海南岛不同海拔高度青皮林天然更新特征

在基于不同海拔高度对青皮林群落的物种组成、结构及群落特征影响分析的基础上,进一步分析不同海拔高度对青皮林天然更新的影响,结果表明:青皮林二级幼树的群落组成、青皮重要值、群落多样性及更新数量与海拔高度的关系与成树有相同的规律;青皮一级幼树高度分布像径级分布一样也呈倒J曲线分布;根据成树和二级幼树重要值排序均为前10位的树种可筛选出天然更新能力及竞争能力均较强的树种的原则,青皮为天然更新能力和竞争能力极强的树种,此外,吊罗山高海拔地区的皱萼蒲桃、白榄、黄樟、海南冬青和岭南山竹子,三亚中海拔地区的光叶巴豆、线枝蒲桃、白树、琼榄、叶被木和岭南山竹子天然更新能力和竞争能力也较强。     

石梅湾青皮林群落结构及天然更新特征

通过样方调查法对石梅湾青皮林群落结构及天然更新特征进行了调查分析,结果显示:过伐林和次生林的特征较明显,过伐林比次生林的青皮断面积和平均胸径分别高53.98%和19.43%,而次生林比过伐林的青皮密度高17.47%;两林分中均为青皮占绝对优势,青皮组成均为95%(断面积),且重要值均高于0.80;次生林和过伐林中青皮的径级结构主要分布在5~20cm径级,其中5~10cm径级株数最多,分别占总株数的74.57%和66.06%;2种林分幼树更新数量充足,但过伐林青皮幼苗更新不足,仅1 550株/hm2;更新幼苗、幼树均呈聚集分布,且聚集程度很高。     

晋西黄土高原天然次生林木本植物垂直分布格局

对晋西黄土高原土石山区天然次生林乔灌层优势种组成及其多样性进行了研究,结果表明:木本植物优势种组成受海拔梯度影响明显,丰富度沿海拔梯度升高而呈下降趋势,总体上灌木的丰富度比乔木高,且乔木树种与灌木树种丰富度的变化规律存在明显差异,乔木树种在海拔较高地段丰富度较大,而灌木树种则是在海拔较低地段丰富度较大;乔木层α多样性指数随海拔升高而递增,而灌木层α多样性指数则随海拔升高呈缓慢下降趋势.采用Cody指数和Whittaker指数计算了各海拔群落的β多样性指数,得出各海拔群落的β多样性指数多以相邻海拔群落的指数值最小,群落间海拔差异越大指数值越大,其中在海拔高度1 650 m左右β多样性指数变化最为显著.     

南岭南坡中段不同群落林下幼树的生物多样性及分布

2008年中国南方特大冰雪灾害对南岭森林生态系统产生严重的影响,冰雪灾害4 a后通过对南岭树木园内不同群落类型林下幼树的调查,分析不同群落林下幼树生物多样性和分布的差异。结果表明:林下幼树胸径主要集中分布在0.61.8 cm间,使群落垂直分层现象更为明显;各群落林下幼树物种的丰富度(S)显著(P>0.05)大于乔木物种的,林下幼树的pielou均匀度指数(J)基本处于0.50.6间,与乔木层无显著差异,乔木层物种丰富度和分布均匀度直接影响林下幼树的生物多样性指标;不同群落类型林下幼树数量分布表现出明显的差异,落叶阔叶林林下幼树株数平均8 870株·hm^-2,常绿阔叶林林下幼树株数平均7 160株·hm^-2,针阔混交林林下幼树株数平均5 920株·hm^-2,其中,鸭公树幼树分别占30.0%,13.3%、9.5%。减去鸭公树种子萌发产生的幼树外,不同群落类型林下幼树株数差异并不显著(P>0.05),动物传播使外源性树种鸭公树的种子在不同群落间散布,而以南酸枣为主要优势种的落叶阔叶林能够引入更多的种子。不同群落林下幼树均呈现聚集分布,其中,大规模聚集的鸭公树和牛耳枫在落叶阔叶林中趋于Poisson分布,而群落内部乔木树种通过种子散布萌发和根蘖萌条产生的幼苗,聚集强度较大。     

