稻秸/淀粉胶复合材料性能研究

为充分利用农作物废弃物,研究环境友好材料,通过热压成型方法制备稻秸/淀粉胶全降解复合材料。研究了预处理、胶黏剂、增塑剂和阻湿剂含量对复合材料内结合强度(IB)、弯曲强度(FS)、弯曲弹性模量(MOE)、冲击韧性(IR)、拉伸强度(TS)、拉伸模量(MOR)、含水率及2h吸水厚度膨胀率的影响,并观察了复合材料细观表面。结果表明:水热处理复合材料力学性能除IB外均较高;含胶量为10%时力学性能除MOR外均较高;1%增塑剂提高了IB、FS及TS,2%增塑剂提高了IS,增塑剂对MOE和MOR有负面影响;阻湿剂降低了复合材料力学性能。增塑剂、阻湿剂均能不同程度的增大复合材料MC。复合材料2h吸水厚度膨胀率大,防水性能差。复合材料基体和增强体两相界面结合存在明显缝隙、空洞及分层现象。     

Mechanical performance of linseed oil impregnated pine as correlated to the take-up level

 The mechanical performance of pine sapwood (pinus sylvestris), impregnated with linseed oil to different take-up levels, is evaluated using several test methods. SEM is used to study morphological changes following the impregnation procedure. The reduction of mechanical properties is attributed to a) localized cell wall damage in the ray region that facilitates longitudinal inter-cell split in L-R plane (macrocrack) initiation and propagation; b) submicroscopical cracking in the S1 sublayer that reduces the resistance to Mode I and Mode II inter-cell splitting at any location where the oil front has passed. Mechanical testing shows the following effect of the impregnation on failure a) the Mode I fracture toughness G _Ic in L-T and L-R planes, determined in DCB test, is significantly lowered with no significant difference in fracture resistance reduction in between planes; b) 3-point flexural test for specimen geometry leading to cracking in R-L and T-L planes show that the flexural strength as well as flexural modulus are reduced due to impregnation; c) 3-point flexural tests on longitudinal specimens used to determine the impregnation effect on longitudinal modulus E _L and shear moduli G _LT and G _LR , reveal only minor changes. Fracture surfaces in mechanical tests are analyzed using SEM, and differences are explained by described microdamage mechanisms. Received 10 August 1999     

干旱胁迫对真桦根系形态及生物量分配的影响

通过人工控水土培方法,研究了干旱胁迫对真桦的根系形态、分级特征、苗高生长以及生物量分配的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著影响真桦根系形态及构型,随着土壤含水量的降低,真桦根系质量和平均直径降低。轻度和中度干旱使真桦根系总长度、根系表面积、比根长降低;重度干旱下,直径小于0.5 mm的细根比例显著提高,根系总长度、根系表面积、比根长显著提高。随着土壤含水量的降低,真桦苗木的高生长受到抑制,生物量降低,根冠比明显提高。     

Membrane lipid composition of Betula pubescens (Ehrh.) and Betula tortuosa (Ledeb.)

The lipid composition of the two closely related birches Betula pubescens and Betula tortuosa was investigated. The total amount of lipids and the lipid composition was strikingly similar. The glycolipid content on a chlorophyll basis was high in both birches. A comparison of the. acyl groups revealed a small difference in 16:3 in monogalactosyl diacylglycerol, but the total amount of trienoic acids was similar. The acyl group composition in the nonplastid lipid phosphatidyl choline differed between the birches and B. tortuosa had a higher average number of double bonds. The observations on galactolipid and phospholipid could not explain the earlier stated higher tolerance of B. tortuosa to the freezing of its leaves     

Comparison of water absorption and mechanical properties of wood–plastic composites made from polypropylene and polylactic acid

Abstract

This study focuses on the water absorption and mechanical properties of composites made from softwood sawdust and plastics, such as virgin and recycled polypropylene and polylactic acid (PLA). The composites were processed by extrusion, and their properties were investigated by a water immersion test, mechanical tests and a cyclic test for moisture resistance. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of the fracture surfaces of the composites. The composites made with recycled polypropylene had the lowest water absorption and thickness swelling of the studied composites. The PLA composites made with heat-treated sawdust showed the highest flexural strength. Of the polypropylene based composites, virgin polypropylene resulted in composites with higher flexural strength. The Charpy impact strength of the composites was found to have an inverse trend compared to flexural strength. Cyclic treatment of the studied composites resulted in 20–60% loss of flexural strength, depending on type of composite.     

