沿树高方向的株内纵向变异进行了研究。主要研究内容为综纤维素、α-纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、酸溶木质素的含量及综纤维素与木质素的比值变化等。研究结果揭示了这两个树种的心、边材的主要化学成分在纵向上的变异规律：杉木和I-72杨的心、边材综纤维素和α-纤维素的含量均为边材高于心材,但在沿树高方向的纵向变化规律各异;杉木、I-72杨心、边材的半纤维素含量沿着树高方向表现出不同的变化规律;杉木木质素在各个树高部位均为边材高于心材,边材木质素含量随着树高的增加逐步降低,而心材木质素含量则沿树高方向先增加然后逐步降低。I-72杨心、边材木质素含量的变化表现各异,心材含量随着树高的增加逐步增加,边材则表现为无规律变化;杉木、I-72杨心、边材的酸溶木质素含量均沿树高方向逐渐降低,但杉木边材的酸溶木质素含量高于心材,而I-72杨却是心材高于边材;综纤维素与木质素的比值在沿树高方向具有不同的纵向变化规律。     

金丝楸木材化学成分的不均一性

【目的】研究金丝楸木材化学成分在纵向不同高度及径向心、边材中的含量和组成特点,为金丝楸木材加工利用提供科学依据。【方法】分析金丝楸木材纵向不同高度心、边材苯醇抽提物、聚糖和木质素含量,采用细胞壁全溶法结合二维异核单量子核磁共振(2D HSQC NMR)技术对相应部位的原生木质素分子结构进行表征。【结果】金丝楸木材边材苯醇抽提物含量高于心材,且心材中靠近树心部分的苯醇抽提物含量高于靠近边材部分。心、边材苯醇抽提物化学成分存在差异,但不同高度相同径向区域苯醇抽提物含量及其成分差异较小且并未随树高不同体现出特定变化规律。边材木质素含量低于心材,但心、边材木质素含量在树高方向上无明显变化规律。金丝楸木材木质素为典型G/S型木质素,纵向不同高度区域木质素大分子结构基本一致,但心材木质素分子结构中β-5'连接的相对含量高于边材。木聚糖是金丝楸木材半纤维素的主要组分。边材聚糖相对含量高于心材,但心、边材聚糖含量并未随树高不同体现出特定变化规律。【结论】金丝楸木材径向心、边材化学成分含量及相应成分分子结构具有规律性差异,边材向心材过渡过程中主要变化为木质素成分的积累和发色物质的生物合成。木材纵向不同高度相应区域中各化学成分含量也存在一定差别,但并未随树高不同发生规律性变化。木材纵向不同高度相同径向区域中各组分的化学成分和分子结构基本一致。对金丝楸木材进行加工利用时,应重点关注其径向方向的化学成分含量和性质差异。     

云南14种主要材用竹化学成分研究

本文对云南14种主要材用竹的竹材化学成分进行了分析研究，分析指标包括水分、冷水抽提物、热水抽提物、1％NaOH抽提物、乙醚抽提物、苯醇抽提物、纤维素、多戊糖、木质素、灰分、SiO2等11项。根据分析测定结果，对不同竹种，不同部位和不同年龄的竹材化学成分进行比较分析。     

栓皮槠软木微观构造和化学成分的研究

以百林软木制品有限公司提供的阿尔及利亚栓皮槠(Quercus suber)软木及天然红酒塞为原料,对其细胞结构和化学成分进行研究,为红酒塞中的2, 4, 6-三氯苯甲醚(TCA)去除提供一定的指导作用。使用场发射扫描电镜观察软木的微观形态;分析栓皮槠软木的化学成分。结果表明:栓皮槠软木细胞是排列紧密的薄壁细胞,无细胞间隙。横切面和径切面成行排列,类似砖墙状;弦切面上呈现蜂窝状;软木细胞部分细胞壁上有明显褶皱,可能对TCA的去除有一定的影响。软木的各种化学成分含量为:灰分0.52%,抽提物总量13.28%,木栓脂43.41%,酸不溶木质素22.98%,纤维素3.40%,半纤维素16.41%。     

