基于数字图像处理的樟子松锯材分级研究

为了解决传统锯材检测方法效率低、劳动强度高和人为因素影响大的问题,笔者运用数字图像处理的方法对樟子松锯材等级进行检测,实现樟子松锯材等级检测的标准化和程序化。根据樟子松锯材缺陷与天然木纹颜色存在显著差距的特点,利用Otsu's方法的最佳全局阈值处理锯材图像得到最佳分割阈值,获得锯材的二值图像,得到缺陷位置像素坐标,将缺陷坐标与锯材实际尺寸对应,计算出相应锯材的净划材尺寸和出材率,完成对锯材等级的划分。利用该方法对75片试件进行表面质量检测和等级划分的准确率为94.67%,分级程序的运行时间约为1.793 s。该方法在保证检测准确率的情况下不仅可以减少检测时间、降低人工劳动强度、提高检测准确率,而且解决了人工检测主观性强的问题。     

基于模糊聚类分析的木材缺陷CT图像分割

为了提高木材的利用率,在木材加工之前对木材缺陷CT图像进行分割,将节子和空洞等缺陷分割出来,通过观察缺陷的位置便于工人师傅下锯。利用计算机断层扫描（CT）技术获取木材缺陷图像,将数字图像处理技术与模糊聚类算法相结合,在标准的模糊C均值算法的基础上改进,采用半模糊聚类的分析方法对木材缺陷图像进行分割检测。实验结果表明：基于半模糊聚类的图像检测方法在木材图像检测上取得了较好的效果,缺陷边缘处很平滑,细节保留完整,更多的保留了边缘上的信息。从而证明了半模糊聚类分析法在木材缺陷CT图像处理方面具有可行性。     

Influence of steam heating on the properties of pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus pinaster</Emphasis>) and eucalypt (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus globulus</Emphasis>) wood

Heat treatment of Pinus pinaster and Eucalyptus globulus woods, two important species in Portugal, was performed in the absence of air by steaming, inside an autoclave, for 2–12 h at 190–210°C. Mass losses increased with treatment time and temperature reaching 7.3% for pine and 14.5% for eucalypt wood. The wood behaviour with moisture was improved. The equilibrium moisture content decreased by 46% for pine and 61% for eucalypt, the dimensional stability increased (maximum anti-shrinking efficiency in the radial direction of 57 and 90% for pine and eucalypt, respectively) and the surface wettability was lowered. In relation to mechanical properties, the modulus of elasticity was little affected (maximum decrease of 5% for pine and 15% for eucalypt) but the bending strength was reduced (by 40% at 8% mass loss for pine and 50% at 9% mass loss for eucalypt wood). The variation of properties was related to treatment intensity and mass loss but significant improvements could already be obtained for a 3–4% mass loss without impairing the mechanical resistance. The response of eucalypt was higher than that of pinewood. Heat treatment of eucalypt wood shows an interesting potential to improve the wood quality for solid timber products.     

Forest management and carbon sequestration in wood products

Wood products are considered to contribute to the mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions. A critical gap in the life cycle of wood products is to transfer the raw timber from the forest to the processing wood industry and, thus, the primary wood products. Therefore, often rough estimates are used for this step to obtain total forestry carbon balances. The objectives of this study were (1) to examine the fate of timber harvested in Thuringian state forests (central Germany), representing a large, intensively managed forested region, and (2) to quantify carbon stocks and the lifetime of primary wood products made from this timber. The analyses were based on the amount and assortments of actually sold timber, and production parameters of the companies that bought and processed this timber. In addition, for coniferous stands of a selected Thuringian forest district, we calculated potential effects of management, as expressed by different thinning regimes on wood products and their lifetimes. Total annual timber sale of soft- and hardwoods from Thuringian state forests (195,000 ha) increased from about 136,893 t C (~0.7 t C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) in 1996 to 280,194 t C (~1.4 t C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) in 2005. About 47% of annual total timber harvest went into short-lived wood products with a mean residence time (MRT) < 25 years. Thirty-one per cent of the total harvest went into wood products with an MRT of 25–43 years, and only 22% was used as construction wood and glued wood, products with the longest MRT (50 years). The average MRT of carbon in harvested wood products was 20 years. Thinning from above throughout the rotation of spruce forests would lead to an average MRT in harvested wood products of about 23 years, thinning from below of about 18 years. A comparison of our calculations with estimates that resulted from the products module of the CO2FIX model (Nabuurs et al. 2001) demonstrates the influence of regional differences in forest management and wood processing industry on the lifetime of harvested wood products. To our knowledge, the present study provides for the first time real carbon inputs of a defined forest management unit to the wood product sector by linking data on raw timber production, timber sales and wood processing. With this new approach and using this data, it should be possible to substantially improve the net-carbon balance of the entire forestry sector.     

