陕西大熊猫及其栖息地监测评估

为了及时获得大熊猫种群及其栖息地的动态变化及发展趋势,为保护管理决策提供依据。采用样线与样方网络、问卷调查、社区走访和现地调查相结合的方法。在20个自然保护区管护面积428 343hm2,在布设的547条动物样线上,遇见大熊猫11次、大熊猫伴生动物1 202次;发现其他活动痕迹1 196处;大熊猫喜欢在乔木郁闭度0.4以上、灌木盖度30%-69%之间的天然林栖息地活动;竹子盖度在30%以上的竹林所占百分比为48.14%,无竹子面积占32.63%;放牧、挖药对大熊猫栖息地的干扰较大,耕种、其他采集干扰中等,割竹、偷猎、砍伐、砍柴、旅游、采矿、竹子开花干扰较轻。因此秦岭大熊猫栖息地得到了基本保护,大熊猫活动正常,处于稳定期;人为干扰活动基本得到控制,有一支常年工作在野外的监测队伍。     

甘肃省大熊猫生境分析

根据2000～2001年甘肃省第3次大熊猫调查资料,利用SPSS和SAS软件,对甘肃省大熊猫Ailuropoda melanoleuca的生境进行了统计分析.结果表明:甘肃省大熊猫主要栖息在以缺苞箭竹Fargesia.denudata为优势的下木种群森林群落中,其垂直活动范围主要在海拔1 600～2 800 m间,水平分布在文县和迭部一带;竹类种群的特性、地理环境和森林群落的完整性是大熊猫栖息生存的三个主要综合要素;甘肃省大熊猫的生境特征基本上稳定,但该区竹类种群的正态性分布和人为干扰强度是构成其生境不稳定的潜在因素.     

大熊猫野外生存探讨(英文)

濒危的大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)是中国四川、甘肃和陕西省山区所特有的物种 。该种在20世纪70年代有2000多只。由于生境缩小、偷猎和竹林开花等原因所致,到20世纪 90年代,大熊猫种群的数量下降到不足1000只,且分离成32个亚种群。在过去的30多年中, 大量竹林开花和开花后死亡是大熊猫种群数量下降的主要原因。70年代,整个岷山的大熊猫 遭受饥荒,80年代蔓延到琼莱山,造成大熊猫大量死亡。大熊猫的生境被分离成很多小的“ 岛”,每个小的生存地只有几只熊猫,使得大熊猫的生存形式进一步恶化。小的、孤立的大 熊猫种群变的更加脆弱,很容易受到生境退化、自然灾害、疾病和近亲繁殖的威胁,从而导 致灭绝。因此,对于保护野生大熊猫来说,恢复大熊猫的生境并把大熊猫重新引回到它们的 历史生境中去,是一个重要的研究课题。     

陕西大熊猫及其栖息地监测评估

为了及时获得大熊猫种群及其栖息地的动态变化及发展趋势,为保护管理决策提供依据。采用样线与样方网络、问卷调查、社区走访和现地调查相结合的方法。在20个自然保护区管护面积428 343hm2,在布设的547条动物样线上,遇见大熊猫11次、大熊猫伴生动物1 202次;发现其他活动痕迹1 196处;大熊猫喜欢在乔木郁闭度0.4以上、灌木盖度30%～69%之间的天然林栖息地活动;竹子盖度在30%以上的竹林所占百分比为48.14%,无竹子面积占32.63%;放牧、挖药对大熊猫栖息地的干扰较大,耕种、其他采集干扰中等,割竹、偷猎、砍伐、砍柴、旅游、采矿、竹子开花干扰较轻。因此秦岭大熊猫栖息地得到了基本保护,大熊猫活动正常,处于稳定期;人为干扰活动基本得到控制,有一支常年工作在野外的监测队伍。     

大熊猫栖息地竹子及开花现象综述

大熊猫是中国特有的珍稀动物,被称为"活化石",栖息地出现的竹子大面积成片开花现象对其生存构成了威胁。现就大熊猫主食竹的分布、生物学特性、竹子开花等相关方面予以综述,为保护大熊猫赖以生存的竹类资源提供参考。     

