酸雨对树木微观伤害的研究

酸雨污染对森林植物的伤害，已引起国内外广泛关注。湖南农业大学于１９９８年１０月作了模拟酸雨对树木叶片微观伤害的试验研究，现将结果报导如下。 酸雨对叶肉细胞的伤害 用显微镜观察到，受酸雨伤害的主要是一些薄壁的叶肉细胞，其结构受到破坏，细胞质、叶绿体渐渐被解体，伤害严重的仅存细胞空腔，有的细胞壁也遭破坏，仅留细胞壁碎片。试验表明，随着酸雨的ＰＨ值变小，对叶肉细胞的伤害越严重。 从试验所选樟树、柑橘、泡桐、马尾松４种树叶的受害情况得出结果，除像樟树叶那样对酸雨反应不敏感的树种外，一定ｐＨ值的酸雨对树木叶…     

酸雨对林木伤害的研究

从酸雨污染对林木代谢功能的伤害,酸雨污染对林木的间接伤害以及酸雨污染对林木生长发育的伤害等三大方面,综述了国内外在酸雨给林木造成损害上的研究动态及其成果。     

深山含笑对酸雨胁迫的适应性研究

应用模拟酸雨溶液喷洒法和石蜡切片技术,研究了深山含笑幼苗在不同pH值(2.0,3.0,4.0,5.6(对照))的酸雨溶液胁迫下的生长情况(叶面积、苗高、根长等)和叶片解剖结构变化。结果表明:pH<3.0的酸雨溶液严重抑制幼苗的生长,植株出现明显的伤害症状,大量的苗木出现死亡;显微结构观察显示,叶表皮及叶肉细胞结构均受损或坏死。与对照相比,pH≥3.0的酸雨溶液处理对苗木的伤害较轻,可见性伤害症状不明显,显微观察结果显示仅表皮细胞受损。从生长指标来看,pH≥3.0的酸雨溶液对苗木生长有促进作用,呈正生物效应。     

酸雨对观赏植物伤害机理的研究进展

综述了当前酸雨对观赏植物的叶片形态和组织结构、细胞透性、光合作用、呼吸作用、抗氧化系统等生理生化的伤害机理以及酸雨对观赏植物生长发育和生物量、土壤性质及土壤微生物的影响等方面研究取得的成果,并就今后对酸雨胁迫研究的内容与方向进行了讨论．     

12种园林植物对模拟酸雨的敏感性反应

测定了大叶紫薇等12种园林植物在不同pH值的模拟酸雨条件下的新梢增长和叶片损伤的程度的影响,并以此分析园林植物对酸雨污染的敏感性反应。结果表明,酸雨对12种园林植物具有明显的生长抑制作用和伤害,酸雨的pH值越小,抑制作用和伤害程度越大。不同种类对酸雨污染敏感性反应不一,用受害叶面积指数为指标进行酸雨可见伤害阀值的计算和敏感性分级评价。在所试的12种园林植物中,以福建茶、垂榕对酸雨的抗性最强,红背桂、美蕊花、大叶紫薇对酸雨的抗性最弱。     

酸雨对林木伤害研究综述

文章从酸雨的研究历史出发,阐述了酸雨的形成和分布,指出酸雨是一种全球性的环境问题;从酸雨污染对林木代谢功能、生长发育、木材特性这三大方面综述了国内外在酸雨给林木造成伤害方面的研究动态及其成果,并提出了在今后酸雨研究中应该重视的几大突破性问题。     

模拟酸雨对黄槐幼苗生长的影响

采用4个pH值梯度的模拟酸雨溶液喷洒法处理黄槐幼苗,探讨不同pH值[pH2．0、3．0、4．0、5．6（对照）]的模拟酸雨对黄槐在叶伤害、高生长、地径、根长、叶面积、叶绿素含量和土壤pH值等方面的影响,并以叶片的损伤程度来分析该植物对酸雨污染的敏感性反应,同时在光学显微镜下观察了不同pH值模拟酸雨处理对黄槐幼苗叶片解剖结构的影响,初步研究了黄槐对酸雨的抗性能力。研究结果表明,黄槐可以忍耐pH3．0或以上的酸雨,具有较强的抗酸雨能力,可作为酸雨污染地区应用的园林绿化树种。     

酸雨对植物生理生态特性的影响研究进展

国内外酸雨在个体水平上对植物生理生态特性影响的大部分研究成果都表明,酸雨会对植物叶片和根系造成不同程度的伤害;酸雨在减弱了植物光合作用和蒸腾作用的同时,加速了植物的呼吸作用;酸雨还淋洗植物营养元素(如K 、Ca2 和Mg2 )的析出,造成植物营养失衡,使得植物的生长呈现出负生物效应.在此基础上,今后需集中研究的与酸雨有关的几个方向:(1)酸雨对植物乃至森林生态系统的影响机理以及反馈机制研究;(2)包括酸雨在内的多因素对植物综合影响的室外研究;(3)酸雨对植物影响的长期定位系统研究;(4)酸雨对中、低纬度植物的影响研究;(5)建立适合我国实际情况的酸雨研究模型;(6)将常规分析手段和分子生物学技术相结合并运用酸雨对植物的影响研究中.     

