聚乙二醇模拟干旱对三种木麻黄种子萌发的影响

为研究木麻黄Casuarinaceae.种子苗困难地造林,以木麻黄为试验材料,用不同渗透势浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫,探讨干旱胁迫对木麻黄种子发芽率、发芽势、胚轴和胚根长度及发芽指数、活力指数的影响。结果表明,不同浓度PEG胁迫处理均降低了种子的发芽率,延缓了木麻黄种子萌发进程;种子的发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均随胁迫强度的增加呈明显下降趋势。当-1.20 MPa的PEG胁迫处理的种子在试验结束时仍未能萌发,表明-1.20 MPa是木麻黄种子萌发的临界水势。当PEG浓度为150 g/L时,三种木麻黄幼苗的胚根最长,且当PEG浓度为100 g/L时,三种木麻黄胚根长度长于对照组,但差异不显著,说明高于-0.40 MPa的水势有利于木麻黄种子胚根的生长。木麻黄幼苗苗高生长则是随着PEG浓度的升高而逐渐减缓。通过比较得知木麻黄种子抗旱性较强。     

PEG模拟干旱对毛竹种子萌发及生长生理特性的影响

[目的]通过比较不同程度干旱胁迫对毛竹种子萌发及生长生理的影响,探究毛竹种子萌发期对水分胁迫的耐受机理,为毛竹的水分管理提供科学依据。[方法]以毛竹种子为试验材料,采用培养皿滤纸萌发的方法研究不同浓度(0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%) PEG-6000溶液对其种子萌发、生长、渗透调节物质、抗氧化酶活性的影响。并对种子萌发率、胚根和胚芽的生长量与PEG胁迫浓度间进行回归分析。[结果](1)对照组(CK)和5%处理组在第4天开始发芽,其余各处理组的发芽起始时间随处理浓度的升高逐渐延迟,25%处理组不发芽。(2)最终发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、胚根长度、胚芽长度随PEG浓度的升高呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且均在5%浓度达到最大值。干旱胁迫下毛竹种子发芽率日变化曲线中对照组和5%处理组间存在唯一交叉点。毛竹种子在PEG胁迫下发芽率的临界值和极限值分别为14. 49%和19. 27%。(3)胚根和胚芽最终长度均在5%浓度时达到最大值,其后随着浓度的升高而减小,处理间差异显著(P 0. 05)。对照组和5%处理组的胚根平均长度日变化曲线存在交叉点。PEG胁迫下胚根生长的临界值和极限值分别为20. 43和23. 01%。(4)胚根中SOD、POD、CAT的活性均随PEG浓度的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,且分别在5%、10%、10%浓度时达到最大值。(5) MDA和可溶性蛋白含量随PEG浓度的升高而持续升高,但低浓度(0%10%)时MDA含量差异不显著。[结论]低浓度干旱胁迫抑制发芽前期毛竹种子萌发以及胚根的形成,但显著提高毛竹种子的最终发芽率并且促进胚根后期的生长;而高浓度PEG干旱胁迫延迟毛竹发芽,抑制整个发芽时期的发芽率以及胚根、胚芽的生长; PEG浓度高于15%的干旱胁迫使毛竹的抗氧化酶系统发生紊乱,并对组织膜系统造成显著伤害。     

PEG胁迫对红丁香种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱,研究干旱胁迫对红丁香种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,红丁香种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数,在2.5%的处理时分别为54.44%、27.78%、13.11和0.72,之后,随着PEG浓度增加逐渐下降;随着胁迫程度的增加,PEG对红丁香种子幼苗生长的抑制作用增强,在2.5%胁迫时红丁香种子的胚根、胚芽、鲜重及干重最大,分别为2.97cm、1.48cm、48.27mg和2.37mg;与对照组相比,红丁香种子的胁迫指数与抗旱指数随着PEG浓度的增加逐渐下降,在2.5%时最大,分别为0.97、1.62;红丁香种子的PEG半致死浓度为10.0%,从抗旱等级来看,红丁香种子能耐10.0%浓度的干旱胁迫。     

