昆虫性信息素交配干扰技术研究进展

本文综述了国内外近年来昆虫性信息素交配干扰技术在农、林、果树害虫防治上的应用与进展，提出了存在的一些问题并对之进行了讨论，以期为这一技术进一步广泛、有效地应用于害虫综合治理中提供一些帮助。     

应用昆虫信息素防治林木害虫及其细节技术研究

介绍了昆虫信息素在防治林木害虫方面的应用原理和技术方法,旨在为我国广大林区应用昆虫信息素防治林木害虫提供参考和借鉴。     

昆虫性信息素交配干扰技术研究进展

本文综述了国内外近年来昆虫性信息素交配干扰技术在农、林、果树害虫防治上的应用与进展，提出了存在的一些问题并对之进行了讨论，以期为这一技术进一步广泛、有效地应用于害虫综合治理中提供一些帮助。     

昆虫信息素在害虫防治上的应用

昆虫信息素在害虫防治上的应用 ,具有作用广泛、选择性强、不杀伤天敌和益虫、无残毒、无污染环境、不会引起害虫产生抗药性、对人畜安全的特点。昆虫信息素作为害虫综合防治的一个组成部分,已获得越来越多的重视。害虫种间信息素都是昆虫化学通讯系统的媒介物,都存在着应用的潜力。但目前应用较多的是性信息素和聚集信息素,特别是鳞翅目昆虫的性信息素,只在最近才有对小蠹虫等害虫应用聚集信息素的研究。研究应用昆虫信息素,一方面可作为虫情侦察的工具,另一方面也可作为诱捕法和交配干扰法直接消灭害虫。1发生预测上的应用用昆虫信息素作…     

缓释剂微胶囊防治林业害虫

农药缓释剂微胶囊自７０年代出现以来,在国内外得到广泛的应用和发展。着重介绍了杀虫剂微胶囊防治林业害虫和昆虫性信息素微胶囊在干扰成虫交配防治林业害虫中的应用,并阐述了微胶囊剂在我国林业害虫防治方面的应用前景。     

象甲科昆虫性信息素与聚集信息素研究及应用进展

象甲科 Curculionidae是 动 物 界 中 种 类 最 多 的 一 个 科, 其 中 红 棕 象 甲 Rhynchophorus ferrugineus、油茶象甲 Curculio chinensis 和棉铃象甲 Anthonomus grandis Boheman 等昆虫是我国经济作物 上的重大害虫,因此研究和应用象甲科昆虫信息素进行害虫防治具有重要意义。目前研究应用较多的昆 虫信息素为性信息素和聚集信息素,因此文章针对国内外象甲科昆虫性信息素和聚集信息素成份鉴定、 信息素合成及应用等进行汇总,综述了国内外学者对 30 种象甲科昆虫信息素的相关研究和应用进展,其 中 4 种昆虫性信息素和 23 种昆虫聚集信息素成份已鉴定确认。     

昆虫信息素在森林害虫综合治理中的应用及前景

综述昆虫信息素在森林害虫综合治理中应用的现状和前景,主要包括昆虫信息素研究的概况和在种群监测以及大量诱杀、交配干扰和驱避防治等综合治理中的应用,并展望了昆虫信息素在内蒙古克什克腾旗的应用前景,为昆虫信息素在克什克腾旗森林害虫综合管理中发挥更大作用提供参考和借鉴。     

昆虫性信息素人工合成技术研究进展

探索和研究害虫防治的新途径、新技术, 其中利用昆虫激素, 特别是利用昆虫性信息素进行害虫防治的研究正日益受到人们的关注和重视。文中从昆虫性信息素的化学成分、人工合成等方面综述了昆虫性信息素的研究进展, 并介绍几种常用的昆虫性信息素合成方法, 以期为昆虫性信息素的科学研究和最佳合成方法探索提供理论参考。     

昆虫性信息素研究进展

昆虫性信息素具有生物活性高、使用简便、专一性强等特点,利用性信息素作为害虫防治新技术越来越受到重视。本文对昆虫性信息素的概况、生物学研究、应用研究等方面的研究概况进行了综述,并对其前景作一定程度展望,旨为昆虫性信息素科学研究提供理论参考。     