模拟酸雨对4种草坪草幼苗生理特性影响

为了探究不同草坪草在酸雨胁迫下幼苗生长的能力,给今后酸雨灾害地区园林地被植物的选择提供参考依据,以多年生黑麦草、高羊茅、匍匐剪股颖、草地早熟禾等4种草坪草为试验材料,采用不同pH(pH=3、pH=4、pH=5)的模拟酸雨处理,对其叶片形态、伤害指标、保护酶活性及渗透调节物质含量等指标进行测定,并用模糊数学隶属度进行综合评价。结果表明:4种草坪草对酸雨抗性能力从强到弱排序是高羊茅(0.824)、多年生黑麦草(0.601)、匍匐剪股颖(0.435)、草地早熟禾(0.430)。     

酸雨与林木和森林生态系统关系的研究

从酸雨概述，酸雨对林木和森林生态系统的危害，生态系统对酸沉降的敏感性和临界负荷，以及酸雨治理措施四方面介绍了国内外在酸雨对植物和生态系统影响方面的研究成果。     

梨上瘿螨田间发生与消长规律研究

梨上瘿螨在甘肃省陇西县梨树上发生普遍,主要以成螨为害嫩叶,受害叶片明显皱缩,叶肉细胞组织结构发生病变。调查发现梨上瘿螨主要以成螨在树皮裂缝、芽鳞下越冬,分别占越冬种群总量的41.79%和37.20%;其次,有少量在介壳虫的死介壳下和剪锯口越冬。梨上瘿螨于4月下旬开始为害,为害高峰期分别在6月上旬和9月上旬,10月瘿螨的种群数量逐渐降低,并寻找越冬场所越冬。     

Association of Eucalyptus globulus leaf anatomy with susceptibility to Teratosphaeria leaf disease

Resistance of Eucalyptus globulus juvenile foliage to Teratosphaeria leaf disease (TLD) damage has been shown to be under genetic control. Constitutive traits of juvenile leaves such as stomatal density (counted with wax on and with wax removed), total phenolics, total leaf wax, leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf anatomical features were assessed to determine differences between pairs of resistant and susceptible families. Anatomic features assessed included cuticle, epidermis, palisade spongy mesophyll and total leaf thickness, as well as palisade cell size, shape and intercellular airspace. One interprovenance, one intraprovenance and two within‐family contrasts were used to compare resistant and susceptible pairs of families of Australian origin. The more resistant families had a significantly higher LMA and smaller percentage airspace compared with susceptible families. It is argued that one of the mechanisms by which E. globulus resists TLD involves the closely packed palisade mesophyll cells that increases LMA and reduces airspace, thereby restricting pathogen spread once infection has occurred.     

渗透胁迫对青钱柳MDA含量及SOD活性的影响

采用PEG6000及NaCl进行渗透胁迫,研究了渗透胁迫对青钱柳(Cyclocarya Paliurus)幼苗叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。结果表明:在15%PEG、77mmol/LNaCl处理下SOD活性在6 h达峰值,24 h时SOD活性显著降低并接近对照,10%PEG5、1 mmol/L NaCl处理下SOD活性达到峰值的时间滞后。胁迫初期,盐胁迫下MDA含量较高,而随着胁迫时间的延长,PEG胁迫下MDA含量显著增加。这说明在胁迫初期,盐胁迫加剧了叶肉细胞膜脂过氧化作用,而在胁迫后期则以PEG胁迫导致的膜脂过氧化程度较重。     

Histopathology of Pinus taeda needles infected by Ploioderma lethale

The histopathology of the host/parasite relationship of Pinus taeda needles infected by the Ascomycete Ploioderma lethale and the morphology of the fructifications of the pathogen were investigated. Amphigenous elliptical teleo‐ and anamorph stromata developed only on dead portions of affected needles. Insertion of the teleo‐ and anamorph stromata in the host needle tissue was subepidermal, and the stromata were covered by a shiny to dull black clypeus. Teleomorph stromata frequently coalesced. Abnormal host tissue was primarily confined to tissues external to the endodermis in the symptomatic portion of affected needles, where a collapse of the mesophyll cells was exhibited. An obvious narrowing of affected needles was observed at the distinct juncture of dead and green tissue. Inter‐ and intracellular hyphae colonized the collapsed mesophyll cell regions, endodermal, transfusion, vascular tissues, and resin ducts. Intercellular hyphae and an interface were present in the living mesophyll cells of the green needle tissue subtending the dead terminal portion of affected needles.     

