木麻黄种源苗期试验初报

木麻黄原产澳大利亚,我国南部沿海引种了不同种源的木麻黄进行试验。从苗期试验结果看出,以木麻黄生长最好,而细枝和粗枝木麻黄生长较差。     

木麻黄树种及种源试验研究

对木麻黄科6个树种在广东饶平进行引种试验,结果表明：6种木麻黄胸径、树高、通直度、保存率等性状存在着极显著差异,并具较高的遗传力。由方差分析及多重比较可知,滨海木麻黄、肥木木麻黄、休格尔木麻黄表现较差,生长缓慢、干形差、保存率也低于50%;粗枝木麻黄表现中等;细枝木麻黄、山神木麻黄及对照（短枝木麻黄）生长较好,适应性较强,适宜在广东沿海地区利用和发展。对细枝木麻黄8个种源、粗枝木麻黄9个种源进一步分析对比,结果表明：细枝木麻黄种源间性状差异极显著,且遗传变异系数较大,遗传力较高,选择潜力大,其中15574、13521种源表现最佳,并能获得较高的遗传增益,而13508、15601种源表现较差;粗枝木麻黄种源在树高、胸径2个指标上存在极显著差异,遗传力较高,但在通直度与保存率指标上差异不显著,遗传力较低,其中15938、15941种源表现较好,具有较高的遗传增益,其余种源表现一般。     

几种木麻黄对木麻黄毒蛾抗性的初步研究

根据1983—1985年木麻黄林间虫害调查及1986—1987年室内外人工饲养木麻黄毒蛾试验结果,细枝木麻黄和粗枝木麻黄比普通木麻黄对毒蛾的抗性强,普通木麻黄上虫口密度比细枝木麻黄高31.2倍,比粗枝木麻黄高12.9倍。毒蛾幼虫取食普通木麻黄枝叶量比粗枝和细枝木麻黄高1.5倍。     

木麻黄地理种源的苗期试验

试验结果表明，木麻黄原苗木生长与根幅、侧根数量、根瘤重量呈正相关，其中以后两者对苗木生长影响较大，种源间的苗高、地径生长差异经方差分析达显著水平，苗期以细枝木麻黄生长较好，木麻黄生长较差，抗青枯病以粗枝木麻黄最强，木麻黄最差。具有速生抗病性能的种源：广泛地区有E2、E3、E9、E15、E19、E30、E35、E48等种源；广东省湛江地区有E7、E11、E21、E29、E47、E48、等种源；海南省有E2、E3、E5、E7、E10、E29等种源，其中以E2、E3、E9、E29和48种源的适应性较广泛。     

应用模糊数学方法探讨木麻黄不同种及种源在我省沿海地区的适宜引种区域

本文应用模糊相似优比法,将引进的木麻黄三个种(细枝C.cunninghamiana、粗枝C.glau-ca、普通木麻黄C.equtsetifolia)共39个种源的原产地气候因子与本省沿海地区24个县(市)相对应的气候因子进行分析计算,从理论上探讨木麻黄不同种及种源在本省沿海地区的适宜引种区域。     

木麻黄不同种源综合评价

针对福建沿海防护林木麻黄品种单一问题，从澳大利亚引进7个木麻黄树种30个种源种子进行造林试验，通过多目标决策法综合评估，筛选出适应能力较强且速生优质的细枝木麻黄（Casuarina cunninghamina）15002种源、山神木麻黄（C．collia）19111种源，粗枝木麻黄（C.glauca）15218种源、13128种源和13987种源，对这些种源进一步进行家系和单株选择，结合无性繁殖的途径，可推广应用于沿海沙地特别是后沿地段造林。     

木麻黄苗期接种弗兰克氏菌效应及其与营养元素的关系*

试验结果表明，细枝木麻黄和粗枝木麻黄的接种效果较山地木麻黄明显。接种不同弗兰克氏菌的木麻黄苗木、其高、地径和生物量均表现出明显的差异。营养元素Ｃａ，Ｃｏ，Ｐ和Ｍｇ有效地提高苗木的接种效果，其中Ｐ是林麻黄生长的固Ｎ的限制因子。接种苗木的含Ｎ量均高于对照的苗木。     