人为采笋对大叶筇竹生长及大熊猫采食的影响

马边大风顶自然保护区是大熊猫分布的最南端,具有较高的研究价值,由于各种人为干扰的影响,保护区范围内的大熊猫数量从1992年的36只锐减至2012年第四次全国大熊猫调查的18只。为了探讨大熊猫数量下降的缘由,对马边大风顶自然保护区周边居民人为采笋活动和大叶筇竹生长状况展开了调查。结果显示:保护区周边居民的采笋活动由来已久,采笋的群体组成和空间范围都在逐年扩大,采笋收入是居民生活经济来源的重要组成部分;同20年前的竹子生长状况相比较,采笋活动使得大叶筇竹的基径、高度和密度下降明显。因此,人为采笋对马边大风顶自然保护区大熊猫主食竹生长状况产生了一定的影响,是马边大熊猫栖息地选择的重要影响因素。     

分布区最北缘大熊猫生存威胁因素与保护对策

2006年9月~2007年6月,我们对太白山大熊猫进行了全面调查。结果表明,太白山自然保护区内共有大熊猫11只,是秦岭大熊猫一块新增栖息地。太白山大熊猫的发现,在动物地理演化分布上具有重要科学价值。本文分析了威胁太白山大熊猫生存的主要因素,并提出了今后保护管理对策,为有效保护太白山大熊猫及其栖息地提供科学依据。     

Key factors for causing poplar Ice Nucleation Active bacterial canker and its control techniques

The isolation, culture and the active determination of poplar ice nucleation active (INA) bacteria and the inoculation tests in laboratory and field were conducted, and the varieties, distribution and number of poplar INA bacteria and its pathogenicity and freezing injury property were determined. The study results showed that the INA bacteria widely spread on poplar in Northeast China and caused the frozen injury for poplar under the frost condition in Spring or Autumn, which was the key factor to induce INA bacterial canker. Through evaluation and investigation of different poplar varieties and inoculation tests, fine disease-resistant varieties and strains of poplar suitable for Northeast China were selected. Further tests for strong seedling showed that burying cuttings in sand and covering with plastic film could effectively avoid the frostbite, frozen and drought damage, reduce INA bacteria infection, and promote poplar growth. INA bacterial canker was detected early by highly specialized antiserums of INA bacteria and the agglutinated test of ring-shaped boundary surface. The inducers such as streptomycin, phenylmercuric acetae, salicylic acid and heat-killed bacteria to immerse cuttings, have obvious induced disease-resistant effect. Before poplar sprouted in early spring, through spraying the solution of frostbite agent, the control effect also was obvious. Foundation item: This paper was supported by National Foundation of Ninth Five-Year Plan (No.96-005-04-01-03). Biography: XIANG Cun-ti (1933-), male, professor in Collage of Forest Resources and Environment of Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Age structure and dynamics of Zoysia japonica module population

The age structure of the natural Zoysia japonica clonal population at Qipan Mountain in Huishan Scenic Spot of Shenyang,Liaoning Province, China was studied using the morphological method in 2003 and 2004. The dynamics of leaves were recorded and the dynamics of tiller and rhizome in the growing season were observed. The results indicated that the rhizomes formed in different years changed in color and rigidity. Its internodes produced in autumn became shorter. The number of naked nodes changed with the tiller age.Rhizome and tiller characters were used as a foundation for judging the ages of modules in this study. The longevity of tiller and rhizome was 3 years at most. At the beginning of the growing season, 2-year-old tillers and rhizomes predominated. Then I -year-old tillers and rhizomes increased rapidly and became dominant in July. The proportion of buds to tillers on quantity was stable at about 30% in the mid-phase of the growing season and rose to about 50% in autumn. The seasonal dynamics of tiller, rhizome and bud was very important to guarantee the sustained existence of the Zoysia japonica population. The turnover of modules was the mechanism of sustaining the rejuvenation of the Zoysia japonica clonal population.     

长青自然保护区大熊猫及其栖息地保护管理的探索

长青保护区坚持在大熊猫栖息地开展保护科研一体化的探索,积累了一定的管理经验及大量的信息和数据。实践证明：保护科研一体化对恢复已遭受破坏了的大熊猫栖息地生境,促进大熊猫栖息地质量的改善和提高,了解和掌握以大熊猫为主的野生动植物种群数量及其分布规律,及时救治伤病野生动物和防控森林病虫害,控制区内非法活动和人为干扰,增进周边社区群众的保护意识和参与性保护等方面发挥了极其重要的作用。     

