改变凋落物输入对喀斯特原生乔木林和灌木林土壤氮矿化的影响

以贵州喀斯特原生乔木林和灌木林为研究对象,采用树脂芯法,原位连续测定2种群落类型不同水平凋落物添加下土壤氮矿化/硝化动态特征。结果表明:改变凋落物输入对2群落类型土壤温度产生差异不显著,但均表现为添加大量凋落物L_(20)添加少量凋落物L5对照L0。喀斯特原生乔木林和灌木林添加凋落物增加了NO_3~--N含量,降低了NH_4~+-N含量,不同凋落物处理下NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N含量L0和L_(20)之间均存在显著差异(P0.05)。不同凋落物输入下2群落类型土壤净矿化速率分别为0.14~0.19和-0.02~0.09 mg/(kg·d),土壤净氨化量/速率均为负值,且随凋落物增加而降低。土壤净硝化量/速率均为正值,且随凋落物增加而增加。原生乔木林无机氮含量、矿化速率、硝化速率均高于灌木林。     

南昌市城-郊-乡梯度五种森林类型表层土壤磷素分布格局(英文)

城市化所改变的土壤利用方式将显著地影响土壤磷素(P)含量水平。本研究沿地处中亚热带地区的南昌市选取灌丛、松林、针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林和毛竹林为研究对象,采用改进Hedley的P素连续分级法分析了土壤全P及各功能P形态的分布规律。结果表明:森林表层土壤全P和可提取态P的含喇均表现为城区(0.71g·kg-1和378.50mg·kg-1)明显高于郊区(0.30g·kg-1和150.74mg·kg-1)和农村(0.31g·kg-1和147.38mg·kg-1)(p0.05)。在树脂P、NaHCO3-P、NaOH-P、声波P和HCl-P等5种功能P形态中,城区森林土壤HCl-P的相对含度最高,为36%,明显高于其郊区相对含量为8%年农村相对含量为6%的水平。而郊区和农村地区,土壤NaOH-P是其主要的存在形态,其相对含量分别达到41%和50%。可见,城区土壤P积累将影响城市森林生态系统的P循环,且其高含量的HCl-P可能加速P在城区水生系统的富集。图3表2参32。     

不同土壤层次和土壤水分对章古台樟子松固沙林土壤N矿化过程的影响

选择章古台地区三块典型樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. Mongolica)人工固沙林为研究对象,采用实验室好氧培养法测定了不同土壤层次和在不同水分条件下的N矿化过程.结果表明:土壤0-60 cm 层N净矿化速率垂直变化范围为1.06-7.52 mg·kg-1·month-1;土壤层次和含水量及其交互作用对土壤N净矿化速率的影响均达到差异显著(P<0.05);净矿化速率随着土壤层次的加深而明显下降,0-15 cm层占总净矿化量的60.52%;半饱和与饱和含水量处理差异不显著,但均高于不加水处理.为此,在半干旱地区必须进一步加强开展调控生态系统N矿化、循环及其收支平衡影响因素的研究.     

去除和添加凋落物对杉木人工林土壤氮矿化的影响

2007年7月在天际岭国家森林公园用树脂芯原位测定去除凋落物、添加凋落物对土壤无机氮含量的影响.结果表明:经过28 d的培养,土壤中3种处理之间的NO-3-N含量差异不显著(p＞0.05),NH4+-N的差异则极显著(p＜0.01);NH4+-N含量从培养前的16.92、23.55和20.50 mg·kg-1分别降低到7.87、4.06和10.4 mg·kg-1,NO-3-N含量则从培养前的0.43、0.45和0.47mg·kg-1分别上升到5.84、5.21和6.52 mg·kg-1;净铵化量均出现负值,分别降低了9.05、19.50和10.36 mg·kg-1,净硝化量均为正值,分别增加了5.41、4.76和6.05 mg·kg-1.这一研究结果有助于更好地认识亚热带森林生态系统土壤氮循环过程.     