无人为干扰下不同生境阔叶林的群落结构特征

以江西武夷山国家级自然保护区核心区为无干扰环境,选取河岸带、内陆森林和林线3种生境阔叶林群落为研究对象。群落结构特征分析结果显示：1）不同生境类型的群落建群种不同,但群落各层主要优势种的重要值均呈差异不显著,物种组成上均以壳斗科、樟科、山茶科、山矾科、杜鹃花科、蔷薇科、冬青科等为常见,且种属数较多。2）立木总株数（乔灌木）林线群落高于其他生境群落,但不同生境类型的群落间乔木与灌木平均株数均呈差异不显著。3）群落各层物种的种数及各物种多样性指数均有河岸带＆gt;内陆森林＆gt;林线,乔木层、草本层与层间植物物种种数以及物种多样性Patrick、Gleason、Margalef和Shannon-Weiner指数,河岸带均与其他生境类型群落差异呈显著性;而灌木层物种种数及多样性Simpson和Pielou指数差异不呈显著性。4）散点图和线性回归得出林线群落活立木平均高度和平均胸径均高于其他生境类型的群落。     

龙王山区落叶阔叶林林分结构特征研究

为全面掌握龙王山自然保护区落叶阔叶林的林分结构特征,设置了3个100m×100m样地,对其中的6个30m×30m样方,进行群落和林分调查。经统计分析,结果表明龙王山落叶阔叶林中树种种类多,优势树种为小叶白辛树和锐齿槲栎,林分树种组成具有一定的复杂性和多样性。林分株数密度平均为1511株/hm2,林分样地间差异不明显。胸径分布呈典型的倒"J"型;树高主要集中在4-9m的树高级,分布则呈偏左的正态分布。林分结构总体上具有多树种复层异龄的基本特征,具有良好的生物多样性保护和植物种质资源保存作用。     

北京雾灵山保护区蒙椴林空间点格局分析

根据北京雾灵山自然保护区蒙椴林样地调查资料,采用点格局分析方法,对该群落的树种组成、优势种群及不同发育阶段种群的空间分布格局及其相互关系进行了研究。结果表明:1)蒙椴林中乔木层共有9个种群,种群密度差异较大,蒙椴种群的株数比例和断面积占有明显优势。2)蒙椴林优势种群的分布格局和空间关联性与空间尺度的关系密切,在研究尺度范围内,蒙椴种群和山杨种群均呈显著性聚集分布,白桦种群呈随机分布。优势种群的空间关联性以负关联为主,种间竞争激烈。3)不同发育阶段个体的空间格局随尺度的变化明显,大树在整个空间尺度上呈现随机分布,中树和幼树在中小尺度上(r<24m)呈显著性聚集分布,在较大尺度上呈随机分布。不同发育阶段种群之间空间关联性以负关联为主,当空间尺度大于临界值时,大树和中树、幼树的空间关联性减弱,而中树和幼树的负关联增强。     

金沟岭林场过伐林更新幼苗空间结构分析

对吉林省汪清县金沟岭林场过伐林的更新幼苗株数及其分布格局进行了研究.结果表明:研究林分更新幼苗株数分布呈倒"J"型,主要树种更新幼苗株数由多到少依次为色木、冷杉、云杉和椴树,其它树种更新幼苗株数均较少;色木、冷杉和云杉的更新幼苗株数均随幼苗等级的增大而减少,椴树的更新幼苗株数随幼苗等级的增大而增多,红松、榆树和水曲柳株数变化没有规律;逆函数、三次函数、二次函数、复合函数,幂函数、生长函数、指数函数和逻辑函数均符合林分株数分布规律;分布格局采用方差均值比率法和4种聚集度指标法共同检验,结果表明林分及其主要树种更新幼苗的分布格局均为聚集分布,云杉和冷杉聚集强度居前两位.     

东莞莲花山毛棉杜鹃种群结构动态分析

采用相邻格子法设置1 200 m2样地调查广东省东莞市莲花山毛棉杜鹃(Rhododendron moulmainense) 所在群落。通过绘制种-面积曲线和拟合方程计算确定了毛棉杜鹃所在群落实际取样最小面积为900 m2。通过计算重要值来分析毛棉杜鹃所在群落的物种组成;将林木以胸径分级,以径级结构代替年龄结构,采用匀滑技术编制静态生命表,绘制存活曲线、死亡曲线和消失曲线,分析毛棉杜鹃种群结构和动态趋势。结果表明：调查群落优势种是毛棉杜鹃,林层结构简单,物种以地带性森林演替前期树种为主;毛棉杜鹃种群的径级分布呈倒“J”型,属增长型种群,种群在4龄级（大树）阶段发生波动;毛棉杜鹃主要通过萌蘖方式进行繁殖,萌蘖对幼树的贡献明显;毛棉杜鹃种群存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅲ型。     