杨木应拉木微区结构可视化及化学成分分析

木材微区结构与木材宏观性质密切相关,杨木应拉木与对应木宏观性质存在较大差别,探究杨木应拉木和对应木微区结构和化学成分,可为了解杨木应力木的宏观性质提供理论根据。借助光学显微镜、荧光显微镜、显微拉曼成像光谱仪、透射电镜对杨木应拉木微区结构进行可视化研究,并借助X射线衍射技术和美国可再生能源实验室方法,分析杨木应拉木的微晶尺寸、结晶度以及化学成分。结果表明:杨木应拉木中应拉区和对应区纤维细胞微区结构差异显著。光学显微镜下显示应拉区木纤维中胶质层清晰可见,荧光显微镜和拉曼显微镜下显示胶质层的木质素浓度比对应区低。透射电镜下显示应拉区木纤维细胞壁结构由初生壁、次生壁和胶质层组成,未见次生壁外层,各层的平均厚度分别为0.61,1.22和2.53μm。对应区木纤维为典型的初生壁和次生壁结构,次生壁各层平均厚度分别为0.33,2.28和0.14μm。杨木应拉区纤维素含量(58.91%)比对应区(41.53%)高,木质素含量和半纤维素含量均比对应区的低,应拉区木质素和半纤维素含量分别为21.99%和12.01%,对应区分别为28.10%和17.08%。杨木应拉区结晶度(48.06%)比对应区(41.01%)高,应拉区晶区宽度为2.66 nm,长度为8.84 nm;对应区晶区宽度为2.65 nm,长度为9.87 nm。     

人工林米老排木材化学成分及其在树干高度上的变异

采用我国木材化学成分分析国家标准,对人工林米老排木材化学成分进行了测定和研究分析.结果表明:人工林米老排木材冷水抽提物含量和热水抽提物含量分别为2.67%和3.12%,1%NaOH抽提物含量为17.08%,纤维素含量为47.49%,综纤维素含量为80.42%,木素含量为28.80%,pH值为5.44;木材冷水抽提物和综纤维素含量在树干的不同高度上略有差异,但方差分析检验,差异不显著,热水抽提物、1%NaOH抽提物、纤维素和木素含量在树干的不同高度上差异显著,达到1%显著性水平;由树基往上,热水抽提物含量略呈两端高、中间低的趋势,冷水抽提物、1%NaOH抽提物和木素的含量逐渐降低,综纤维素含量和木材pH值逐渐升高;纤维素含量在树干上的分布规律为中间高、两端低,而且从树干中部往上的降低幅度较大.     

火炬松纸浆材化学成分及其在树干高度上的变异规律

对18年生人工林火炬松纸浆材的化学成分含量进行了系统地测试,分析和讨论了火炬松化学成分含量在树干高度方向上的变异规律.结果表明:1、火炬松纸浆材的灰分、冷水、热水、苯醇和1%N aOH抽提物含量,纤维素、戊聚糖和木质素含量平均值分别为0.33%、1.59%、3.21%、2.32%和13.66%、47.98%、15.10%、29.66%;2、沿树干高度方向,火炬松木材灰分含量和纤维素含量变化不明显;热水和苯醇抽提物含量逐渐减小;冷水抽提物和木质素含量表现出先增加后减小或者逐渐减小的趋势;1%N aOH抽提物含量则表现出先减小后增加的趋势;戊聚糖含量表现出逐渐增加或减小的趋势.方差分析表明,火炬松木材各化学成分含量在沿树干高度方向的变化不显著.     

慈竹纳米纤维素的制备及特征分析

以慈竹为原料,先经过抽提处理除去抽提物,再经次氯酸钠和氢氧化钠溶液处理,除去其中的木质素与半纤维素而得到α-纤维素,将得到的α-纤维素通过33%(wt.)硫酸溶液与超声波处理相结合的方式分离出慈竹纳米纤维素。通过扫描电镜(SEM)与透射扫描电镜(TEM)对纳米纤维素的形态特征进行了分析,结果表明纳米纤维素径级范围约10～25 nm。傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)分析显示慈竹中木质素以及半纤维素已被完全分离,α-纤维素与纳米纤维素化学成分基本一致;热重分析(TGA)显示分离出慈竹纤维中的半纤维素与木质素后,α-纤维素与纳米纤维素热稳定性明显提高,但纳米纤维素的热解温度略低于α-纤维素;X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明在各个分离阶段所得产物中,α-纤维素以及纳米纤维素晶体的结晶度得到较大提高,且均呈现出典型的纤维素Ⅰ结构。     

