长白落叶松种子园优良无性系选择方法研究

本研究以长白落叶松种子园子代测定结果品质优良、结实量多、种子发芽率高这３项指标为依据，对种子园优良无性系进行选择，共选出优质、高产、品质优良无性系１０个。以方差分析结果为依据，估算出树高、胸径、材积的遗传力分别为０７２８、０７１３和０６８７；遗传增益分别为７６％、１１７％和８２％；材积生长量超过对照６４４０％，超过各无性系均值１３１１％。这些优良无性系是建立第二代种子园的理想材料，同时也为种子园疏伐、留优去劣提供了科学、可靠的依据。     

日本落叶松优良家系选择的研究

对日本落叶松初级种子园６０个自由授粉家系研究结果表明，家系的树高、胸径、材积等生长性状都存在着明显遗传变异。选出的１７个优良家系的平均遗传增益，树高为４３％，胸径为１３１％，材积为２６１％。优良家系可在豫西伏牛山区造林中应用推广。     

长白落叶松种子园优良无性系选择方法研究

本研究以长白落叶松各子园子代测定结果品质优良、结实量多、种子发芽率高达３项指标为依据，对种子园优良无性系进行选择，共选出优质、高产、品质优良无性系１０个。以方差分析结果为依据，估算出树高、胸径、材积的遗传力分别为０．７２８、０．７１３和０．６８７；遗传增益分别为７．６％、１１．７％和８．２％；材积生长量超过对照６４４．０％，超过各一系均值１３１．１％。这些优良无性系是增产经二代种子园的理想材料，同     

杉木衬级种子园种植价值测定初步结果

本文报道了我国近５０个已形成商品生产力的杉木种子园，种子遗传品质的大田测验幼林结果。试验表明：①各地种子园的种子与未经改良的种子一样，均有不同的遗传品质，说明非所有种子园种子都有同等使用价值；②不少种子园的种子比当地一般种子的遗传品质要高，说明具有一定的改良效果，但比优良种源区的种子的种用价值又低了些，可见，不经实地试验，推广杉木种子园种子，应取慎重态度，为了提高初级种子园的遗传品质极需要做种子园的去劣淘汰。     

长白落叶松优良无性系造林增产效益研究

１９８５年选择长白落叶松种子园优良无性系进行芽接,于１９８７年营造丰产林０４８ｈｍ２,以普通长白落叶松作对照。树龄８年生时,优良无性系树高、胸径、材积及每公顷蓄积量平均值分别为３９９ｍ、３４８ｃｍ、２０２×１０－４ｍ３和２２４４ｍ３,分别为对照１０６２％、１０３３％、１２３９％和１２３８％;１３年生时上述各因子平均值为７１８ｍ、７９４ｃｍ、２２６６×１０－４ｍ３和２５１７５ｍ３,分别为对照１３４５％、１２８３％、２２１７％和２２１８％。若用最优无性系与对照比较,增产幅度更大。优良无性系造林是高效林业的有效途径之一,也是今后营林事业发展的方向。因此,应选择生长快、结实多、种子品质优良的无性系通过嫁接用于造林,并将产生显著的社会、生态和经济效益     

樟子松、长白落叶松种子园喷施稀土、满果粉对开花结实影响的研究

根据错海林木良种基地小区试验和中试结果认为：喷施稀土、满果粉对提高球果、种子产量和种子质量均有明显的效果；在小试的４种剂型和中试的３种剂型中，均以满果粉和农乐效果最好，产种量比对照有提高：樟子松２２．１％～４７．０％、长白落叶松１３．４％～５０．５％；在樟子松种子园中，出种率、千粒重、发芽率及发芽势分别比对照提高８．７％、１３．９％、２７．０％、３０．３％；在长白落叶松种子园中，出种率、千粒重、发芽率、发芽势分别比对照提高２．４％、２８．３％、７．７％和６．３％；在促进结实提高产种量上，最佳浓度均为０．０５％。经测算，樟子松种子园和长白落叶松种子园中投入产出比分别为１∶４和１∶８，经济效益显著     