Histopathology of longleaf pine needles infected by Ploioderma hedgcockii (Dearn.) Darker

The histopathology of Ploioderma hedgcockii on longleaf pine needles was examined. Abnormal host tissue was confined to the visible lesion and to tissues external to the endodermis where collapse of mesophyll cells was the predominant abnormality. Resin ducts exhibited necrosis and dissolution of epithelial cells. l Hyphae, intra- and intercellular, were frequent to profuse in inter-cellular spaces resulting from mesophyll cell collapse. Hyphae were external to the endodermis and appeared limited to the symptomatic tissue by an intercellular matrix at the lesion bound-aries Hysterotheca were subepidermal and appeared seated on the hypodermis. Asci appeared contain foui “two-stage” ascospores. The presence of a toxin was not indicated in the host/pathogen relationship.     

Histopathology of loblolly pine needles infected by Mycosphaerella dearnessii,the brown-spot needle disease pathogen

The histopathology of green Pinus taeda needles infected with Mycosphaerella dearnessii was investigated. Cellular abnormalities observed were predominately the collapse of mesophyll cells within the limits of the symptom lesions. The epidermis, hypodermis, endodermis, transfusion tissue, and the vascular system within the lesions were not affected. Resin ducts exhibited cell necrosis and dissolution within and distal from the visible limits of lesions. An intercellular interface was present in non-collapsed mesophyll cells at lesion limits, and the lateral extension of the interface usually corresponded to the effects observed in resin ducts distal from the lesions. Non-stromatic hyphae were rare in and distal from lesion tissue, indicating the host tissues were affected in advance of the pathogen. The production of a toxin by M. dearnessii is suspected.     

Effects of simulated acid rain and ABS on leaf surfaces of some broadleaf seedlings

Leaves of London plane, chestnut, walnut, Italian alder and ailanthus were exposed to simulated acid rain (pH 3.5) with and without the addition of ABS, from the first opening of buds to the full growth of leaves. Examination in the SEM showed that the leaves were damaged by the solution, more if it contained ABS. Damage observed included alteration and disarticulation of the glandular hairs and trichomas, erosion and fusion of the epicuticular waxes with consequent occlusion of the stomata, and neoplastic formations in the mesophyll (“galls”). The degree of damage suffered also varied with the species.     

三种杨树叶片解剖结构特征分析

对2025杨及芽变品种中红杨、全红杨的叶片解剖结构通过电子显微镜扫描进行了观察和分析,结果表明3种杨树叶片由上、下表皮细胞、叶肉和叶脉四部分组成,在结构组成上差异较小,栅海比、CTR及SR比较上差异不显著。     

木兰科6属27种植物的叶片比较解剖学研究

应用石蜡切片技术和光镜观测方法,对采自云南昆明树木园的木兰科6属27种植物的叶片进行了比较解剖学研究。结果表明：（1）木兰科植物的叶片均为异面叶,由表皮、叶肉、叶脉构成;叶肉组织分化为栅栏组织和海绵组织,均具有圆形或近圆形油细胞;叶脉维管束韧皮纤维排列连续或不连续,成环状或轮状。（2）叶片下表皮细胞是否为具明显乳突的细胞和主脉维管束韧皮纤维细胞排列是否连续可明确区分木兰亚科和鹅掌楸亚科。（3）叶片厚度、上表皮厚度、海绵组织厚度可以对秃木兰属和鹅掌楸属进行明确区分,栅栏组织厚度、栅海比、油细胞大小和分布密度等余下性状则在数值上均存在属间重叠现象,不宜作为属间分类性状。（4）基于最大值和最小值进行的聚类结果与传统分类结果吻合度较基于平均值的聚类结果大,最大值和最小值比平均值更能表征研究对象。总之,表皮、下皮、叶肉组织和油细胞等部分叶片解剖学特征在探讨木兰科科下等级如亚科、部分属和部分种的分类地位时具有一定价值。     

Hyperhydricity in apple: ultrastructural and physiological aspects

We studied the effects of hyperhydricity on subcellular ultrastructure and physiology of leaves during in vitro regeneration of apple plants. Morphological, anatomical and ultrastructural differences between healthy leaf tissues obtained from greenhouse-grown plants and healthy and hyperhydric leaves obtained from shoots raised from nodal shoot explants in a bioreactor were investigated by electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Compared with healthy leaves, hyperhydric leaves showed abnormal, often discontinuous development of the epidermis and cuticle. Stomata were malformed. The leaf lamina appeared thickened and was characterized by poor differentiation between the palisade and spongy mesophyll tissue. Hyperhydric leaves had a significantly lower chloroplast number per cell and chloroplasts showed reduced thylakoid stacking compared with healthy leaves. Hyperhydricity resulted in a general decrease in concentrations of reduced and oxidized pyridine nucleotides, reflecting a reduction in metabolic activity. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase were higher in hyperhydric leaves than in healthy leaves, indicating that hyperhydricity was associated with oxidative stress. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements provided evidence of oxidative damage to the photosynthetic machinery in hyperhydric leaves: photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, effective quantum efficiency and photochemical quenching were all lower in hyperhydric leaves compared with healthy leaves.