干旱胁迫下钙离子对矮牵牛种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为了了解干旱胁迫下矮牵牛(Petunia hybrida Vilm.)的生长适应能力,试验通过聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟不同程度的干旱条件,研究了干旱胁迫及胁迫后施用CaCl_2对矮牵牛种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:在25℃最适温度下,随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,矮牵牛种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数及幼苗的胚根长度、胚芽长度、鲜重、干重均呈逐渐下降的趋势。在50%PEG-6000胁迫下,矮牵牛种子及幼苗的以上7项指标最低,其发芽率、发芽势分别为14.67%、2.00%,较对照分别下降了84.50%、95.00%;在50%PEG-6000干旱胁迫下对矮牵牛种子施用CaCl_2,矮牵牛种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数,以及幼苗的胚根长度、胚芽长度、鲜重、干重,随着钙离子浓度的增加均呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中30mmol/L的CaCl_2溶液对其缓解效果最好,其发芽率、发芽势分别为79.33%、31.33%,分别是对照的5.41倍、15.67倍。     

干旱胁迫下三种护坡植物种子萌发特性研究

采用PEG6000溶液分别对胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)、沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)和紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa)的种子进行干旱胁迫处理。设置PEG6000溶液6个浓度梯度:0%,5%,10%,15%,20%,25%。通过对发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、发芽速率、活力指数和萌发抗旱指数的测定,利用模糊函数隶属法对3种植物种子的抗旱能力进行综合分析。结果表明:随着PEG6000溶液浓度的增大,3种植物种子的萌发受到不同程度的抑制作用,抗旱能力有很大的差异性。3种植物的隶属函数值为:胡枝子为0.086、沙棘为0.149、紫穗槐为0.254。由此可知PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫对种子发芽影响程度:胡枝子>沙棘>紫穗槐。     

PEG-6000对NaCl胁迫下中国石竹种子萌发的影响

为探讨PEG-6000(聚乙二醇)对NaCl胁迫下中国石竹种子萌发的缓解作用,筛选PEG-6000缓解NaCl胁迫的最佳浓度,试验以中国石竹种子为试验材料,设置不同浓度的PEG-6000作引发剂,对其种子萌发情况进行调查,计算其萌发率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、相对盐害率等指标。结果表明:外源物质PEG-6000对NaCl胁迫下的中国石竹种子萌发具明显的缓解作用,最佳缓解浓度为20.0%。     

外源SA对干旱胁迫下金莲花种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为提高金莲花种子萌发和幼苗生长阶段的抗旱性,试验选用采自河北小五台山国家级自然保护区的金莲花种子,利用PEG-6000模拟干旱,探讨了外源SA对干旱胁迫下金莲花种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,并探索了减轻干旱胁迫危害的最适SA浓度及各个生长指标、生理指标的变化规律。结果表明:通过对不同处理及对照的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、根冠比、相对含水量、叶片叶绿素含量以及叶片相对电导率进行测定比较,外源SA的最佳缓解浓度为1.0mmol/L。该结论为促进其规范化栽培和扩大其在干旱半干旱地区的种植范围提供了科学依据。     

外源SNP对PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫下金莲花种子萌发的影响

该试验以金莲花种子为材料,研究干旱胁迫下外源硝普钠(SNP)对种子萌发的缓解作用。采用聚乙二醇PEG-6000模拟干旱处理方法,并设置SNP浓度为CK1(蒸馏水)、CK2(15.0%PEG-6000)、T1(0.1mmol/L)、T2(0.2mmol/L)、T3(0.3mmol/L)、T4(0.4mmol/L),对金莲花种子进行浸种处理,测定其发芽开始时间,发芽历期、发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数。结果表明:0.2mmol/L的外源SNP对金莲花在PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫下萌发的缓解效果最为明显。     