尺蛾科昆虫性信息素组分特征及应用进展

国内外对于鳞翅目昆虫性信息素的研究最为详细。本文阐述鳞翅目昆虫性信息素活性组分的最新分类进展,根据其化学结构可分为TypeⅠ、TypeⅡ、TypeⅢ、Type 0 4类。其中:Type I为分子结构具有末端功能团的C10-C18醇、醛、醋酸酯类化合物,分布于多个鳞翅目总科中; TypeⅡ为C17-C23的不饱和碳氢化合物以及相对应的环氧衍生物,广泛分布于尺蛾总科中; TypeⅢ为携带1个或多个甲基分支的C17-C23化合物,仅出现在少数的鳞翅目昆虫中;而Type 0为与植物挥发物结构类似的短链仲醇或酮类化合物,分布于进化上较为原始的昆虫中。尺蛾总科作为鳞翅目昆虫的第三大科,目前共计93属158种尺蛾的性信息素组分得到鉴定,其性信息素组分中除了姬尺蛾亚科以TypeⅠ为主以外,灰尺蛾亚科、尺蛾亚科、沙尺蛾亚科、花尺蛾亚科、星尺蛾亚科均是以TypeⅡ为主。尺蛾科昆虫性信息素组分碳链较长,结构复杂,多数为不饱和烃类化合物(TypeⅡ型),严重影响了全球尺蛾类性信息素组分的化学鉴定及野外应用,通过分析对已鉴定的尺蛾性信息素组分及结构特征,明确其性信息素组分化合物的双键位置、环氧结构和手性构象,以及在各亚科、属、种之间的分布特征,并探讨我国重要尺蛾(茶尺蠖、国槐尺蠖、银花尺蠖、油桐尺蠖、春尺蠖等)的性信息素研究情况,可为今后鉴定未知尺蛾性信息素活性组分,以及利用昆虫性信息素对尺蛾类害虫进行有效的绿色防控等提供参考。     

First evidence of deuterotokous parthenogenesis in the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), originates from South America and is now considered to be one of the most damaging invasive pests of tomatoes in the Mediterranean Basin countries of Europe and North Africa. The preventing pest mating control methods include: (1) the use of synthetic pheromones for male attraction and annihilation inside insecticide-containing traps; (2) mating disruption by saturating the atmosphere with sex pheromones which alter the ability of males to locate females; and (3) massive applications of sterile males to alter the overall reproductive success of the pest population. However, all these methods achieve only a poor success rate in controlling T. absoluta populations under greenhouse conditions. Sex pheromone management and sterile insect techniques are both based on an important biological trait: the insect must breed through sexual reproduction. Here, we report for the first time laboratory evidence of deuterotokous parthenogenesis, an asexual reproduction where both males and females are produced from unfertilized eggs. We discuss the consequences for T. absoluta control strategies.     

Evaluation of aerosol devices for simultaneous disruption of sex pheromone communication in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cydia pomonella</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Grapholita molesta</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

A two-year study was conducted evaluating Puffer^® aerosol dispensers (Suterra LLC, Bend, OR, USA) for mating disruption of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck). The Puffer^® dispenser consists of a pressurized metal canister loaded with pheromone active ingredients dissolved in solvent and housed within a circuit-controlled, plastic dispensing cabinet programmed to release an aerosol spray of pheromone at regular intervals. Puffers^® were deployed at the label-recommended rate of 2.5 ha^?1 and released ca. 5–10 mg of pheromone (depending on treatment) per 15 min during a 12-h cycle beginning each day at 15:00 h for the duration of the season. In 2005, commercially-managed apple plots (3.2–4.9 ha) were treated with Puffers^® releasing both species’ pheromone simultaneously (dual-species) or with twice the number of adjacently-deployed Puffers^® (4–6 m apart) releasing each individual species’ pheromones (single-species), while maintaining comparable overall release rates of pheromone between these two treatments. Plots 100 m away and not treated with pheromone served as the control. Disruption of male C. pomonella and G. molesta orientation to pheromone-baited traps was 46–75 and 91–98%, respectively, in Puffer^®-treated plots compared with untreated controls. There was no statistical difference in moth disruption between plots treated with dual-species and single-species Puffers^®. Fruit injury was not statistically different between Puffer^®-treated plots and control plots not receiving pheromone. In 2006, disruption of male moth orientation to traps was 24–26 and 84–97% in Puffer^®-treated plots (2.9–5.7 ha) for C. pomonella and G. molesta, respectively, compared with untreated controls. During this season, fruit injury was lower in pheromone-treated plots compared with untreated controls at mid-season, but not at pre-harvest. Combining the pheromone of both species into single Puffer^® units did not decrease efficacy of disruption compared with deploying twice as many Puffers^® releasing a similar amount of each individual species’ pheromone suggesting that multi-species disruption using Puffers^® is a viable option. However, we conclude that the efficacy of disruption attained with low-densities (2.5 ha^?1) of Puffers^® at the moth densities recorded in this study is insufficient for effective control of C. pomonella without input of companion insecticides.     

