发现鸟类之美

<正>黑翅长脚鹬亲鸟带着一群刚出生的幼鸟在浅滩上行走。亲鸟时不时停下来警戒周围的环境,尤其是提防空中的猛禽。黑颈长脚鹬属鸻形目反嘴鹬科长脚鹬属的一种,羽毛为茶黑褐色,嘴、脚都很长,趾间无蹼,体态修长优美,被誉为"鸟中芭蕾舞者"。拍摄时间:2010年拍摄地点:辽河口湿地拍摄鸟名:黑翅长脚鹬     

贺兰县重要湿地野生鸟类迁徙种群达24种

<正>据贺兰县自然资源局湿地生态监测表明,自3月3日冰雪消融、鸟类迁徙开始,到4月29日绿满大地、姹紫嫣红、鸟类迁徙结束,途径贺兰县境的6处重要湿地陆生野生鸟类种群达24种。停歇、繁育和栖息在此的野生鸟类有8目13科24种,分别为雁形目鸭科的斑嘴鸭、红嘴潜鸭、白眼潜鸭、绿头鸭、红颈鸭;鸻形目反嘴鹬科的反嘴鹬、黑翅长脚鹬,丘鹬科的杓鹬,鸥科的红嘴鸥、渔鸥、鸥嘴噪鸥;鹈形目鹭科的白琵鹭、苍鹭、草鹭、池鹭、中白鹭;     

福建沿海越冬鸻鹬类多样性及动态变化

2006—2023年,对福建沿海主要海湾、河口的越冬鸻鹬类进行了10个年度的同步调查,共记录到越冬鸻鹬类41种,其中国家一级保护野生动物有勺嘴鹬1种;国家二级保护野生动物有小杓鹬、白腰杓鹬、大杓鹬、翻石鹬、大滨鹬、阔嘴鹬等6种;种群数量较多的鸻鹬类有黑腹滨鹬、环颈鸻、反嘴鹬、白腰杓鹬等。福建沿海越冬鸻鹬类主要分布在闽江河口、兴化湾、泉州湾、福清湾、湄洲湾、东山湾和诏安湾等,数量总体呈现增长趋势。     

“极危萌物”勺嘴鹬

<正>勺嘴鹬(学名:Eurynorhynchus pygmeus)是小型涉禽,属于鹬科,勺嘴鹬属。又名琵嘴鹬或匙嘴鹬,是一种仅分布于东亚—澳大利亚候鸟迁徙路线上的鸟类。和大多数生活在沿海滩涂上的鸻鹬类水鸟相似,勺嘴鹬羽毛颜色以黑灰白为主,但嘴前端扁平膨大,像是在头部安装了一个"勺子"。勺嘴鹬圆头腿短,形态憨态可掬,觅食"自带勺子",极受观鸟爱好者     

黑杨派无性系不同冠层叶片性状变异和生长选择

[目的]对13个黑杨派无性系3年生人工林上、中、下3个冠层水平上叶片栅栏组织、海绵组织和叶片总厚度等解剖性状,气孔密度和长度等气孔性状以及生长性状的变异及性状间相关性进行分析,并用于对生长性状的间接选择研究,以提高选择效率和缩短育种周期.[方法]选用2根1干、规格一致的苗木营建试验林,完全随机区组试验设计,5株×5行共计25株小区,3次重复区组,株行距3m×5m,每个区组选2株平均木,依照树冠自然分枝轮序,由上至下依次分上、中、下层,在各冠层南面方向上各取1个代表性一级分枝,选取其成熟叶片测定叶片性状,并连年测定1～4年生长性状,对性状进行方差分析和相关性分析,以生长性状(3年生和4年生胸径)和3个冠层的叶片性状(共计11个性状)进行主成分分析.[结果]13个黑杨派无性系1～4年生生长性状(胸径、树高和材积)差异极显著,叶片解剖性状、气孔性状亦存在显著变异.不论冠层,多数无性系叶片栅栏组织厚度均大于海绵组织厚度,且各无性系叶片下表面气孔密度均大于上表面气孔密度,叶片下表面与上表面气孔长度相近.大多数无性系的树冠上层叶片栅栏组织、海绵组织厚度和叶片总厚度大于下层,上层叶片上表面气孔密度大于中层和下层.不同冠层上叶片上表面气孔密度与1～4年生胸径之间呈极显著负相关,中层叶片上表面气孔密度与3年生和4年生胸径的相关系数分别为-0.755和-0.736,上层叶片下表面气孔密度与2年生胸径之间呈正相关(r=0.402),但中层和下层叶片下表面气孔密度与1～4年生胸径之间相关关系不显著.树冠中层叶片海绵组织厚度与1年和3年生胸径之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.319,-0.339),但不同冠层叶片栅栏组织厚度、叶片总厚度和上下表面气孔长度与1～4年生胸径之间相关性均不显著.11个性状主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,前3个主成分的累积贡献率分别为82.7％,87.5％和88.3％,以前2个主成分为综合指标,可将13个无性系分为3组,选出生长量大的7个无性系,其叶片上表面气孔密度较小,下表面气孔密度较大,上表面和下表面气孔长度较小,海绵组织厚度较小.[结论]黑杨派无性系之间生长性状和不同冠层叶片解剖结构(栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度)及气孔性状(密度和长度)存在显著变异和相关关系,与生长相关关系显著的不同冠层叶片性状可用于黑杨派无性系生长的间接选择.     