15年生巨尾桉人工林木材物理力学性质的研究

为了更好开发利用15年生巨尾桉人工林木材,本研究以广西南宁市树木园15年生巨尾桉(Eucalyptus×E.urophylla)人工林木材为研究对象,对其物理以及力学性质进行了测试、分析。结果表明,15年生巨尾桉属中密度等级材,体积干缩系数小;抗弯强度,抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度和冲击韧性分别为83.9、12790、44.2、65KJ/m2,对应的强度等级分别为2级、3级、1级、2级;端面、弦面和径面的硬度分别为68.9、51.3、55.1MPa,其中端面硬度已经达到了4级标准,弦面和径面的硬度也达到了三级标准。木材综合强度为128.1MPa,属高强度树种;木材的综合品质系数达到了191.2GPa,属于低等级材。     

五种桉树木材的吸声性能

本文以广西东门林场的人工林尾叶桉(Eucalyptusurophylla),尾巨桉(EucalyptusurophyllaE.grandis),尾园桉(E.urophyllaE.tereticornis),尾赤桉(E.urophyllaE.camaldulensis)和大花序桉(E.cloeziana)木材为主要材料,用驻波管法测试了五种桉树木材的吸声系数,比较了这些桉树木材的吸声性能,结果显示五种桉树木材的吸声系数在频率1000赫兹之内变化不大,之后随频率的增加吸声系数也在增加。在频率200至2000赫兹范围内,五种桉树木材的吸声系数差异不显著,在低频区域,尾叶桉的吸声性能较好。在所测试的声波频率范围内,桉木弦锯板的吸声系数高于径锯板;0.5厘米厚的锯材的吸声性能好于1.0厘米厚的锯材;因此,桉木板材的种类和板材的厚度影响其吸声性能,但五种桉树木材的吸声性能差异不显著。图2表4参6。     

桉树木材加工利用研究现状

本文对桉树木材的性质、桉木在采伐和加工过程中易出现的问题、实木加工技术与利用及其木材产品市场进行了阐述,以期为我国提高桉树木材价值提供参考。     

桉木美学家具设计与工艺研究

为探索美学家具设计和桉木高值利用的可行途径,本文综合运用仿生学、设计学、木材美学和木材加工工艺学等多学科知识,从作品设计、制作工艺和作品分析三个方面系统讨论了两款以桉木为原料的美学家具.结果表明:通过合适的模具设计,采用单板层积材的生产工艺,可以用桉木单板生产出多拐点的复杂曲面板材.将这种多拐点的复杂曲面板材应用于家具设计与生产,可以获得兼具实用和审美功效的桉木美学家具.通过桉木美学家具的研发和生产,可望实现桉木资源的高值利用.     

含LT型裂纹木梁起裂载荷确定方法的试验研究

木材裂纹萌生的准确判定对木材损伤断裂的评估具有重要的意义,起裂载荷是标定裂纹萌生的关键参数。本试验以杉木为研究对象,利用声发射技术(AE)、数字图像相关法(DIC)和电测法(EM),对含LT型裂纹木梁的损伤断裂特性进行了试验研究。通过研究木梁在加载过程中声发射参数变化规律以及裂尖区域的表面应变信息的演变,分析木梁裂纹萌生规律并确定起裂载荷Pini。结果表明:声发射累计振铃计数、幅度可有效反映木梁内部损伤的产生和演化,利用声发射参数的变化规律能准确确定含LT型裂纹木梁的起裂载荷Pini;数字图像相关法、电测法可以实时监测木梁表面裂缝尖端区域的应变变化,根据应变演变特征可以有效监测木梁表面裂纹的萌生和扩展。声发射技术、数字图像相关法、电测法在确定木梁起裂载荷Pini方面有较好的适用性,所确定的起裂载荷大小为:电测法>数字图像相关法>声发射。试验结果为研究监测含LT型裂纹木材裂纹萌生的试验方法提供了依据,应用时可结合实际工况选择合适的测量方法。     