不同家系光皮桦种子贮藏寿命差异及耐贮性研究

研究了不同家系（3、20、22号）光皮桦种子在不同含水量条件下的贮藏寿命.结果表明：各处理种子随着贮藏时间的延长发芽率呈下降趋势.其中3号家系下降最显著,贮藏5个月后,发芽率降至原来的一半;20和22号家系在贮藏11个月后,发芽率降到原来的一半,3个家系的发芽势时间都明显推后.方差分析表明,3与20、22号家系的耐贮藏性差异显著,而20和22号差异不显著.不同含水量对种子的耐贮性影响不明显,原因是种子含水量在贮藏过程中发生了变化.     

硼灰稳定碎石路用性能分析

二灰（石灰、粉煤灰）稳定碎石是道路基层中常用的一种材料,基层作为路面结构的主要承重层,其力学强度及其路用性能是重要的指标。通过分析废旧材料硼灰的化学成分,利用其与粉煤灰的相似成分,研究硼灰代替粉煤灰做成石灰硼灰稳定碎石用作道路基层结构的可行性,首先从力学强度入手,通过在石灰粉煤灰碎石中掺加硼灰并改变硼灰的掺加比例,得出虽然掺加硼灰后无侧限强度有所下降,但仍能满足道路基层的需要;为进一步验证石灰硼灰碎石的路用性能,并防止路面反射裂缝的产生,又通过对劈裂强度、抗压回弹模量及冻融强度等各项指标的测试,最终得出硼灰代替部分粉煤灰用于道路基层中具有较好的效果。     

干旱胁迫对真桦光合特性及渗透调节物质含量的影响

以真桦盆栽幼苗为试材,研究干旱胁迫对真桦叶片光合作用和渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫使真桦幼苗净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度显著降低,降低幅度随胁迫程度的加剧而加大。胁迫初期,轻度和中度干旱胁迫组真桦幼苗净光合速率降低的同时气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度同时降低,光合速率降低的主要原因是气孔因素;胁迫中期和后期,各干旱处理组光合速率降低的同时胞间CO2浓度均显著升高,非气孔限制是净光合速率降低的主要原因。真桦在干旱胁迫过程中,可溶性蛋白变化不显著,可溶性糖含量增加,为主要的渗透调节物质。     

Initial seedling emergence of hairy birch and silver birch on abandoned fields following different site preparation regimes

Experiments were carried out at four sites in Sweden to investigate the possibility of establishing hairy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) on abandoned fields using natural regeneration and (or) direct seeding. The effects of six soil preparation methods (no preparation, ordinary ploughing, rotary cultivation, deep ploughing, inverted ground, removal of top-soil) and five additional treatments (no treatment, herbicide, peat litter, wood-ashes, slaked lime) on seedling emergence percentages (SEP) and vegetation cover percentages (VCP) were studied. SEP-values were estimated in June (SEP(J)) and October (SEP(O)). The experimental designs used were: 1) split-plot design with whole plots in a randomized complete block design (RCBD); 2) RCBD. The SEP-values observed with no preparation were close to 0% while the SEP-values obtained with mechanical soil preparation methods mostly were much higher (p0.014). Seedbeds with top-soil in the surface, created by ordinary ploughing or rotary cultivation, and seedbeds with mainly bare mineral soil in the surface, created by deep ploughing, inverted ground or removal of top-soil, obtained SEP-values of equal merit on silty soils, reaching SEP(O)-values up to 15%. The latter seedbeds obtained the best results on sandy soil, with as high SEP(O)-values as 47% after removal of top-soil. Seedbeds with top-soil in the surface were quickly colonized by ground vegetation, reaching VCP-values between 70% and 100%. Herbicide spraying with glyphosate and application of peat litter to the seedbed surface promoted seedling emergence. However, herbicide spraying before soil preparation was of little effect when followed by mechanical soil preparation.     