鹬类鸟,你知道多少?

泽鹬流苏鹬勺嘴鹬铁嘴沙尖尾滨鹬阔嘴鹬红腹滨鹬反嘴鹬长嘴剑2006·1森林与人类翻石鹬尖尾滨鹬弯嘴滨鹬鹤鹬矶鹬金眶中杓鹬大滨鹬半蹼鹬黑翅长脚鹬forest&humankind2006·1小青脚鹬2006·1森林与人类灰尾鹬forest&humankind2006·1鹬类鸟体态、喙、腿和羽毛等会有所差异。有经验的观鸟者可以从下面的剪影识别出其中大部分2006·1森林与人类大部分鸟,但我们一般人做不到。有兴趣的话,对照前面的图片,看看你能辨别几种鸟?鹬类鸟,你知道多少?@袁晓 @姚毅 @王通~~…     

6种野生耐旱花卉解剖学特征与耐旱性的关系

为给干旱、半干旱地区野生花卉的引种驯化提供理论依据,对燕山地区6种野生耐旱花卉营养器官的结构进行了观察与测定,对其中的叶片角质层厚度、叶片气孔密度、栅栏组织厚度与海绵组织厚度的比值、第1层栅栏组织细胞密集度、侧脉间距离、根皮层厚度与根半径之比、初生木质部导管数目、后生木质部导管平均直径等8个主要耐旱结构指标作了方差分析与多重比较,并采用隶属函数对种间耐旱性进行了综合评判。结果表明:6种野生耐旱花卉叶片耐旱性强弱依序为南蛇藤>栓翅卫矛>叶底珠>孩儿拳头>木半夏>蚂蚱腿子;初生根耐旱性强弱依序为叶底珠>孩儿拳头>栓翅卫矛>南蛇藤>蚂蚱腿子>木半夏,与其实际耐旱能力的排序(叶底珠>栓翅卫矛>木半夏>孩儿拳头>南蛇藤>蚂蚱腿子)相比,出现了顺序上的交错现象;所选耐旱指标在对花卉耐旱的作用上,以角质层厚度、栅栏组织厚度与海绵组织厚度的比值和第1层栅栏组织细胞密集的贡献最大,初生根的贡献较小,这预示了6种野生耐旱花卉解剖结构与耐旱途径的多样性。     

扎龙自然保护区春季水禽的调查

水禽是扎龙保护区的主要保护对象和湿地生态系统的重要组成部分。为了监测扎龙保护区鸟类的动态变化,2011年3—5月,我们对湿地内迁徙水禽和繁殖水禽的数量和种类等做了系统的调查。调查结果显示:2011年扎龙湿地春季迁徙水禽35种,繁殖水禽46种;迁徙时间从3月中旬持续到5月上旬;扎龙湿地实施补水后,繁殖鹤类的数量较补水前显著增多;与以往的监测数据比较,黑翅长脚鹬等鹬类和白翅浮鸥、须浮鸥等鸥类的数量有逐年增加的趋势,黑水鸡、骨顶鸡以及苍鹭、草鹭等水禽的数量趋于减少。     

海南岛红树林的消长对水鸟的影响

选择海南岛有红树林分布的地点和红树林完全消失的地点,于2003-2005年冬季进行越冬水鸟资源调查.结果表明:在有红树林分布的区域如后水湾和东寨港等地,由于底栖生物的密度较高,因此水鸟的种类、数量以及水鸟多样性都明显高于没有红树林分布的地点.鸭科、鸻科和鹬科水鸟的数量和种数在两者之间并无显著差异,而鹭科鸟类的种数和数量以及鸥科鸟类的种数在两者之间存在着显著差异.一些体型中等的鹬类如红脚鹬、青脚鹬和泽鹬的数量明显多于没有红树林分布的地点.从判别分析的结果可以看出,鹭科鸟类的种数和总数量是判别两地点最重要的2个变量.     