PEG模拟干旱胁迫对3个品种大叶醉鱼草种子萌发的影响研究

为研究干旱胁迫对大叶醉鱼草种子萌发的影响,试验设计5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%5个浓度梯度的PEG-8000模拟干旱胁迫,以桑塔纳、皇红、帝国蓝3个品种大叶醉鱼草种子为试验材料,统计不同渗透势下醉鱼草种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、发芽时间等指标,并分析比较其萌发抗旱指数。结果表明,随着胁迫处理PEG-8000浓度的增加,3个品种大叶醉鱼草种子的萌发受到不同程度的抑制,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、发芽时间等指标总体呈下降趋势,在25%、30%浓度PEG溶液影响下,3个品种大叶醉鱼草的种子均不萌发,3个品种在20%浓度PEG溶液下萌发数不足总数的1%,种子萌发最低阈值为15%,在此浓度下的萌发抗旱指数顺序为:帝国蓝(值为0.029)皇红(值为0.008)桑塔娜(值为0.008)。     

沙地樟子松林衰退综合防治技术

樟子松,别名蒙古赤松、海拉尔松,高大常绿乔木,是欧洲赤松分布于远东的一个地理变种。根系发达,适应性强。喜光、抗寒(能耐零下40℃～50℃低温),耐干旱瘠薄,在瘠薄沙地造林均能成功。1955年,辽宁省在彰武县章古台沙地引种樟子松治沙造林获得成功,从此,樟子松治沙造林技术在辽宁省西北部风沙危害地区得到了大面积推广。康平县大规     

Effects of drought stresses induced by polyethylene glycol on germination of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica seeds from natural and plantation forests on sandy land

Effects of drought stresses induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) (0.0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%, with four replicates) on germination of Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) seeds produced in plantations (southern Keerqin sandy land) and natural forests (Hulunbeier sandy plain) were observed. The results indicated that the seeds from both provenances did not germinate when PEG concentration was more than 25%. The time of initial germination and that of its completion of stressed seeds from both provenances were delayed when compared with the unstressed seeds. The germination capacity and germination rate of natural seeds were significantly higher than those of plantation seeds for all treatment levels (P < 0.05). The mean growth rates of radicle and hypocotyl from natural seeds were significantly higher than those from plantation seeds at all treatment levels below 20% PEG treatment (P < 0.05). The ratios of radicle to hypocotyl of 20% PEG treatment were significant higher than those of the corresponding controls for both provenances (P < 0.05). These results suggested that Mongolian pine seeds/seedlings had stronger resistance to PEG drought stresses; 10% PGE stress did not significantly influence germination. Natural seeds exhibited more resistance to PEG stress than plantation seeds. It was concluded that drought stress on seed germination might be one cause of obstructed natural regeneration of Mongolian pine plantations on sandy land. It is recommended that natural seeds be used for afforestation, and light drought stress (e.g., 10% PEG stress) may be useful in improving seed germination and the growth of radicles and hypocotyls.     

沙地樟子松天然纯林的结构特征

[目的]为了解红花尔基地区沙地樟子松天然纯林的结构特征,指导沙地樟子松的保护与经营。[方法]在红花尔基地区设置2块100 m×100 m的樟子松天然纯林固定样地,利用样地内每木定位调查数据和分析统计软件进行一元分布及二元分布特征分析。[结果](1)樟子松天然林纯林直径分布为单峰或多峰山状分布,垂直结构简单,只有乔木层和草本层。(2)樟子松天然纯林的林木分布格局为均匀分布,接近随机分布,林木分布格局类型与林分密度无关;林分中樟子松个体竞争激烈,多数单元中林木呈较密集状态。(3)2块样地中随机分布状态下的林木多数为中等密集或比较密集,不同分布状态下的林木优劣性差异较小;低密度樟子松天然纯林中多数密集状态的林木为绝对优势木或优势木,而高密度林分中林木密集度分布与林木大小无关。[结论]红花尔基沙地樟子松天然林结构不合理,应选择病腐木及聚集分布的个体作为潜在调整对象,进行密度调整和结构优化。     

Concentrations of foliar and surface soil in nutrientsPinus spp. plantations in relation to species and stand age in Zhanggutai sandy land, northeast China