引进欧洲垂枝桦不同种源苗期选择研究

以引进欧洲垂枝桦不同种源为对象,并以本地白桦种源作为对照,研究引进欧洲垂枝桦不同种源的种子形态特征、发芽特性和在黑河地区的苗期生长表现。结果表明:引进欧洲垂枝桦不同种源在种子长度、种子宽度、种翅长度、种翅宽度、千粒重、发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、苗高、地径、地上生物量、地下生物量和全株生物量存在显著差异,而且引进欧洲垂枝桦不同种源这些指标都显著高于本地白桦对照种源,综合分析表明,引进欧洲垂枝桦新西伯利亚种源在种子形态特征、发芽特性和在黑河地区的苗期生长表现均优,可作为黑河地区欧洲垂枝桦育苗的首选种源。     

光皮桦扦插育苗试验

以1年生的光皮桦实生苗为扦插原料,讨论了不同扦插时间和不同浓度的生根促进剂对光皮桦稳条生根效果的影响.结果表明:3月扦插最为理想;3种生根促进剂对光皮桦穗条的生根情况均有促进作用,其中IAA+IBA的促根效果最佳;浓度为50 mg·L-1的IAA+IBA处理的光皮桦的成活率、不定根数、不定根长和苗高均为最大,分别为92...     

帽儿山实验林场白桦人工幼林适宜微立地研究

在相同立地上的不同类型的微立地环境中,测定白桦幼树生长指标和土壤含水率,并以邻近微环境外的4株白桦作为对照,分析微立地环境对白桦幼树生长的影响。研究结果表明：由伐根和倒木等粗大木质残体构成的微立地对白桦幼树的生长均产生明显的促进作用。凸凹地形微立地对幼树生长的作用因所处立地条件而异,凸地形、凹地形分别在下坡位和上坡位有利于白桦幼树生长。灰烬堆微立地在上坡位不利于白桦的生长,中、下坡有利。白桦人工造林时,根据立地条件科学选择微立地作为栽植点可以有效改善幼林的生长表现。     

Genetic stability analysis of introduced Betula pendula,Betula kirghisorum,and Betula pubescens families in saline-alkali soil of northeastern China

Approximately, 20% of arable land worldwide, as well as nearly half of irrigated land, is subjected to salt stress. Osmotic stress and ion toxicity due to saline soils cause low crop yields. In this study, we introduced 18 families of salt-tolerant birch (Betula pendula Roth., Betula kirghisorum Sav.-Ryczg., and Betula pubescens Ehrh) into five high-salinity locations in northeastern China and evaluated their survival abilities. We also analyzed variation and stability of genotype–environment interactions of the different families under an additive main effect and multiplicative interaction model. Survival rate analysis indicated that the introduced families were well adapted to the high-salinity environments, whereas native families died. Variation analysis revealed significant differences between location × family interaction mean values for height and basic stem diameter (BSD), suggesting that most genotypes responded differently to different sites. The heritability of tree height and BSD at different sites varied from 0.416 to 0.940, with the coefficient of phenotypic variation ranging from 9.88% to 35.53%. Stability analysis indicated that some families had high tree heights but were sensitive to environmental conditions, whereas others were resistant but had average tree heights. These results suggest that families should be bred in various habitats to assess growth under favorable and unfavorable environments.     

欧洲白桦苗期试验初报

欧洲白桦14个种源、51个个体苗期生长观测结果表明:生长高峰集中在7月中旬至8月上旬,平均累计生长律为50.7%;具有较强的适应性,苗期无冻害和病虫害发生。对不同种源和个体的苗高、地径进行方差分析,结果表明:各个体间的苗高、地径差异均极显著,经LSR检验,初步选择出欧试9、欧试5、欧试8为欧洲白桦优良种源,O-57、O-19、O-31、O-61、O-35、O-78、O-44为欧洲白桦优良个体,O-83为最佳个体。欧洲白桦的生长表现优于白桦。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

大兴安岭白桦天然林改培为速生丰产林技术及其效益分析

对白桦天然林改培速生丰产林试验地的调查数据进行分析,确定了白桦天然幼、中龄林进行3次抚育采伐的时间,分析了透光抚育和生长抚育的效果,明确了白桦天然林不同林龄时的最佳抚育强度以及不同龄级的最佳经营密度.分别对人工培育白桦林和对本区白桦天然林进行人工抚育的经济效益进行了分析.     