木麻黄有性杂交试验初报

<正> 木麻黄原产澳洲,约有40余种。我国引种的主要有木麻黄、粗枝木麻黄和细枝木麻黄三种。为了选择和培育速生、抗性强、适应性广的品种类型,利用杂种优势,从1974年开始,我们在广东湛江市郊南三林场进行了木麻黄有性杂交试验。几年来,以木麻黄×粗枝木麻黄种间杂交为主,人工授粉17个组合,授粉花穗     

几种木麻黄抗病虫性调查报告

1983——1985年,我们先后调查了平潭、长乐、莆田、惠安、福清、东山等县的不同木麻黄种类(粗枝木麻黄、细枝木麻黄、普通木麻黄)对病虫害(青枯病、木毒蛾、豹蠹蛾)的抗性强弱。结果表明,细枝木麻黄、粗枝木麻黄比普通木麻黄抗病虫能力强,尤其对青枯病和食叶害虫抗性更为显著,而且较稳定。这些初步调查结果,可作为今后木麻黄第二代更新、抗性良种选育时参考取舍。     

福建平潭岛木麻黄农田防护林带更新试验研究

针对福建沿海木麻黄防护林更新难的问题，在平潭岛进行了木麻黄农田防护林带更新试验研究。结果表明：在原林带边耕地上营造的木麻黄生长良好。据测定，普通木麻黄年均生长速度达1．08m，粗枝木麻黄年均生长速度为0．72m；普通木麻黄生长速度超过粗枝木麻黄，两者差异极为显著；原耕地新造木麻黄带生长速度超过原为林带迹地新造的木麻黄林带，两者差异极为显著。     

五种木麻黄的种源引种初报

木麻黄(Casuarinaceae)天然分布于澳大利亚、东南亚和太平洋群岛,位于40° S至16° N左右,85～155° E之间,垂直分布从海岸至海拔3 000多m高山.在长期系统发育过程中形成了众多具有遗传差异的地理种源[1,2].     

我国木麻黄种质资源引种与保存

木麻黄科有4个属96个种,天然分布于澳大利亚、东南亚和太平洋群岛,垂直分布于海平面潮线开始至海拔3000m以上的高山。目前,我国引种木麻黄已有：107a的历史,但加世纪80年代中期,我国才开始系统地从事木麻黄种质资源引种工作,开展了木麻黄种质资源收集、保存,优良种源、家系筛选,无性繁殖、共生菌等研究。到目前为止,在我国海南、广东、福建、浙江和广西等省区,引进了2个属(Gasuarina,Allocasuarina)、23个木麻黄种、200多个种源和260多个家系,通过试验筛选出了一些适合不同立地的优良树种、种源或家系,其中短枝木麻黄和山地木麻黄为全分布区种源。加世纪90年代以来,对异木麻黄属树种,进行了重点引进,共引进了10余种异木麻黄属植物,增加了我国木麻黄遗传资源,并对主要木麻黄种质资源进行了保存和利用。引进的木麻黄树种包括田野木麻黄、迪尔斯木麻黄、双针木麻黄、费雷泽木麻黄、休格尔木麻黄、矮木麻黄、滨海木麻黄、利曼氏木麻黄、纳纳木麻黄、沼泽木麻黄、小松木麻黄、多纹木麻黄、森林木麻黄、轮生木麻黄、山神木麻黄、鸡冠木麻黄、细枝木麻黄、短枝木麻黄、粗枝木麻黄、大木麻黄、山地木麻黄、肥木木麻黄、小齿木麻黄。论文着重介绍了我国木麻黄种质资源的引种驯化历史、研究、保存现状等。     

伞房属4个树种/亚种在广东德庆的早期生长表现

本文分析了引自澳大利亚东部的桃金娘科伞房属4个树种或亚种在广东省德庆试验点的早期生长表现。结果表明：10年生时，4个树种或亚种生长量最大的是斑皮柠檬桉，其次是大叶斑皮桉(Corymbia henryi)、柠檬桉和斑皮桉，平均单株材积分别为0.2026、0.1748、0.1634和0.0526 m3；与8年生时比较，4个树种或亚种在10年生时仍保持较快的增长速度，材积增长均在15%以上。方差分析结果表明：试验组Ⅰ内，柠檬桉和大叶斑皮桉3个生长性状在家系间差异极显著(P＜0.01)；种源间胸径差异达显著水平(P＜0.05)，树高和单株材积无显著差异；在试验组Ⅱ，斑皮柠檬桉和斑皮桉的3个生长性状在树种或亚种、种源、家系间差异极显著(P＜0.01)。以单株材积高于对照为选择目标，选出柠檬桉3个种源4个家系，斑皮柠檬桉4个种源11个家系，大叶斑皮桉2个种源3个家系，共计9个种源18个家系，分别占参试种源和家系总数的50%和19.4%。     