桉树无节材修枝技术研究进展与展望

本文综述了国内外桉树人工林无节材培育修枝技术的理论和研究。为了满足当今社会对高品质木材的大量需求,人们开始将桉树纸浆材人工林栽培向更高价值含量的锯材转化。众多研究表明,影响桉树木材外观等级的主要因素是节子。要从根本上解决木材质量的问题,合理而科学的修枝理论和实践显得尤为重要。修枝直接影响树冠动态发展,而树冠动态与树木的生长直接相关。尽管桉树自然整枝能力较强,但不能靠它获得大量无节材,修枝措施必不可少。修枝对树木生长和木材材质都会产生影响。合理的修枝强度会促进树木生长,而科学的修枝技术对高品质无节材的形成相当关键。为了使修枝达到最大效益,在非生长季节以及树冠郁闭前修去小枝活枝,并且保证修枝伤口平滑和注意伤口保护是最合适的修枝处理。伤口的愈合与诸多因素有关。     

澳大利亚桉树木材加工利用研究现状*

分析了澳大利亚桉树资源、桉树木材性质、干燥特性、实木加工及其产品开发与利用等方面的研究内容与结论．以期为我国充分合理使用桉树人工林木材以提高桉树木材自身的使用价值提供一些借鉴。     

杂交泡桐色斑防治处理技术

由试验结果，提出了两种杂交泡桐木处理技术，一是适应脱除杂交泡桐木材表面已产生的经，褐色斑，二是适应防止杂我泡桐木材表面红，褐色斑的产生。通过对试验结果的分析表明：两种木材处理技术可有效的脱除，防止杂交泡桐木材表面产生的红，褐色斑，并具有很好的经济效益。     

国外桉树人工林资源和木材加工利用现状

从桉树人工林的资源现状、桉树人工林的木材性质、加工利用技术以及桉树木材产品的市场发展4个方面,概述了国外桉树人工林的发展及其木材利用状况.着重介绍了影响桉树人工林低龄材利用的木材性质以及锯解和干燥技术.通过学习和借鉴国外桉树木材加工利用的先进技术和经验,以提高我国桉树木材的利用水平.     

Sound absorption property of wood for five eucalypt species

The sound absorption coefficients of wood and wood boards for five eucalypt species (Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla x E. tereticornis, Eucalyptus urophylla x E. camaldulensis and Eucalyptus cloeziana) that were collected from plantation in Dongmen Forestry Center of Guangxi Province, China were tested with standing wave method and their sound absorption properties were also compared. The results showed that the sound absorption coefficients of the five eucalypt wood species did not change evidently below 1000 Hz, but above 1000 Hz their sound absorption coefficients increased with the increasing frequency. The difference in sound absorption coefficient among five species of eucalypt wood is not evident at the tested frequency range (200–2000 Hz), but the sound absorption property ofEucalyptus urophylla at low frequency is better than that of other four species. The sound absorption coefficient of the tangential-sawn board is higher than that of the radial-sawn board. The sound absorption property of eucalypt wood of 0.5 cm in thickness is much better than that of 1.0 cm in thickness. It is concluded that wood sound absorption properties of eucalypts are affected by their board thickness and the type of sawn timber within the testing frequency, but the variance of wood sound absorption property among the five tested species is not significant. Fundation item This study is Part of 2000-4-13 in “948” Project from the State Forestry Administration of P.R. China Biography: JIANG Ze-hui (1939-), female, Professor in Research Institute of Wood Industry in Chinese Academy of Forestry. Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