樟子松初级种子园子代测定及早期增益研究

根据对错海林木良种基地四个优树产地的樟子松初级种子园种子播种品质的测定和对其三年生子代苗、七年生子代林高、径、材积生长量的观察和统计分析认为:(1)种子园种子播种品质优良。千粒重、发芽率和发芽势显著高于原产地对照种子,千粒重大39%,发芽率和发芽势均高出21个百分点;(2)种子园子代苗期表现速生,七年生幼林仍保持较高生长优势,材积生长量比对照大39%;其中优良家系尤为突出,材积生长量比对照大69%;(3)用方差分析方法估算樟子松主要数量性状的遗传力,树高为0.67,直径为0.63,材积为0.59;(4)根据四个产地种子园子代生长量有很大差异,认为在选择和利用优良种源基础上再选择优良单株建立种子园,能大大提高树种改良效果,显著提高种子园遗传增益;(5)种子园子代测定证明,错海林木良种基地樟子松初级种子园质量优良,能够为生产提供播种品质和遗传品质兼优的樟子松种子。     

杉木优良种源家系选择

根据杉木地理种源试验和家系选择研究成果,从优良种源区直接引进经鉴定的优良家系组成选育群体,在江苏省句容市３个试点进行测定,优中选优。６ａ研究结果表明,家系间生长,适应性,抗病（炭疽病）性与结实性有显著的遗传差异。高径比、尖削度等干形指标和侧枝粗、林分整齐度等性状未见明显差异。家系选择具有较高的潜力和明显的增产效果。经综合坐标法选出亚林１、亚林２、湘１、湘２、林朵６、林朵７、林朵８、林朵１９、林朵２５等９个综合性状优良的初选家系,比生产上现行推广的广西融水优良种源杉木幼林（５ａ生）材积分别增加４９１％～２００１％（１２ｍ中等立地）;２８３％～１６０２％（１０ｍ较差立地）;１６４％～３７５％（１４ｍ优良立地     

日本落叶松种子园同胞家系15 a生时的观察分析

利用日本落叶松种子园半同胞家系,按田间设计要求建立家系对比试验林,林龄10 a生通过鉴定。本次分析认为试验林家系之间、家系与对照之间、林木个体间变化都很大,家系试验林的各种参数是动态的。15 a生时,胸径遗传增益(△G)为3.16%、树高为1.17%、材积是6.11%。根据家系现在的胸径、材积的遗传增益(△G))5%以上的标准再筛选家系,可选出4个生长最好的家系,用这4个家系推算1.5世代材积增长率是20.27%。     

杉木无性系生长和木材密度的遗传变异及选择

研究了８年生杉木无性系试验林的树高、胸径、材积和木材密度的遗传变异规律。结果表明：试验中各性状在无性系间存在显著差异，遗传变异系数树高为９０％，胸径为１３７％，材积为３００％，而木材密度只有６７％，各性状均有较高的重复力，木材密度和胸径的重复力在９００％以上。树高、胸径、材积３个生长性状间有较高的遗传正相关，而胸径、材积与木材密度间表现出中度的遗传负相关，树高与木材密度间则表现出弱度的遗传负相关。采用简化的指数选择法评选出４个优良的无性系，材积现实增益２５５２％，遗传增益２１０５％，用木材密度与ＣＫ相近。     

紫椴种皮对种子萌发的影响

用98％浓硫酸、10％氢氧化钠和70℃水浴分别处理紫椴的种子,再将处理后的种子进行吸胀和发芽试验的结果表明：紫椴种子吸水后,前期体积和质量均呈整体上升趋势,而浸泡6h以后,均出现下降的情况,说明紫椴种皮对种子的吸水过程基本没有阻碍作用;发芽率测定试验中,紫椴种子均未出现萌发现象,说明试验所用的处理方法不能达到促进紫椴种子萌发的目的。     

野鸭椿种子发芽试验分析

促进野鸭椿种子的萌发,关键在于解决其种皮的坚硬致密和蜡质层等阻碍种胚吸水的问题.一定温度的热水浸泡种子,可以软化蜡质层和木质种皮,促进种子吸水膨胀,开裂发芽.水温高低和浸泡时间影响处理效果,水温太低,效果不明显,过高的温度长时间浸泡易对种子内部细胞造成伤害.经方差分析、多重比较等方法,对实验室发芽试验和圃地发芽试验所获...     

Impact of Fertility Variation on Gene Diversity and Drift in two Clonal Seed Orchards of Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.)