思茅松毛虫3个地理种群性信息素成分差异分析

[目的]分析思茅松毛虫雌成虫不同地理种群间性信息素成分、含量和比例差异,比较雄成虫触角敏感性和不同配比诱芯诱捕效果差异,开发不同地域有针对性的思茅松毛虫种群监测方法和诱捕防控技术。[方法]运用气相色谱(GC)分析思茅松毛虫湖南、云南和江西地理种群雌虫性信息素腺体提取物,利用触角电位仪(EAG)测定思茅松毛虫各地理种群雄蛾触角对性信息素标准品及其不同配比组分的电生理敏感性,然后进行林间生物测定,比较不同配比的性信息素成分诱蛾效果。[结果]思茅松毛虫性信息素腺体中含有顺5,反7-十二碳二烯乙酸酯(Z5,E7-12:OAc)、顺5,反7-十二碳二烯醇(Z5,E7-12:OH)和顺5-十二碳烯乙酸酯(Z5-12:OAc)3种成分,3个地理种群间这3种腺体成分含量和比例存在微小差异。3种成分以100:10:25或者100:10:10的比例配比,不同地理种群间均具有很好的触角电位活性和林间诱蛾活性。[结论]思茅松毛虫性信息素组分还没有发生明显的种下分化现象,3个地理种群间性信息素含量和比例的细微差异暗示着与地域差异、寄主植物差异和人为化学防控干扰等因素相关。     

4种引诱剂林间诱捕松墨天牛效果比较

[目的]明确APF-Ⅰ型诱剂样品(A)和F型诱剂样品(C)对松墨天牛的诱捕效果。[方法]以生产上使用的APF-Ⅰ持久增强型诱剂(B)和F1型诱剂(D)为对照,在林间进行了诱杀松墨天牛成虫试验。[结果]表明:诱剂A的平均诱虫量最高,分别为诱剂B、诱剂C和诱剂D的1.17倍、1.41倍和1.58倍,且显著高于诱剂C和诱剂D。在持效试验中,诱剂A平均诱虫量也高于其他3种诱剂。在161 d诱捕期内4种诱剂诱到的松墨天牛雌虫是雄虫的1.65 1.93倍,平均1.76倍。诱剂C也优于同类产品的诱剂D。[结论]诱剂A释放信息素均匀稳定,诱虫活性和持效作用强,最适合用于林间松墨天牛的测报及诱杀防治,因此建议在松材线虫病防治工作中优先选用。     

昆虫性信息素在森林害虫监测和防治中的应用

阐述了昆虫性信息素在森林害虫监测和防治中的应用及应用中存在的问题，并对应用前景进行了展望。     

金斑蝶成虫行为学特征

[目的]为摸清金斑蝶成虫的行为特征,[方法]在田间的网室内跟踪观察其飞行、取食、求偶、交配和产卵行为。[结果]表明:金斑蝶成虫羽化主要集中在8:00—10:00,成虫羽化当天基本处于停歇状态;羽化第2天起至交配前,雌雄成虫的日平均飞行次数及日平均飞行时间均逐渐增加,雄成虫的日飞行高峰在13:00—15:00,雌成虫的日飞行高峰期在9:00—11:00和15:00—17:00,雌雄成虫的日平均飞行次数、平均飞行时间和日飞行规律的差异均不显著(p0.05);飞行次数与飞行时间均呈显著正相关(雌蝶:r=0.978,p0.05;雄蝶:r=0.957,p0.05)。金斑蝶雌雄成虫羽化次日开始取食,自羽化第2天起,雌雄成虫的日平均取食次数及日平均取食时间均逐渐增加,雄虫的日取食活动高峰期在9:00—11:00,雌虫日访花高峰期在11:00—13:00和15:00—17:00,雌雄成虫的日平均取食次数、平均取食时间和日取食规律的差异均不显著(p0.05);取食次数与取食时间均呈不显著正相关(雌蝶:r=0.949,p0.05;雄蝶:r=0.853,p0.05)。最早交配时间发生在羽化第4天,雌雄成虫均可多次交配,交配主要发生在14:00—16:00。产卵时间主要在11:00—13:00,雌成虫的产卵方式为散产,主要产卵于寄主植物叶片背面。[结论]金斑蝶成虫期可分为运动器官成熟阶段、补充营养和促进生殖器官发育阶段、求偶和交配阶段、产卵等4个阶段,各阶段内行为有交叉。     