采伐方式对森林土壤氮初级转化速率和净氮转化速率的影响

[目的 ]为探明不同采伐方式下森林土壤氮素的释放和保存能力，揭示采伐对森林土壤氮素循环的影响。[方法 ]本研究通过室内培养试验，采用15N同位素成对标记技术和FLUAZ数值优化模型研究了择伐和皆伐方式下寒温带阔叶混交林土壤氮初级转化速率和净氮转化速率特征。[结果 ]保留带处理土壤氮初级矿化速率、净氮矿化速率、氮初级固定速率、初级硝化速率和净硝化速率分别为4.16、1.86、2.32、0.368和0.343mg·kg^-1·d^-1。与保留带处理相比，择伐和皆伐处理土壤氮初级矿化速率分别显著降低了32.2%和61.8%，净氮矿化速率分别显著降低了43.1%和61.5%，氮初级固定速率分别显著降低了23.3%和63.4%。择伐对土壤初级硝化速率和净硝化速率没有显著影响，但皆伐处理土壤初级硝化速率和净硝化速率分别显著降低了23.6%和33.3%。相关分析结果表明，土壤有机碳和水溶性有机碳含量的变化是影响氮初级矿化速率和初级固定速率的主要因素，p H是影响硝化速率的主要因素。[结论 ]皆伐后土壤铵态氮固定速率的下降程度大于初级硝化速率，导致gn/ia和N...     

西南酸雨区重庆缙云山常绿阔叶林土壤氮矿化特征

【目的】探讨重庆缙云山2012—2014年土壤矿质氮(铵态氮和硝态氮)变化规律、输入来源与氮矿化特征,明确土壤氮矿化的驱动因素,以期为深入研究该地区土壤养分循环提供理论依据。【方法】在重庆缙云山选择能代表中亚热带森林生态系统的常绿阔叶林,设置1块20 m×20 m样地,内部布设5个4 m×4 m样方,于2012—2014年每年4—9月每月月末,采集上、中、下层(0~15,15~30和30~60 cm)土壤样品,同步观测样地内土壤呼吸速率,并收集穿透雨与干流;在实验室内测定土壤铵态氮(NH4^+-N)、硝态氮(NO3^--N)和全氮(TN)含量;并用原位培养法测定土壤氮素矿化速率。【结果】土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量在年际、月际(除2012年铵态氮含量)及各土层间均差异显著(P<0.05),4—9月土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量均呈递增趋势,上层土壤的铵态氮与硝态氮含量均表现为2013年>2012年>2014年,各土层间铵态氮含量表现为中层>下层>上层,硝态氮含量表现为随土层加深而递减趋势;土壤氨化速率和硝化速率的月际变化为单峰或先升后降再上升的趋势,年际变化均表现为2013年>2014年>2012年;土壤铵态氮含量与硝态氮含量在各土层间极显著(P<0.05)或显著(P<0.01)正相关,但与穿透雨和干流输入量相关性不显著;土壤氨化速率与硝化速率均与土壤呼吸速率极显著(P<0.01)正相关,而与土壤pH值极显著(P<0.01)负相关;土壤呼吸速率大于4μmol·m^-2 s^-1时,土壤氨化速率和硝化速率明显随pH上升而下降,土壤呼吸速率小于4μmol·m^-2 s^-1且土壤pH值为3.70~3.75时,氨化速率与硝化速率开始出现小幅上升,之后下降。【结论】重庆缙云山常绿阔叶林土壤矿质氮含量具有年际、月际及土层间差异;土壤矿质氮含量受穿透雨和干流氮(包括铵态氮和硝态氮)输入量的影响较小,而与相邻土层氮含量相关更紧密;土壤pH值升高对土壤的氨化和硝化速率有抑制作用,且其抑制作用大小随土壤呼吸速率大小不同而变。     