海南吊罗山低地雨林群落特征分析

低地雨林群落是我国热带地区重要的森林群落类型之一,在发挥热带森林的生态功能中占有 重要的位置。为揭示低地雨林群落特征,在海南岛吊罗山自然保护区内,选取低地雨林设立 1 ha 固定样 地。结果表明：群落中胸径≥ 3 cm 的乔木树种共 3 660 株,分属于 52 科 121 属 236 种;乔木层中龙脑香 科、大戟科、壳斗科占据较大的优势,其中青皮是群落的建群种,具有明显的热带分布特征;低密度种 97 种,占样地总树种数的 41.10%;群落中植物个体数量、胸径级呈倒“J”字型,处于旺盛的发展阶段, 胸径较小,结构分层不明显;吊罗山低地雨群落特征分析至少面积要达到 6 400 m2 。     

尖峰岭国家级自然保护区青皮林资源及其垂直分布特征

尖峰岭国家级自然保护区三分区的青皮林是目前海南岛保存最好的林分之一，其生态系统的原生性较强．组成种类繁多，林分结构合理，平均胸径为28．6cm，最大植株胸径达143．3cm，23个样方中有14个样方出现了胸径≥70cm的大乔木；林木蓄积量高达469．773m^3／hm^2，而青皮、细子龙、野生荔枝、盘壳栎等13个种的蓄积量占总蓄积量的45％，其余301个少见种或偶见种的蓄积量只占55％，反映了青皮是热带常绿季雨林生态系统关键种的现实。青皮与细子龙、野生荔枝等的最佳分布海拔在300m～650m之间，它们与向低海拔分布的白茶、翻白叶和向高海拔分布的大叶白颜、青兰、拟核果茶等一道组成了热带常绿季雨林的表征种类。     

Land-use impacts on the composition and diversity of the Baikiaea– Guibourtia–Pterocarpus woodlands of north-western Zimbabwe

Variation in floristic composition of recovering Baikiaea–Guibourtia–Pterocarpus woodlands was studied in different development stages (from early regrowth to mature woodland) under different land-use systems (protected areas, timber harvesting, pole and firewood collection, and abandoned crop fields), in the Gwayi and Tsholotsho areas in north-western Zimbabwe. A total of 150 nested circular plots were sampled representatively in four different development stages related to the land-use systems. The DBH (stem diameter at 1.3 m above ground level) and tree height were recorded by species for all stems of tree species with DBH ≥ 15 cm in a 30-m-radius plot (0.283 ha) and for trees with DBH 5.0–14.9 cm in a 11.3-m-radius plot (0.04 ha) (both centred around the same midpoint). Stems with DBH < 5 cm were counted by species in an inner sub-plot of 5.65 m (0.01 ha) radius. Tree data (stem DBH ≥ 5 cm) and regeneration data (stem DBH < 5 cm) by stem counts per species per plot, were used separately to run TWINSPAN (TWo-way INdicator SPecies ANalysis) classifications of species assemblages. Importance values were calculated for all tree species per community. Shannon–Wiener diversity indices were calculated for each community and tested for differences using one-way ANOVA in SPSS version 21. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) implemented in the CANOCO ordination software was used to determine the extent of variation amongst the identified communities. The classification identified 12 tree communities and 13 regeneration communities, clustering plots from different land uses together. Baikiaea plurijuga was the most important tree species in all tree communities, except where Combretum collinum, C. apiculatum, Commiphora mossambicensis and Pterocarpus angolensis were dominant. Pterocarpus angolensis showed low importance in most communities, except for communities from undisturbed sites (mostly mature trees) and abandoned fields (mostly young trees). Baikiaea plurijuga was most important in most regeneration communities, except in communities dominated by Baphia massaiensis, C. collinum, C. apiculatum and P. angolensis. Species diversity differed significantly (p < 0.05) amongst tree communities. The DCA ordination showed little variation amongst the communities. The cumulative contribution of environmental factors explaining variation in species composition was 22.6% for tree communities and 26.1% for regeneration communities, suggesting that recovery from disturbance after different land uses may explain more of such variation.     