Early growth and survival of Eucalyptus pellita provenances in a range of tropical environments,compared with E. grandis,E. urophylla and Acacia mangium

Provenance/family trials of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell were established at three seasonally-dry tropical sites in northern Australia (two in north Queensland and one on Melville Island in the Northern Territory), and at Luasong, a tropical site with year-round high rainfall and humidity in Sabah, Malaysia. After 2–3 years, it was clear that New Guinea provenances outperformed Queensland provenances in their survival, growth and form, and in their crown health, in the humid tropical environment of Luasong. New Guinea provenances were also clearly superior to Queensland provenances in their growth and form at Melville Island, but less clearly so at Cardwell, Queensland. Among Queensland provenances, Helenvale and Kuranda were superior to the more northerly Cape York provenances, Tozers Gap and Lankelly Creek, while there was little difference between the two New Guinea provenances tested, Bupul-Muting (Irian Jaya) and Keru (Papua New Guinea). Significant differences in growth traits, form and survival were demonstrated between families within provenances. In a species/provenance trial at Luasong, E. pellita displayed better growth and survival than tropical provenances of E. grandis and E. urophylla, but was inferior in growth and crown health to Acacia mangium.     

Three year performance of international provenance trials of Acacia auriculiformis

The performance of 25 provenances in international trials on seven sites in four countries was assessed for survival and growth at 3 years. Of these provenances, seven were from Queensland, 12 from Northern Territory, Australia, and six from Papua New Guinea. Significant growth differences were found: (a) among provenances at four sites, (b) among the sites, and (c) between provenance regions. The interaction between sites and provenances as well as between sites and provenance regions was also significant. The poorest growth was recorded in Kanchanaburi, Thailand, while the best growth was in Banjarbaru, Indonesia. Stability analyses of the provenance x site interaction revealed eight provenances with high vigour and good tree form that were relatively stable across sites. These included Archer River, South Coen, Coen River and Wenlock River provenances from Queensland; Noogoo Swamp and Mann River provenances from Northern Territory; and North Bensbach and Old Tonda Village provenances from Papua New Guinea.     

Provenance-specific growth responses to drought and air warming in three European oak species (Quercus robur, Q. petraea and Q. pubescens)

Provenance-specific growth responses to experimentally applied drought and air warming were studied in saplings of three European oak species: Quercus robur, Quercus petraea and Quercus pubescens. Four provenances of each species were grown in large open-top chambers and subjected to four climates: control, periodic drought, air warming or their combination in 3 subsequent years. Overall growth responses were found among species and provenances, with drought reducing shoot height growth and stem diameter growth and air warming stimulating shoot height growth but reducing stem diameter growth and root length growth. Differential growth responses in shoots, stems and roots resulted in altered allometric growth relations. Root length growth to shoot height growth increased in response to drought but decreased in response to air warming. Stem diameter growth to shoot height growth decreased in response to air warming. The growth responses in shoots and stems were highly variable among provenances indicating provenance-specific sensitivity to drought and air warming, but this response variability did not reflect local adaptation to climate conditions of provenance origin. Shoot height growth was found to be more sensitive to drought in provenances from northern latitudes than in provenances from southern latitudes, suggesting that genetic factors related to the postglacial immigration history of European oaks might have interfered with selective pressure at provenance origins.     