Effect of two relative humidity environments on the performance properties of MDF, OSB and chipboard

The static strength, stiffness and fatigue life of MDF, OSB and chipboard have been measured in a 65%RH environment and a 85%RH environment. Chipboard is commonly utilised as a flooring material and OSB is also used in structural applications, for example floor decking and webs of I-beams. The mean static strengths of MDF, OSB and chipboard at 65%RH were 47.9 MPa, 27.9 MPa and 21.0Mpa, respectively, compared with 34.59 MPa, 21.70 MPa and 10.61 MPa at 85%RH. However, MDF has mostly been used in non-structural applications, such as furniture, so its resistance to fatigue loads as a structural panel is of considerable interest. In a 65%RH environment dynamic modulus values showed that whilst MDF and chipboard exhibit similar stiffness values (4 GPa), OSB is approximately 50% stiffer. However, at 85%RH MDF was the stiffest of the three materials, followed by OSB and chipboard. The fatigue life performance of all three panel products was markedly lower at 85%RH compared with 65%RH. Overall, the high RH environment had a noticeably detrimental effect on the MOE (modulus of elasticity), MOR (modulus of rupture) and fatigue lives of OSB and chipboard. This is attributed to these panels retaining more of the original characteristics of the original wood, i.e. larger particle sizes (flakes/chips) compared with the homogeneous fibrous composition of MDF. Received 5 November 1999     

Elastic moduli and stiffness optimization in four-point bending of wood-based sandwich panel for use as structural insulated walls and floors

Several wood-based sandwich panels with low-density fiberboard core were developed for structural insulated walls and floors, with different face material, panel thickness, and core density. The elastic moduli with and without shear effect (E _L, E ₀) and shear modulus (G_b) were evaluated in four-point bending. Generally, the stiffer face, thicker panel, and higher core density were advantageous in flexural and shear rigidity for structural use, but the weight control was critical for insulation. Therefore, optimum designs of some virtual sandwich structures were analyzed for bending stiffness in relation to weight for fixed core densities, considering the manufactured-panel designs. As a result, the plywood-faced sandwich panel with a panel thickness of 95 mm (PSW-T100), with insulation performance that had been previously confirmed, was most advantageous at a panel density of 430 kg/m³, showing the highest flexural rigidity (E _L I = 13 × 10⁻⁶ GNm²) among these panels, where E _L, E ₀, and G _b were 3.5, 5.5, and 0.038 GN/m², respectively. The panel was found to be closest to the optimum design, which meant that its core and face thickness were optimum for stiffness with minimum density. The panel also provided enough internal bond strength and an excellent dimensional stability. The panel was the most feasible for structural insulation use with the weight-saving structure.     

冀北山地桦木林土壤水分物理性质研究

以4种不同桦木组成比例的林分类型为研究对象,比较其土壤水分-物理性质,结果表明:土层深度与容重呈正相关,落桦混交林土壤容重最大(1.14g/cm~3),桦木混交林最小(1.00g/cm~3);土壤孔隙度整体规律基本一致,随土层深度增加而减小,土壤毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、土壤总孔隙度均是黑桦纯林最大,分别为45.0%、9.6%、53.6%;土壤持水量(除桦木混交林规律不明显外)整体规律基本一致,随土层深度的增加而减小,土壤毛管持水量均值桦木混交林最大(43.2%),土壤最大持水量均值黑桦纯林最大(49.3%);土壤入渗速率与时间呈幂函数关系,初渗速率和稳渗速率规律一致,均是桦木混交林最大、桦杨混交林最小。     

Histology of witches' brooms on Betula pubescens

Witches' brooms caused by Taphrina betulina on Betula pubescens formed from the development of large numbers of axillary shoots on infected buds. Broom shoots showed vigorous growth during the first season, but died in the second or third year after initiation. Occasional adventitious root production was noted at the base of broom shoots. Cortex and secondary phloem tissues of the central gall-like structure of the brooms expanded. The bark of infected material lacked brachysclereids, and tangential ray parenchyma of the secondary phloem were also absent. Numerous shoot bases and aborted axillary buds were present within the bark. Abundant starch granules were present, especially in the phellogen and phelloderm layers. Distortion of the internal lignified tissues was due to the presence of multiple vascular connections from the proliferation of shoots on the broom.