6个油茶品种叶片解剖结构与耐寒性的关系

【目的】探讨油茶叶片解剖结构与耐寒性的关系,为油茶耐寒品种的选育和引种栽培提供参考依据。【方法】选取6个油茶品种为试验材料,利用常规石蜡切片技术和指甲油印迹法测量了9项叶片组织结构指标;通过聚类分析、相关分析对各项指标进行筛选,应用隶属函数法进一步综合评价6个品种的耐寒性。【结果】油茶为异面叶,上、下表皮细胞只有一层且排列紧密,气孔仅分布于下表皮,栅栏组织细胞为2~3层,叶片厚度差异显著。各品种间上表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度及气孔密度的差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),叶片厚度、海绵组织厚度、下表皮、栅海比、组织结构紧密度、组织结构疏松度的差异均显著(P<0.05),影响油茶耐寒性的主要指标为上表皮厚度、海绵组织厚度、组织结构紧密度和气孔密度,6个品种的耐寒性由强至弱依次为:大别山1号>鄂油102号>赣州油8号>长林4号>岑软3号>鄂油54号。【结论】影响油茶耐寒性的主要叶片解剖结构指标是上表皮厚度、海绵组织厚度、组织结构紧密度和气孔密度,单独以某项指标分析时的差异较大,叶片作为完整的器官各个组织及其结构间必然相互影响,因此必须对其进行综合比较分析,这4项指标的差异在一定程度上可以反映不同品种油茶耐寒性的变化;但若要准确评价各个油茶品种的耐寒性,则需要同时考虑与其耐寒性相关的生理生化指标及其田间生长情况。     

Observation on Ultra-micro Structure of Eggshell and Analysis of Composition of Eggshell and Feather in Great Bustard

IntroductionGreatBustaFd(OtiStBfdB),Gruiformes,Qtidae.ItismainlydistributedinEurope,southofSiberia,andInnerMongoliaAutonomousregioll,JinnProvinceandHeilongjiangProvinceinChina.ItisnearextinCtinCtionbecauseofoverhunting,therefore,itwaslabeledinAppendixlofCITESin1987.InChina,itwasraisedartificiallysincetheearlyof1950s,butfirSttriedinzoosin1987.UPtonow,therearestillmanytechnicalproblemsonartificialbreedingbeingunsolved.SoresearchongreatbuStardwillprovidescientificbasisforartificialbr…     

Changes in micropores in dry wood with elapsed time in the environment

To investigate the changes in microstructures of wood with elapsed time in the environment, CO₂ adsorption onto dry wood was measured at ice-water temperature (273 K) for samples aged from 0.1 years to over 1000 years. The micropore size distribution was obtained using the Horvath-Kawazoe method. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood decreased in number with elapsed time in the environment, and a negative correlation was found between cumulative pore volume for pores smaller than 0.6 nm and elapsed time in the environment. Cumulative pore volume in the 1000-year sample was almost half of that in the 0.1- year sample. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood with a few decades or more of elapsed time increased in number after rewetting and drying. Consequently, microstructures of wood with longer time elapsed in the environment were considered to be more stable, because of longer-term thermal motion and possibly more repeated moisture adsorption and desorption and/or temperature variation in the environment.     

稠李巢蛾生物学特性研究

稠李巢蛾是一种食叶害虫,以幼虫取食嫩芽、嫩叶为害,在海拉尔地区1年发生1代.主要为害稠李、杜梨、苹果等植物的叶片.以幼龄幼虫在卵壳覆盖物下越冬.     

Wood Microstructure Effects on Chinese White Poplar Dyeing

In order to study the influence of wood microstructure on wood dyeing, eleven parameters of wood microstructure and 5 parameters of wood dyeing effects for 34 pieces of wood boards from 5 trees of Chinese white poplar (Populus tomentosa) were determined and the multiple regression analysis between the factors of wood microstructures and the parameters of wood dyeing effects were made. The regression results show that each variable of wood dyeing effects has higher relationship with wood microstructures, and multiple correlation coefficients between each variable of wood dyeing effects and wood microstructures are 0.483 6~0.799 8. The main factors of wood microstructures influencing wood dyeing of Chinese white poplar are proportion of wood ray, proportion of vessel and proportion of wood fiber according to comparing the standardized regression coefficients of multiple regression equation.     