Early performance of Pinus radiata provenances in the earthquakeravaged dry river valley area of Sichuan, southwest China

A provenance experiment involving five native provenances and an Australian landrace of Pinus radiata (D. Don) was established over three sites in the dry river valley area of Sichuan, southwest China in 2004 in order to select the most suitable provenance for environmental planting on the dry, steep and degraded slopes to reduce soil erosion. Although with much lower soil moisture supply and mean minimum temperatures in winter compared to P. radiata provenance trials established elsewhere in the world, these sites are within the working limits of the species defined by previous climate modelling and matching. Because of the difficult site conditions and severe natural disturbances after the experiment was established, mortality was high across the three sites in comparison to provenance trials in other countries. The average mortality rate among the provenance by replicate planting units over the three sites varied from 16% to 76% four years after planting, and from 40% to 88% five years after planting. The repeated measurements of tree size over time were analysed using multilevel linear mixed models to derive growth curves for the mean, median, the 75th and the 90th percentiles of the size distribution of each provenance at each site. There were significant site effects on tree growth, but no significant interactions between site and provenance was detected. Among the six provenances, Cambria was the best performer in diameter, height and stem volume growth across all sites. The better than average and the best trees of this provenance, as represented by the 75th and 90th percentiles of the nominal stem volume distribution, were significantly larger than the Australian landrace, Año Nuevo, and the two island provenances, Guadalupe and Cedros. Monterey was overall the second best performer behind Cambria. The Australian landrace, Guadalupe and Año Nuevo had similar performances in general. Cedros was significantly and consistently inferior to all other native provenances and the Australian land race. Because the genetic base of the present Australian plantations was derived largely from Año Nuevo and Monterey, the superior early growth performance of Cambria at such difficult sites brings a new promise to the search of P. radiata provenances for the vast dryland areas in New South Wales and other parts of Australia.     

邓恩桉优良种源及其家系与优株选择研究

收集邓恩桉全天然分布区种源及其家系进行引种试验,以酷热严寒等极端天气的抗逆性表现,评估其对气候的适应性;采取多点试验联合分析法,回归分析各处理所有地区的生长信息,评估其对不同立地环境的适应性,建立起各种源、家系的生长模型。各种源性状优良,种源间差异不显著,整个天然分布区均为优良种源区;选出最佳种源地12个;优良家系46个,平均34.16 m3·hm-2·yr-1,径高比≥1：90、个体变异≤15%,木材材质好、造纸得浆率49%;家系间差异极显著,优良家系的遗传增益显著大于最佳种源;选优良单株250株,其中68株3年生时始花。区组间差异极显著,大多数种源、家系与地区的交互作用极显著,回归系数大,对生长环境敏感,要有好的立地条件才能发挥其速生特性。     

马尾松不同种源对环境的反应函数和优良种源的合理布局

利用９个生长较好的马尾松种源区域试验点测定材料,建立２４个种源在不同纬度上９年生树高的Ｇａｕｓｓｉａｎ反应函数,发现３个反应函数参数（模式纬度、内稳定性参数和尺度参数）具有显著的地理变异模式。北部种源大多在其原产地以南３～６个纬度的区域内生长表现最佳,而南部种源的原产地大致也是其生长的最适地。一般来讲,南部种源较北部种源具有较高的内稳定性和遗传可塑性,适宜栽植的区域较广。根据优良种源在不同纬度上的生长优势,并考虑到气候等安全因素,为几个马尾松优良种源确定了适合的推广栽植范围。     

Chemical and physiological responses of four Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) provenances to cold temperature treatments

Determining the adaptability to abiotic conditions and potential establishment success of tree species needs to be conducted before attempting to use a species in large-scale afforestation programs. In this study, the chemical and physiological performance of four Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) provenances was investigated after exposure to artificial cold temperature treatments to determine their adaptability to cold environment for potential use in afforestation programs. Seeds were sown and raised for 24, 28, and 32 weeks and exposed to decreasing temperatures in an artificial freezer. Relative electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll fluorescence, and carbohydrate concentrations were measured to determine the variability between provenances. Results showed that diameter and height growth did not vary with origin for each of the three growth stages measured. Root electrolyte leakage values differed between provenances, confirming that cold stress was effectively causing physiological damages when plants were exposed to temperature at ?15 °C and below. The variability observed in the relationship between provenances and cold hardiness responses can be attributed to tree-to-tree variability within provenances and microsites conditions. There was generally no significant difference in chlorophyll fluorescence between provenances, also attributed to low genetic variation between provenances. Carbohydrate concentrations were also very variable and varied significantly among growth stages and provenances. High-altitude provenances had higher soluble carbohydrates concentrations in several cases, suggesting a relationship between altitude, soluble sugars, and cold hardiness. However, these trends were not consistent; therefore, we suggest that such hypotheses be confirmed through more comprehensive further studies.