添加葡萄糖对杉木人工林土壤氮素转化及净矿化和硝化的影响

以亚热带杉木人工林为研究对象,研究添加葡萄糖(C量水平分别是0,100,300,1 000,2 000,5 000 mg·kg-1)对土壤氮含量、氮素矿化和硝化的影响。结果表明,葡萄糖添加降低土壤无机氮含量和比例,硝态氮的降低幅度大于铵态氮;但是没有降低可溶性有机氮(SON)和pH值,甚至提高SON的比例。添加葡萄糖降低氮素净矿化和硝化速率,氮素矿化作用受到抑制。结果显示,随着葡萄糖添加,亲水性氮所占比例显著降低,这与氮的固持和转化有关,导致SON比例增加;分析表明,硝态氮和可溶性有机氮在提取液全氮中所占比例成显著的线性负相关关系(R2=0.902)。研究发现,1 000 mg·kg-1的葡萄糖C添加量可能是影响杉木人工林土壤氮素转化的分界点。     

Effects of soil moisture and soil depth on nitrogen mineralization process under Mongolian pine plantations in Zhanggutai sandy land, P. R. China

选择章古台地区三块典型樟子松(Pinussylvestrisvar.mongolica)人工固沙林为研究对象,采用实验室好氧培养法测定了不同土壤层次和在不同水分条件下的N矿化过程。结果表明:土壤0-60cm层N净矿化速率垂直变化范围为1.06–7.52mg·kg-1·month-1;土壤层次和含水量及其交互作用对土壤N净矿化速率的影响均达到差异显著(P<0.05);净矿化速率随着土壤层次的加深而明显下降,0-15cm层占总净矿化量的60.52%;半饱和与饱和含水量处理差异不显著,但均高于不加水处理。为此,在半干旱地区必须进一步加强开展调控生态系统N矿化、循环及其收支平衡影响因素的研究。图1表4参20。     

气候变暖对祁连山草甸草原土壤氮素矿化作用的影响

用盖顶冻土管将祁连山草甸草原土壤的原状土柱从3 100 m移植到海拔2 900 m和2 600 m处培养和分析。研究结果表明,随着气温升高,该土壤的氮素净氨化速率、净硝化速率、净矿化速率有明显的增加趋势,这说明气候变暖将增强该区土壤氮素的矿化作用。     

不同改造措施对马尾松低效林土壤活性有机碳的影响

通过马尾松低效林改造试验,研究了不同改造措施(全砍重造(QKCZ)、封山育林(FSYL)和补植混交(BZHJ))对土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的影响.结果表明:马尾松低效林改造后土壤有机碳(SOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、水溶性有机碳(DOC)和易氧化碳(EOC)含量分别比未改造的马尾松低效林(对照,CK)增加了1.06～3.30 g·kg-1、16.81～142.29 mg·kg-1 (P ＜0.05)、12.83～43.71 mg· kg-1(P＜0.05)和0.16 g～0.54 g·kg-1(P＜0.05);不同改造措施马尾松林土壤活性有机碳占土壤有机碳的比例大小顺序,微生物量碳/有机碳(MBC/SOC)为FSYL＞ CK＞ QKCZ＞ BZHJ,易氧化碳/有机碳(EOC/SOC)为CK＞ BZHJ＞ FSYL＞ QKCZ,水溶性有机碳/有机碳(DOC/SOC)为BZHJ＞ CK＞ FSYL＞ QKCZ.说明3种马尾松低效林改造措施中QKCZ的土壤有机碳稳定性最好,更有利于土壤有机碳固存.     

Impact of land-use management on nitrogen transformation in a mountain forest ecosystem in the north of Iran

Soil inorganic N is one of the most important soil quality indexes, which may be influenced by land-use change. The historical conversion of land-use from native vegetation to agriculture resulted in sharp declines in soil N dynamics. This study was conducted to determine the soil inorganic N concentrations and net N mineralization rate in four common types of land-uses in the mountain forest area in the north of Iran, namely arable land, pine plantation, ash plantation, and beech stand. The soil samples were taken from top mineral soil layer (5cm) in each site randomly (n=6) during August- September 2010. Beech stand and ash plantation showed significantly higher total nitrogen compared with arable land and pine plantation, while extractable NH 4 + -N concentration was significantly greater in Beech stand compare to arable soils (p<0.05). No significantly difference was found in Net N mineralization, net nitrification and net ammonification rates among different land-uses. Results showed that net N mineralization and ammonification were occurred just in the soil of Ash plantation during the incubation time. Our findings suggested that conversion of Hyrcanian forests areas to pine plantation and agricultural land can disrupt soil natural activities and affect extremely soil quality.     