国外木素制胶粘剂的研究进展

木素是最重要的天然多酚类,系由苯基丙烷单体组成,由碳-碳和醚键连接,形成高分子量的分子。由于木素与酚醛树脂的微结构有相似之处,因此人们试图用木素代替酚制胶,或把本素与酚醛缩聚制成酚醛树脂用于胶粘剂。近年来,发表了许多专利介绍用各种木素制胶的途径,包括亚硫酸盐、硫酸盐、水解、溶剂分解和蒸汽爆碎的木素,某些试验已达到了中试的程度。     

Influence of heating and drying history on micropores in dry wood

To investigate the influence of heating and drying history on the microstructure of dry wood, in addition to the dynamic viscoelastic properties, CO₂ adsorption onto dry wood at ice.water temperature (273 K) was measured, and the micropore size distribution was obtained using the Horvath-Kawazoe (HK) method. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm exist in the microstructures of dry wood, and they decreased with elevating out-gassing temperature and increased again after rewetting and drying. Dry wood subjected to higher temperatures showed larger dynamic elastic modulus (E′) and smaller loss modulus (E″). This is interpreted as the result of the modification at higher temperature of the instability caused by drying. Drying history influenced the number of micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in dry wood not subjected to high temperature, although the difference in the number of micropores resulting from the drying history decreased with increasing out-gassing temperature. A larger number of micropores smaller than 0.6 nm exist in the microstructure of dry wood in more unstable states, corresponding to smaller E′ and larger E″ than in the stable state. Consequently, unstable states are considered to result from the existence of temporary micropores in the microstructures of dry wood, probably in lignin. Part of this report was presented at the 55th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, March 2005, and at the 56th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Akita, August 2006     

Influence of histories on dynamic viscoelastic properties and dimensions of water-swollen wood

The influences of heating history, cooling method, and cooling set on microstructures and the mechanical properties of water-swollen wood were studied by measuring viscoelastic properties and dimensional changes while elevating temperatures between 20°C and 90°C. Both the viscoelastic properties and dimensional changes of waterswollen wood in the first heating process were quite different from those in the other heating processes. The results revealed that the molecular state of green wood around room temperature was stabilized and could not return to this state if drying or heating was carried out. Cooling methods greatly affected the viscoelastic properties, while they hardly affected dimensional changes when the temperature was elevated. Localized stress in the microstructures of water-swollen wood produced by quenching affected the mechanical properties in the heating process, while external stress less than the proportional limit caused by a cooling set had no effect. This revealed that much greater localized stress linked to the instability of waterswollen wood than the external stress in relation to the cooling set occurred. Part of this report was presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Fukuoka, March 2003     

蒸汽爆破预处理对柞木微观结构的影响

对采用0.4MPa压力进行蒸汽爆破预处理及干燥的柞木板材,通过扫描电子显微镜对试件的微观结构进行观察,并对经过爆破处理和未爆破处理的试件的微观结构进行分析比较.试验表明,柞木经爆破处理后管胞纹孔边缘开裂,射线薄壁细胞产生细小的裂隙,导管内的侵填体剥落,这些对木材的力学强度没有太大的影响,但使得木材的渗透性得以提高.     

树种枝叶微观结构对树种燃烧性的影响研究

选择具有不同抗火能力的亚热带树种来研究树叶和树枝的微观组织结构与燃烧性的关系，分别测定木荷、茶树、油茶、苦槠、女贞、石楠、日本珊瑚树、枇杷、杉木和马尾松等10个树种叶片、叶脉和树枝的组织比，并利用锥形量热仪测定样品的阻火性。结果发现，树叶构造对燃烧性有影响，阔叶树种的树叶结构有利于水分的传输与蒸散，叶脉中木质部比重越大，越有利于水分的传输；海绵组织，栅栏组织与火发生指数之间存在显著的回归关系，茶树、木荷的海绵组织，栅栏组织比值高，抗火能力强。树枝的燃烧性与其结构密切相关。特别是树枝的抗火性与其导管所占比例正相关，木荷、日本珊瑚树的导管比重大，传输水分的能力强，抗火烧能力强。     

基于玫瑰花瓣褶皱微表面特性仿生构筑疏水竹材的研究

本研究利用软印刷法以不同浓度的聚乙烯醇（PVA）为弹性印章,以新鲜红玫瑰花为模板,经过二次复形将玫瑰花表面微纳褶皱结构转印到竹材表面,制备得到具有类玫瑰花表面微观结构的疏水竹材。试样表面利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及水接触角进行检测,结果显示类玫瑰花竹材样品具有乳突状和凹槽状微纳米结构的粗糙褶皱表面。研究发现,以10% PVA为模板复形的竹材表面水接触角接近于新鲜玫瑰花瓣表面的水接触角数值,展现出良好的疏水特性。