Pre-exposure to sex pheromone did not affect mating behavior in the sweetpotato weevil <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cylas formicarius</Emphasis>

In sterile insect technique (SIT) programs, the released sterile males are important for their effectiveness. The use of sex pheromones to collect males is economical; however, pre-exposure to sex pheromones may affect male mating behavior, and would thus reduce the effectiveness of the SIT programs. Males exposed to sex pheromone may become attractive to other males due to pheromone adsorption on their body impregnation, prevent mating and reduce the dispersal of sterile males. We examined the effect of pre-exposure to sex pheromone on the mating behavior of male sweetpotato weevil Cylas formicarius. Pre-exposure to high-dose sex pheromone for 24 h did not affect the male mating behavior of C. formicarius, and the exposed males did not attract other males. These results suggest that male C. formicarius that were collected from a mass-rearing facility using sex pheromone can be effectively used in SIT programs.     

Mating disruption controls the cherry tree borer, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Synanthedon hector</Emphasis> (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), in a steep orchard of cherry trees

Mating disruption of the cherry tree borer, Synanthedon hector (Butler), with synthetic sex attractant was conducted for 6 years to test the efficiency of the method to control the borer population on the slopes in the Cherry Tree Forest of Tama Forest Science Garden, Hachioji, Tokyo. No male adult moth has been captured in traps baited with the synthetic attractant since the commencement of the control. The incidence of attack decreased to a low level in the third year and has remained low thereafter, indicating the effectiveness of mating disruption in controlling the borer population.     

Semiochemical and natural product-based approaches to control Spodoptera spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The genus Spodoptera contains some of the most destructive crop pests in the world owing to the worldwide distribution of the different species and their wide host ranges. Uses of semiochemicals for insect control have been recently reviewed, but strategies developed specifically against Spodoptera species are scarce. In this review, we present an updated account of the semiochemicals and other natural product-based approaches to monitor and control the most damaging Spodoptera spp. In general, successful control of Spodoptera littoralis, S. frugiperda, S. litura, and S. exigua have been reported through mass trapping, mating disruption, and attract-and-kill methods. An updated survey of the pheromone components of these species and an outlook of future perspectives against these pests are also outlined.     

沙棘绕实蝇的生物学习性

[目的]沙棘绕实蝇严重危害沙棘果实,使沙棘种植地蒙受巨大经济损失。研究其生物学习性,可以为有效监测和控制沙棘绕实蝇提供理论指导。[方法]通过室内人工饲养和野外观察,研究沙棘绕实蝇的羽化、交尾、产卵、化蛹等生物学习性和野外发生动态。[结果]沙棘绕实蝇成虫在野外从6月中旬至8月上旬均可见到,发生量受天气影响较大;成虫主要集中在6:00—10:00羽化,羽化量占当日羽化量的81.3%,羽化高峰出现在8:00—9:00;化蛹时间主要集中在凌晨0:00—6:00,尤其是3:00—6:00钻出果实化蛹的幼虫数量较多,与其它时间段有明显差异;交尾时间主要集中在白天光照比较强的时间段,一天当中有两次交尾高峰,分别出现在12:00—13:00和16:00—17:00,交尾平均持续时长为239±11.86 min;沙棘绕实蝇产卵期沙棘果长径6.65±0.28 mm,宽径5.47±0.40 mm,一果只产一卵。[结论]沙棘绕实蝇在内蒙古磴口地区一年发生一代,幼虫钻蛀果实,蛹隐藏在地下,成虫期较短,防治工作应集中在成虫期进行。