The concentrations of the foliar and surface soil nutrients and the variation with species and stand age were studied inPinus spp. plantations in Zhanggutai area, northeast China. The results showed that the total N, total P and C: N ratio of the soil inP. sylvestris var.mongolica stands were significantly higher in comparison with those inP. tabulaeformis andP. densiflora stands. ForP. sylvestris var.mongolica, the foliar P concentration appeared to decrease with age, and the foliar N and K concentrations did not show a consistent change with age. As for the different tree species of the similar age, the foliar N and P concentrations were significantly different (p<0.05), being withP. sylvestris var.mongolica>P. densiflora>P. tabulaeformis. The foliar N: P ratio ofP. densiflora significantly was higher thanP. sylvestris var.mongolica andP. tabulaeformis, while the foliar K was no obvious difference between the three tree species. There were significant correlation (p<0.05) between soil total N and P, soil organic matter and total P, foliar N and P, but it did not show significant correlations between soil and foliar nutrient concentrations, which might attribute to the excessive litter raking, overgrazing and low soil moisture in this area. Based on the foliar N: P ratio, we introduced a combination threshold index of N: P ratio with their absolute foliar nutrient concentrations to determine the possible limiting nutrient. According to the critical N: P ratio and their absolute foliar N, P concentrations, theP. sylvestris var.mongolica stands showed a decreased N limitation degree with age, theP. densiflora stands showed unlimited by N and P in the whole, and theP. tabulaeformis stands showed co-limited by N and P. No significant difference in soil nutrient concentrations of the surface soils was found between 45, 29, 20-yr-oldPinus sylvestris var.mongolica plantation stands. Foundation item: This research was supported by Key Knowledge Innovation Project (KZCX3-SW-418) of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: CHEN Guang-sheng (1978-), male, master candidate in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China Responsible editor: Song Funan     

PEG 模拟水分胁迫对思茅松种子萌发的影响

采用PEG-6000（聚乙二醇）不同浓度溶液,研究模拟水分胁迫对思茅松种子萌发的影响。结果表明,随着PEG-6000浓度的增加,思茅松种子的发芽率、发芽势、日均发芽率、峰值和发芽值先上升后下降,各处理间无显著差异。适宜质量浓度（5％）的PEG-6000处理能促进种子萌发,思茅松种子表现出一定耐旱能力。     

Comparative study on drought resistance ofLarix olgensis Henry andPinus sylvestris var.mongolica (I)

Water potential (ϕ w) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) ofLarix olgensis andPinus. sylvestris var.mongolica decreased with the decrease of soil water content. ϕ w and Pn ofL. olgensis changed hardly during the first 9 days after stopping watering, then decreased sharply at the 10th day Pn ofP. sylvestris varmongolica decreased slightly during the first 8 days, then decreased sharply at the 9th day. Their respiration rate, chlorophyll content and their a/b ratio changed hardly. The following 3 conclusions were obtained and discussed exhaustively. (1) ϕ w can be used to direct watering as a sensitive index of judging whetherL. olgensis andP. sylvestris var.mongolica lacking water. (2) The decrease of Pn ofL. olgensis andP. sylvestris var.mongolica when drought had nothing to do with chlorophyll. (3)P. sylvestris var.mongolica had morphological drought resistance, while Lolgensis had physiological drought resistance, and their drought resistance was discussed comparatively first time.     