A review of the utilisation of hardwoods for LVL

This review on the use of hardwoods for the production of LVL revealed that a large number of research studies have been carried out, particularly in North America and three Asian countries (Japan, Malaysia and China). However, the studies have been restricted to species of low to medium density, i.e. 290 to 693 kg/m³. Two major potential uses of hardwood LVL have been investigated in these studies: domestic and industrial structures, and various furniture components. The production of structural LVL in North America and Asia was based predominantly on low density hardwoods. A study currently carried out in Europe aims at using medium density hardwoods for structural LVL. The LVL used for furniture components was produced from medium density hardwoods. No work has been undertaken outside Australia on the use of high density species for LVL. In Australia, studies undertaken on the production of LVL and hardwood plywood from eucalypts revealed that there were significant problems in gluing the dense raw material which often had a high level of extractives. Peeling low quality, small diameter eucalypt logs also created problems when the traditional plywood processing techniques were used. Received 7 July 1997     

测定胶在刨花表面上覆盖率和胶量的方法

一、前言在刨花板中,胶粘剂是以细小的胶滴分布在刨花表面上,刨花表面胶滴的大小和分布的均匀对刨花板的质量至关重要。自1960年以来,胶在刨花表面的分布问题逐渐为人们所重视,并且开展了测定方法的研究。据报道,测定方法大致有几种。各种测定方法是以测定胶的覆盖率或胶量来量度刨花表面胶的分布均匀性。并且受刨花几何形态和刨花大小的限制。本文提出图象法,是将试样或标准件用彩色反转片照相,把试样转变为图象,应用微机图象处理法测定刨花表面胶的覆盖率。对测定覆盖率后的图象进一步使用分光光度计测定图象的光密     

Soft measurement of wood defects based on LDA feature fusion and compressed sensor images

We proposed a detection method for wood defects based on linear discriminant analysis(LDA) and the use of compressed sensor images. Wood surface images were captured, using a camera Oscar F810C IRF camera,and then the image segmentation was performed, and the defect features were extracted from wood board images. To reduce the processing time, LDA algorithm was used to integrate these features and reduce their dimensions. Features after fusion were used to construct a data dictionary and a compressed sensor was designed to recognize the wood defects types. Of the three major defect types, 50 images live knots, dead knots, and cracks were used to test the effects of this method. The average time for feature fusion and classification was 0.446 ms with the classification accuracy of 94%.     

计算机视觉木材表面色差检测的研究

针对木材表面色差的检测问题,提出一种新型的计算机视觉检测方法,即通过建立室内计算机视觉系统,获取木材表面的彩色图像,使用直方图和均方差的方法对色差进行检测。此方法能提高木材生产加工中色差分级的自动化水平和生产效率,提高木材利用率。     

Analysis of quantitative pore features based on mathematical morphology

Wood identification is a basic technique of wood science and industry. Pore features are among the most important identification features for hardwoods. We have used a method based on an analysis of quantitative pore feature, which differs from traditional qualitative methods. We applies mathematical morphology methods such as dilation and erosion, open and close transforma- tion of wood cross-sections, image repairing, noise filtering and edge detection to segment the pores from their background. Then the mean square errors （MSE） of pores were computed to describe the distribution of pores. Our experiment shows that it is easy to classify the pore features into three basic types, just as in traditional qualitative methods, but with the use of MSE of pores. This quantitative method improves wood identification considerably.     

Experimental evaluations of material damping in timber beams of structural dimensions

Understanding the inherent damping mechanisms of floor vibrations has become a matter of increasing importance following the development of new composite floor layouts and increased span. The present study focuses on the evaluation of material damping in timber beam specimens with dimensions that are typical of common timber floor structures. Using the impact test method, 11 solid wood beams and 11 glulam beams made out of Norway Spruce (Picea abies) were subjected to flexural vibrations. The tests involved different spans and orientations. A total of 420 material damping evaluations were performed, and the results are presented as mean values for each configuration along with important statistical indicators to quantify their reliability. The consistency of the experimental method was validated with respect to repeatability and reproducibility. General trends found an increasing damping ratio for higher modes, shorter spans, and edgewise orientations. It is concluded from the results that material damping of timber beams of structural dimensions is governed by shear deformation, which can be expressed more conveniently with respect to the specific mode shape and its derivatives.