Two 25 year old teak clonal seed orchards comprising 15 (CSO-I) and 20 clones (CSO-II), respectively, selected mostly from moist forests of Western Ghats (latitude 10° N) in southern India, were evaluated for fertility, offspring diversity, and genetic drift. The orchards differed in fertility of clones as well as flower and fruit production per ramet. Fertility was highly skewed in CSO-II, where one clone (originating from higher latitude −17° N, in Eastern Ghats of peninsular India) produced 55% of the fruits and 68% of the flowers in the orchard, in contrast to a similar contribution from four most fertile clones in CSO-I. Fertility variation, measured as `sibling coefficient' (1.7 in CSO-I and 8.3 in CSO-II), was high in CSO-II resulting in high coancestry and low effective population size (3 times lower than CSO-I) in the seed crop. In CSO-I, 58% of the clones contributed effectively to seed production compared to only 12% effective contribution resulting in eight times higher genetic drift in CSO-II. Placing limits on how much seed can be collected per clone might be useful in restricting over representation of highly reproductive clones thereby increasing genetic diversity in the seed crop.     

浙江省杉木种子园丰产技术研究

五年中布置了多项试验，对浙江省杉木投产和园丰产经营技术作出了进一步的研究；调查了浙江几个主要杉木一代种子园的经营管理水平及年度产量变化情况；进行了影响杉木种子园种子产量的生物因子和环境因子的系统监测和收集。在此基础上总结出杉木种子园丰产技术系列。     

Are Phenological Observations Sufficient to Estimate the Quality of Seed Crops from a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus grandis</Emphasis> Open-pollinated Seed Orchard? Consequences for Seed Collections

Reproductive phenology was observed over three years in a Eucalyptus grandis seed orchard in Madagascar to determine the impact of geographic differences of parental selections on the expected genetic composition of seed crops. Pollen flow (observed pollen cloud) was deduced from a paternity assignment based on sampling from one year’s seed production. The two approaches were used to verify whether knowledge of phenology is sufficient to predict the genetic quality of the seeds collected. Despite the high flowering level, with a constant cycle over three years, the results demonstrated wide reproductive phenological differences associated with the parents’ origin, suggesting putative pollination disequilibrium. From both observed and expected pollen clouds, the results showed preferential mating among different provenances, which has consequences for seed crop composition. Phenological observations, which can be made inexpensively, can be used to promote methods of effective seed orchard management in order to improve the genetic quality of seeds.     

Cost-benefit analysis of using orchard or stand seed in Scots pine sowing,the case of northern Finland

A cost-benefit analysis of orchard seed versus seed from existing natural stands is presented for the scenario of direct sowing of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The differential benefits of orchard seed are seed quality and improved yield due to genetic gain. These benefits are expected to further reduce the total cost of orchard seed. Seedlings from seed orchard seed had 11% better survival rate (p < .001, the best clone over 17%, p < .010) than seedlings from local stand seed. This was observed in a case study of 15 young seeding trials located in Central and North Finland. Expected yield improvements for stands established with orchard seed were obtained from local progeny test results, and they were further simulated on tree growth using the MELA forest simulation program. The cost-benefit analysis showed that, with a 7% yield improvement and a 15% better seed quality, the net cost of orchard seed was less than that of stand seed (discount rate 3%).     

红豆树开花结实规律及种子发芽试验

定株观察红豆树开花结实的发育节律，掌握红豆树生物学特性等。多地点、多处理的重复催芽试验，发芽率差异极显著。机械破皮与始温80％温水自然冷却浸种1d的催芽处理对发芽率效果显著，但二者的Q检验差异不显著。机械破皮催芽处理的田间发芽率可达到94．7％，始温80％温水自然冷却浸种1d的催芽处理发芽率可达到82．3％。多次重复温水催芽处理的发芽率在85％以上，温水催芽处理高效、便捷、实用性强。种子宜干藏。     

林木种子园研究现状与发展趋势

林木种子园是重要的良种生产基地。近年来, 林木种子园发展迅速。文中概括了种子园建园和经营过程中保障产量和品质的技术措施, 阐述了种子园增益的表现规律, 提出了未来种子园发展趋势, 以期为我国种子园经营实践提供参考, 促进林木良种化进程。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

欧洲垂枝桦不同种源种子形态及萌发特性研究

以引进俄罗斯欧洲垂枝桦不同种源种子为材料,对不同种源种子形态及其萌发特性进行研究的结果表明:不同种源种子吸水量没有显著差异,而在种长、种宽、种厚、翅长、翅宽、千粒重、含水率、生活力、发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数存在显著差异;新西伯利亚种源种子最大、质量最重、发育最好、有生活力种子高达82.75%;采用混雪冷藏处理种子萌发能力最强,新西伯利亚种源种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数分别达到67.63%、55.41%、27.19;而对照种源采用低温冷藏处理种子萌发效果最差,其发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数分别为38.51%、32.42%、11.89。