慈竹纳米纤维素的制备及特征分析

以慈竹为原料,先经过抽提处理除去抽提物,再经次氯酸钠和氢氧化钠溶液处理,除去其中的木质素与半纤维素而得到α-纤维素,将得到的α-纤维素通过33％(wt.)硫酸溶液与超声波处理相结合的方式分离出慈竹纳米纤维素.通过扫描电镜(SEM)与透射扫描电镜(TEM)对纳米纤维素的形态特征进行了分析,结果表明纳米纤维素径级范围约10 ～ 25 nm.傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)分析显示慈竹中木质素以及半纤维素已被完全分离,α-纤维素与纳米纤维素化学成分基本一致;热重分析(TGA)显示分离出慈竹纤维中的半纤维素与木质素后,α-纤维素与纳米纤维素热稳定性明显提高,但纳米纤维素的热解温度略低于α-纤维素;X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明在各个分离阶段所得产物中,α-纤维素以及纳米纤维素晶体的结晶度得到较大提高,且均呈现出典型的纤维素Ⅰ结构.     

Main Anatomy Characteristics in Cell Wall and Lignin Distribution of Bamboo Culms(Pseudosasa amabilis)

The anatomy characteristics of cell wall and lignin distribution in different anatomical regions for 12-month-old bamboo species Pseudosasa amabilis was investigated.The lignin distribution was studied by means of optical microscope and confocal laser scanning microscope and the color reaction. In addition,the distribution of lignin in different tissues(fiber,parenchyma and vessel) was investigated by visible-light microspectrophotometry coupled with the Wiesner and Maule reaction.The cell walls of different tissues were all lignified and the lignin was widely distributed in different tissues, in which there was a difference between tissues and anatomical regions in lignin content.Guaiacyl lignin and syringyl lignin unit could be found in cell wall of fiber,parenchyma and vessel through Wiesner and Maule reaction and the absorbance peak of spectrum. There was no regular variation in lignin content with different radial location of culms and different location in fiber strands.The lamellation of the fiber cell wall was generally had as alternating broad and narrow layers with alternating low and high concentration of lignin.     

茶秆竹细胞壁解剖特性以及木质素微区分布

对12个月的茶秆竹进行细胞壁解剖特性和木质素微区分布的研究,运用光学显微镜、激光共聚焦扫描显微镜以及颜色反应鉴定木质素的存在,利用组织化学染色方法及其可见光显微分光光度计半定量测定竹材纤维、薄壁组织和导管细胞壁各微区的木质素含量。12个月时细胞壁全部木质化,木质素在各组织中均有分布,其含量因组织类型及其细胞壁微区不同而有差异。从组织化学染色及可见光吸收光谱图的吸收峰值,说明细胞壁各微区中存在愈创木基(G)和紫丁香基(S)2种木质素组成单元。竹壁径向和纤维帽不同位置的木质素含量未有明显的规律性变化。纤维次生壁具有薄厚层交替的多层结构,薄层木质素含量大于厚层。     

木聚糖酶处理对麦草化学组成及其纸浆纤维长度的影响

研究了木聚糖酶预处理对麦草的化学组成及其化学浆纤维长度的影响。结果表明,木聚糖酶酶处理后原料的热水抽出物和1%NaOH抽出物含量增加,乙醇-苯酚(苯-醇)抽出物含量有所降低,酶处理对原料中酸不溶木质素含量影响很小,但聚戊糖含量降低。延长酶处理时间,对酶处理最终结果影响不大。酶处理后的稀碱抽提可以有效地降低原料中的木质素和聚戊糖含量。与对照样品相比,酶处理后麦草化学浆的纤维长度有所增加。上述结果从理论上解释了酶法制浆过程中出现的一些现象。     

Characterizations of poplar catkin fibers and their potential for enzymatic hydrolysis