大熊猫主食竹种及其生物多样性

现代大熊猫分布在四川西部37个县市区、陕西南部5个县和甘肃南部1个县,栖息地面积约200,000 km2,竹林面积约600,000 hm2,竹子蓄积量约18,000,000 t。分布范围在λ(E)102°00′~108°11,′ψ(N)27°53′~33°55,′常年活动在海拔(1 200)2 000 m~3 000(3 600)m之间。从南到北长度直线距离约750 km,东西宽约50 km~180km,处于我国地形第一级阶梯青藏高原向第二级阶梯高原山地盆地过渡地带上,呈狭长状弧形分布外貌,但并不连续而是作岛状的间断分布。大熊猫主食竹种在其分布范围内,分隶于竹亚科仅有的箣竹超族和北美箭竹超族2个超族中,前者含5属19种,后者含6属45种,一共采食11属64种竹子。其中除箣竹属的孝顺竹、硬头黄竹,慈竹属的慈竹及苦竹属的斑苦竹为栽培外,其余8属51种均为野生竹种,并有大面积的天然竹林。慈竹属、刚竹属、筇竹属、巴山木竹属和箬竹属等5属为我国特产,占大熊猫主食竹属的45%。筇竹属、镰序竹属、方竹属、箭竹属、玉山竹属和巴山木竹属等90%以上的种类产于我国西南部山区,而且大熊猫分布区也是该6属的分化中心和现代分布中心之一。大熊猫分布区的植物区系起源古老,成分复杂。在大熊猫天然采食的64种竹种中,除峨眉箬竹分布区域小和数量零星,不足以形成独立的群系外,其余63种竹子均可在竹林植被型中形成独立的群系。中国大熊猫栖息地主要是针叶林和阔叶林两个植被型组,有时偶见活动于灌丛植被型组区域。在针叶林植被型组共有5个植被型中的寒温性针叶林、温凉性针叶林、温凉性针阔叶混交林和暖性针叶林等4个植被型及以竹子为次优势层片的59个以上植物群丛组,阔叶林植被型组的落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林等3个植被型及以竹子为次优势层片的56个以上植物群丛组,总计针、阔叶林有7个植被型及115个以上植物群丛组是大熊猫的栖息地。其中温凉性针阔叶混交林又是大熊猫的最主要栖息地,周年四季都有活动足迹和采食其林下竹种。大熊猫栖息在有竹子为次优势层片的森林植物群落中,不但有食物的保障,而且有复杂的森林生态系统和良好的生活环境,使大熊猫得以长期延续生存繁衍和不断发展。     

秦岭大熊猫野外饮水行为特征

根据陕西佛坪国家级自然保护区大熊猫野外跟踪观察、巡护监测、患病大熊猫抢救等资料,研究了大熊猫野外饮水习性和患病特征,结果表明,正常情况下,大熊猫不存在"醉水"现象,尽管患病者多发现于水源附近,但嗜饮是患病大熊猫自我疗病的适应行为和应急对策,而并非患病原因。大熊猫患病冬春季明显多于夏秋季,冬春季是大熊猫巡护、监测的重点季节,对水源附近行动迟缓、连续饮水者,结合鼻镜、粪便等观察,应及时处置、抢救。     

大熊猫栖息地评价指标体系初探

生物的生境是指生物生活繁衍的场所,由生物与非生物环境构成.近几个世纪以来,物种绝灭的速度加快,生物多样性丧失的最重要的原因是生物生境被人为破坏.对保护生物的生境评价,是分析这些物种种群减少和濒危原因的重要手段,同时其能为制定合理的保护对策提供依据.根据大熊猫生境分布特点,将影响大熊猫生境质量的因素分为非生物环境因子、生物环境因子和干扰因子,探讨大熊猫生境评价的指标体系,为大熊猫栖息地评价提供参考.     

Wenchuan 512 earthquake and giant panda habitat in Wolong, China: A review of strong earthquake effects

In May 12, 2008, a strong earthquake occurred in Wenchuan County in the northern Sichuan Province of China. It registered 8.0 on the Richter scale with an 11-degree quake intensity, killing a large number of people, and causing extensive damage to the local environment. Wolong National Nature Reserve is about 30 km away from the epicenter and is one of the most important giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) habitats in China. Based on the impacts of the Wenchuan 512 earthquake and those of other strong earthquakes in the world, this paper reviews and discusses effects of strong earthquakes on geomorphology, soil chemical and physical properties, forests, bamboo growth, biodiversity, and giant panda habitat. This information may be useful for scientists when undertaking research projects on natural geography, ecological restoration, and habitat restoration in the Reserve and the disaster area.     