红花尔基沙地樟子松天然林枯立木特征分析

[目的]了解沙地樟子松天然纯林中枯立木的数量及空间结构特征,探究枯立木形成的原因,为樟子松林的保护和经营提供依据。[方法]在沙地樟子松天然纯林中设置2块1 hm~2的大样地,用全站仪对样地中所有胸径大于5 cm的立木进行定位并进行全面调查;对调查样地的基本特征,枯立木的数量特征及径级分布进行了分析,提出了用于表达林分中枯立木微环境的活立木比的概念,并采用林分空间结构参数一元分布和二元分布分析方法,对枯立木与其最近4株相邻木的关系进行分析。[结果]2块不同密度的樟子松天然纯林下更新幼苗和枯立木数量相差较大,密度较小(样地1)的样地更新幼苗和枯立木较少,而密度较大的样地(样地2)中枯立木达到200棵,林下更新幼苗数量达到15 280株·hm~(-2);樟子松天然纯林样地内枯立木主要以小径级木为主,胸径集中在11 cm以下;样地1枯立木径级连续分布,幅度较窄;样地2中的枯立木径级幅度较宽,但在20 22 cm缺刻,有2株大于23 cm的枯立木;2块样地中枯立木的分布格局均为随机分布,样地1中枯立木周围的4株相邻立木大多为活立木,且胸径较枯立木大;样地2中,只有一半的枯立木周围的最近4株立木为活立木,且有三分之一以上的枯立木胸径不是最小的,枯立木有连续分布的现象。2块样地中枯立木的角尺度-大小比数二元分布特征的差异不明显,而角尺度-活立木比二元分布特征和大小比数-活立木比二元分布特征差异明显,样地1中枯立木的最近4株随机分布于其周围的相邻木为活立木且胸径大于枯立木的比例明显高于样地2,而枯立木最近4株随机分布于其周围的相邻木有枯立木的比例明显小于样地2。[结论]樟子松天然纯林枯立木以小径级林木为主,枯立木的数量与林分密度相关,林木竞争是林木死亡的主要原因,密度过大也会产生病虫害,因此,对天然樟子松纯林要进行适度经营,保持合理密度。     

水分胁迫对3个不同种源柔枝松种子萌发的影响

用不同浓度PEG-6000的Hoagland溶液模拟水分胁迫条件,通过萌发率、幼苗鲜重、活力指数、抗旱指数4个指标对来自美国的3个柔枝松种源种子的发芽特性进行研究,并运用隶属函数法对其进行综合评价。研究结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,3个柔枝松种源的萌发率、幼苗鲜重、活力指数、抗旱指数都出现了不同程度的下降。且亚利桑那州种源下降的幅度最大。(2)亚利桑那州种源在发芽期的抗旱性好于另外两个种源。3个种源的综合评价值从大到小依次分别为:亚利桑那州0.561;犹他州0.380;内华达州0.132。(3)低浓度的PEG-6000的Hoagland溶液对亚利桑那州和犹他州种源的柔枝松发芽生长具有一定的促进作用。     

Comparison of foliar nutrient concentrations between natural and artificial forests of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica on sandy land, China

In order to examine the causes of degradation of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations on sandy land, the foliar concentrations of N, P, K and C were analyzed and compared between the field grown P. sylvestris var. mongolica trees from two provenances （natural forests and plantations）. The results indicated that natural tree needles had lower N, P and C concentrations, and higher K concentrations than those of plantation tree needles. For plantation tree needles, ratios of N： P, P. K and N： K increased with tree age before 45 years old; but they were not clear for the natural tree needles. Compared with the conclusions reported on Pinus spp., we found that the foliar N and P concentrations were in the optimal range for both natural and plantation tree needles. This result suggested that N or P might not be the absolute limit factors in plant nutrient for P sylvestris var. mongolica on sandy land. However, foliar K concentrations in both natural and plantation tree needles were much lower than those reported on Pinus spp. （〉4.80 g kg-1）.The N： P ratio of natural needles was in the adequate ranges, but N： P ratio of plantation needles was out of the adequate ranges. These results indicated that there was a better balanced nutrition status in the natural forest than in the plantations. If only considering the foliar nutrient concentrations of P sylvestris var. mongolica from different provenances, it might be concluded that the degradation phenomenon of P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations was not induced by nutrition deficiency of absolute nutrients of N and P, but might be induced by other mineral nutrients or by the effectiveness of N and P nutrients. The unbalanced nutrition status and relatively quick decomposition of needles in the plantations might also contribute to the degradation.     

我国樟子松人工林天然更新研究进展

樟子松人工林天然更新问题的研究一直在进行,但人工林内幼苗数量过少及难以发育为幼树的问题一直难以彻底解决。文中综述了影响我国沙地樟子松人工林天然更新能力的因素,如光照、温度、水分、土壤环境、生物因子及人工营林技术等的研究概况。在研究过程中发现,樟子松人工林的遗传多样性与土壤微生物对樟子松人工林天然更新影响方面的研究尚少有报道,或可以为解决樟子松人工林天然更新问题提供更深入的思路。