This study focused on poplar (Populus tomentosa) catkin fiber as a new resource for bioethanol production via enzymatic hydrolysis. The poplar catkin fiber was found to have advantages of relatively high α-cellulose content (44.5%), and low lignin content (2.9%), which indicated the potential for facile enzymatic hydrolysis. The results indicated that the pretreatment improved the cellulose-to-glucose conversion yield (CGCY), the high concentration alkaline pretreatment resulted in highest CGCY (83.3%), followed by dewaxing (31.5%), dilute alkaline (29.8%), and dilute acid pretreatment (24.4%) after enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase of 15 filter paper units per gram glucan, while the poplar catkin fiber only achieved 18.7% of CGCY by enzymatic hydrolysis after 48 h at 50 °C without any pretreatment.     

Structural, histochemical and chemical characterization of normal, tension and opposite wood of Subabul (Leucaena leucocephala (lam.) De wit.)

Structure, histochemistry and chemical composition of tension (TW), opposite (OW) and normal wood (NW) of Leucaena leucocephala have been studied using histological, histochemical and biochemical methods. TW vessels are longer and have a larger diameter than NW vessels, and the rays are shorter and thinner. The G-layer replaced S3 and parts of S2 wall layers in TW fibres. TW further contained less lignin that also had a lower syringyl-to-guaiacyl ratio. The lignin was also more condensed. The content of α-cellulose was high in TW. TW contains hemicelluloses and pectins composed of more galactose, and less xylose, mannose, 4-O-methylglucuronic acid and galacturonic acid compared to that of OW. This study suggests that in the TW of Leucaena, the amount and composition of lignin, hemicelluloses and pectins differ considerably from that in OW and NW.     

Structure and Property of Bamboo Fiber

The chemical composition, fiber characteristics, crystalline structure, mechanical properties and thermal behavior of the five species of bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis cv.Pachyloe, Bambusa tootisk, Arundinaia amabilis, B.vulgaris cv. Vittata, and Dendrocalamus affinis) were studied with IR, X-ray, DSC and chemical analyses. The results indicated that the benzene-ethanol extractive content of bamboo was higher than that of wood, the content of lignin and the content of pentosan were 19.1% - 25.3% and 14.9% - ...     

竹原纤维和竹粉纤维形态和化学成分分析

以3年生毛竹材为原料,研究了毛竹竹粉和竹原纤维的纤维形态和化学成分。纤维形态分析结果表明:竹原纤维的宽度(143μm)与竹粉(136μm)相当,长度(22.63 mm)远高于竹粉(0.61 mm),使其长宽比(158.25)远高于竹粉(4.49)。化学成分分析表明:竹原纤维的纤维素含量(65.6%)比竹粉(37.3%)高得多,聚戊糖含量(17.1%)略低于竹粉(20.1%)。竹粉中的木质素含量为24.5%,是竹原纤维中木质素含量(11.5%)的2倍多。竹原纤维的高纤维素含量和低木质素含量是其广泛应用于制浆造纸行业的重要原因。     

The influence of thermal-hydro-mechanical processing on chemical characterization of Tsuga heterophylla

Viscoelastic thermal compression (VTC) is a type of thermal-hydro-mechanical (THM) processing that requires only a short processing time. THM processing causes some chemical transformations, the nature and extent of hydro-thermolysis depends on the special treatment conditions and the chemical nature of wood species. In the present study, the chemical transformations of the cell wall components and wood extractives during VTC treatment were investigated, and correlation between chemical characterizations and observed property changes was analyzed. For this purpose, the content of extractives and pH values were determined, and FTIR analysis was performed on extractable substances, extract-free wood, holocellulose, α-cellulose and lignin. Two temperatures and two steam exposure times were adopted to determine the influence of processing conditions on chemical characterization of Tsuga heterophylla. The results revealed that THM treatment caused a series of chemical reactions in extractives. Treatment temperature and conditioning time have significant influence on chemical changes of extractives. For all of the VTC treatments used in this study, no significant changes occurred in the lignin and α-cellulose components. The only significant chemical changes occurred in the hemicelluloses, which were primarily reduction of carbonyl and acetyl functional groups. This study also confirmed that the chemical transformation of wood correlates with property changes of VTC wood.