大熊猫生态旅游对大熊猫及其栖息地的影响及对策分析

大熊猫生态旅游是一种独特的生态旅游方式,近年来发展迅速。本文结合生态旅游的知识阐述了大熊猫生态旅游的定义、特点以及开发现状,分析了大熊猫生态旅游对大熊猫及其栖息地产生的不良影响,并提出了科学开发大熊猫生态旅游的相关对策和建议。     

Living characteristics of rare and endangered species —Davidia involucrata

Dovetree (Davidia involucrate), one of the first-class protective plants in China, is a relic species of paleotropical kingdom in Tertiary period, belonging toDavidiaceae with a single genus. In recent years, the increase of regional developing projects has led to a sharp decrease of this ancient and rare plant in naturally distributed habitats and natural population. In this paper, the biological and ecological characteristics of Dovetree were described, and the geographically distributed condition of this species in different geologic periods as well as the major reasons for dynamic changes of its population were systematically analyzed in accordance with field researches and references. The investigations conducted in different years by setting up standard sample plots showed that the population number of Dovetree increased yearly in the areas without human interference but decreased yearly in the areas with human interference. With the increase of population density and human activities decreased as the logarithmic curve:Y=−100.7ln(x)+178.09, and it has turned from a dominant population into an endangered population. Based on the former and present studies on Dovetree, some protection strategies were put foreword for protecting this ancient and rare species. Foundation Item: This research was coordinated by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39970591) Biography: Wu Gang (1965-), Male, Professor in Key Laboratory of Systems Ecology, Research Center for Eco Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

大熊猫主食竹增补竹种整理

由于大熊猫选择部分竹类植物为主要食物源,大熊猫主食竹的地理分布是决定大熊猫地理分布的重要影响因素之一。因此,对大熊猫主食竹的种类与分布进行研究,对于深入了解大熊猫的迁徙历史和协同演化、以及推动大熊猫保护工作的科学、健康、有序发展,尤其是迁地保护意义重大。大熊猫主食竹曾经报道过11属,包括65种、1变种和3变型。其中,箣竹属Bambusa Retz.corr.Schreber 2种,慈竹属Neosinocalamus Keng f.1种3变型,刚竹属Phyllostachys Sieb.et Zucc.5种1变种,方竹属Chimonobambusa Makino 6种,筇竹属Qiongzhuea Hsueh et Yi 5种,镰序竹属Drepanostachyum Keng f.2种,箭竹属Fargesia Franch.emend.Yi 25种,玉山竹属Yushania Keng f.10种,苦竹属Pleioblastus Nakai 1种,巴山木竹属Bashania Keng f.et Yi 6种,箬竹属Indocalamus Nakai 2种。后来,黄毛竹、大琴丝竹和金丝慈竹被修订为栽培品种Neosinocalamus affinis ‘Chrysotrichus’、N.affinis ‘Flavidorivens’、N.affinis ‘Flavidorivens’。本文增补了方竹属3种、4栽培品种;刚竹属2种;箭竹属2种;玉山竹属1种;月月竹属Menstruocalamus Yi 1种;茶秆竹属Pseudosasa Makino ex Nakai 1种;箬竹属4种。共计7属、13种、4栽培品种。到目前为止,中国的大熊猫主食竹共有13属、78种、1变种、7栽培品种。     

大熊猫主食竹种研究综述

近年来,随着生存环境的逐步恶化,对大熊猫的保护越来越受到人们的关注,而竹子作为大熊猫的主要食物资源,对其的研究成为保护大熊猫这一濒危生物的关键。文章从竹种的分类与分布、生物生态学特性、生理生化特征、竹林培育技术技术以及高新技术在竹类研究中的应用等方面对近年来大熊猫主食竹种研究的成果进行了系统总结,最后提出了研究存在的三个方面的不足及今后的发展方向。     

巴山木竹研究现状及展望

巴山木竹是大熊猫的主食竹种之一,具有较高的经济价值。文章从巴山木竹的生物学特性、与大熊猫的相互关系、营养成分和开发利用等方面,对巴山木竹的研究现状进行了分析和总结,提出了以无性系种群生态学、分子水平遗传多样性和"3S"技术的运用为代表的巴山木竹研究的新方向。     

繁殖期野生大熊猫救护——外伤处理

针对大熊猫在繁殖季节,雄性个体为争夺配偶而打斗,引起撕咬伤和摔伤,不及时处理往往会导致伤口感染、炎症、溃烂等症状,甚至个体死亡,而国内迄今没有野生动物繁殖期外伤处理指导方法和技术规程的状况。本文根据佛坪自然保护区三官庙工作站2个救治案例,对繁殖期野生大熊猫野外打斗造成的外伤处理及其恢复状况进行探讨,为后期野外大熊猫救治工作提供治疗方法指导,同时也为其它野生动物的野外救护提供参考。