南岭小坑木荷群落地上生物量

森林生物量是评价森林生态系统生产力、研究森林生态系统结构与功能的重要指标,也是深入了解森林生态系统变化规律的重要途径和评估森林碳收支的重要参数(吴仲民等,1998)。亚热带常绿阔叶林是我国面积最大的森林类型,它在世界森林植     

Spatio-temporal Variation of Distribution Patterns in Cunninghamia lanceolata Plantations

To aid in management of Cunninghamia lanceolata,the main timber species in Southern China,its variation of spatial distribution pattern was analyzed.Three permanent plots of C.lanceolata plantations with approximately the same site conditions,set by China continuous forest inventory in Shunchang,Fujian,were selected. C.lanceolata growth was divided into two stages: young trees(5 cm≤diameter at breast height (DBH)<10 cm) and mature trees(DBH≥10 cm). The DBH and coordinates of every tree(DBH≥5 cm) in the permanent plots were recorded in 2003 and 2008.The function L(r),improvement of Ripley’s K(r),the paircorrelation function g(r),and the uniform angle index(W_i) were used to analyze the spatio-temporal variation of spatial distribution patterns.The three permanent plots had mean uniform angle index(W) between 0.494-0.578 at low altitudes,0.465-0.477 at medium altitudes,and 0.426-0.601 at high altitudes.Results showed that altitude did not affect the spatial distribution pattern. The L(r ) and g(r) function curves of mature trees were generally lower than young trees’,i.e.tend to be more random or uniform distribution.So regardless of the initial distribution of young or mature trees,with the passage of time,there was a tendency for the aggregated distribution to change to a random distribution,and a random distribution to change to a uniform distribution.     

立地条件对马尾松和湿地松生长和产脂量的影响

选择了高海拔和低海拔2种立地条件,研究了不同立地对马尾松和湿地松生长和产脂量的影响,结果表明:高海拔地区的湿地松胸径和树高均显著低于低海拔,高海拔地区湿地松平均胸径为7.65cm,平均树高为4.23m;低海拔湿地松平均胸径为10.69cm,平均树高为6.93cm。无论是高海拔地区还是低海拔区上,湿地松的单株日产脂量均显著大于马尾松,高海拔地区湿地松的单株日产脂量为1.33g,马尾松为0.41g,低海拔区湿地松的单株日产脂量为3.96g,马尾松为2.36g;在不同海拔高度上,两树种的产脂量均为低海拔区大于高海拔地区。     

Pioneer tree responses to variation of soil attributes in a tropical semi-deciduous forest in Brazil

The occurrence of pioneer tree species inside tropical forests is usually associated with canopy openness due to disturbances. The distribution of these species under different environmental conditions, aside from light presence, can be influenced by other variables such as soil attributes, water availability, and non-arborous species presence. This work evaluates pioneer tree distribution in the Pindorama Biological Reserve, Brazil, with respect to altitude, soil attributes, and non-arborous species in 65,400-m² plots in two toposequences of semi-deciduous forest. We evaluated the physical and chemical soil attributes altitude, basal area, height, and number of individuals of tree species with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥5 cm in a randomly chosen quadrant in each plot. Pioneer trees were characterized by the following higher occurrence species: Acacia polyphylla, Aloysia virgata, Casearia sylvestris, and Croton floribundus. Cluster analysis suggested five similar groups among sampling plots. For each group, the mean of altitude, physical and chemical soil attributes, and degree of non-arborous species infestation was calculated. Principal components analysis correlated variables with pioneer tree data. C. floribundus occurred at low altitudes at lower or higher fertility, C. sylvestris occurred in lower fertility plots, and A. polyphylla and A. virgata occurred in higher altitude plots.     

海南霸王岭林区青皮天然林资源与乔木层群落学特征

以海南霸王岭自然保护区3 600m2青皮林样地的调查材料为基础,分析了青皮林群落资源与乔木层群落特征。结果表明:林分平均蓄积量149.49m3/hm2,最高达330.98m3/hm2;平均胸径10.2cm,最大胸径44.0cm;平均树高9.6m。青皮由于相对密度、相对优势度较大,重要值达161.415 9,导致其他物种种类减少,造成群落生物多样性降低。     

广州增城腊田埔翻白叶树林群落分析

风水林作为生境缺失和破碎化的产物,对保护区域生物多样性资源具有重要意义。广州增城腊田埔的风水林以翻白叶树（Pterospermum heterophyllum）为建群种。文章首次对分布于广州南亚热带低丘平地的翻白叶树林进行了群落特征研究,结果表明,群落组成种类复杂,1200m^2样带内有维管植物41科62属80种,种子植物属的区系属性以热带亚热带区系成分为主,体现出群落由热带向亚热带过渡的性质;群落结构较复杂,分层现象不明显,冠层树冠不连续,DBH≥120cm的大径级个体较多,形成群落极大的胸高断面积,达66．13m^2·hm^-2;群落生物多样性分析表明,该群落乔木层的Shannon—Wiener指数为4．6557,符合南亚热带常绿阔叶林的指数范围;基于样带面积统计的建群种种群年龄结构分析表明,群落建群种属稳定进展种群,该群落将保持相当长的稳定性。