樟树与马尾松群落净土壤氮矿化速率的比较

2009年7月至8月,在湖南省植物园用树脂芯原位测定法,比较了樟树和马尾松群落土壤中无机氮含量及氮矿化速率。结果表明:培养前2种群落土壤中无机氮差异显著(P0.05),呈现马尾松樟树的规律,其中NH4+-N分别占群落土壤无机氮的98.2%和93.69%,是无机氮的主要存在形式;经过14、28和42 d的培养,樟树和马尾松群落土壤中NH4+-N和NO3--N含量均发生显著的变化(P0.01),NH4+-N的含量均呈现出先下降后上升的规律,NO3--N含量则表现出不同的规律,樟树群落为上升,马尾松群落为先下降后上升;樟树群落净氮矿化量为-(33.82±3.48)、-(16.81±5.90)和(29.14±4.41)mg.kg-1,马尾松群落为-(59.93±3.48)、-33.17和-13.11 mg.kg-1。     

Soil animals and nitrogen mineralization under sand-fixation planta- tions in Zhanggutai region, China

The effects of soil animals on soil nitrogen （N） mineralization and its availability were studied by investigating soil animal groups and their amounts of macro-faunas sorted by hand, and middle and microfaunas distinguished with Tullgren and Baermann methods under three Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. plantations in Zhanggutai sandy land, China. In addition, soil N mineralization rate was also measured with PVC closed-top tube in situ incubation method. The soil animals collected during growing season belonged to 13 orders, 5 groups, 4 phyla, whose average density was 86 249.17 individuals-m^-2. There were significant differences in soil animal species, densities, diversities and evenness among three plantations. Permanent grazing resulted in decrease of soil animal species and diversity. The average ammonification, nitrification and mineralization rates were 0.48 g：m^-2·a^-1, 3.68 g·m^-2·a^-1 and 4.16 g·m^-2·a^-1, respectively. The ammonification rate in near-mature forest was higher than that in middle-age forests, while the order of nitrification and net mineralization rates was： middle-age forest without grazing 〈 middle-age forest with grazing 〈 near-mature forest with grazing （P〈0.05）. Soil N mineralization rate increased with soil animal amounts, but no significant relationship with diversity. The contribution of soil animals to N mineralization was different for different ecosystems due to influences of complex factors including grazing, soil characteristics, the quality and amount of litter on N mineralization.     

Spatial and temporal trends in soil N-mineralization rates under the agroforestry systems in Bhabhar belt of Kumaun Himalaya,India

To access the process of nitrogen mineralization in soil, the buried-bag technique was used among traditional agroforestry systems in the Bhabhar belt of Kumaun Himalaya. The present study, determined the relationship between various parameters of N-mineralization with agroforestry systems, seasons and soil depths. Season and soil depth have significantly (p?<?0.001) affected the process of ammonification, nitrification and net N-mineralization. The soil ammonium-N pool was comparatively higher than the nitrate-N pool. Highest amount of ammonium and nitrate-N were recorded in the agri-horticulture (AH) system, and lowest in the agri-horti-silviculture (AHS) system. Among the systems, highest amount of inorganic-N (ammonium?+?nitrate) was recorded during rainy season while, lowest during winter season. The highest ammonification rate (6.47?±?1.47 mg kg^?1 month^?1) was observed in agri-silviculture system and lowest (5.67?±?1.68 mg kg^?1 month^?1) in AHS system, while nitrification value was maximum (2.53?±?0.40 mg kg^?1 month^?1) in AH system and minimum (2.23?±?0.37 mg kg^?1 month^?1) in AHS system. The values of net N-mineralization were ranged from 4.03?±?0.53 to 13.29?±?0.44 mg kg^?1 month^?1. The values of inorganic-N and net N-mineralization were significantly more (P?<?0.01) in the surface soil layer (0–20 cm) than the subsurface layers (20–40 cm and 40–60 cm). Nitrogen mineralization was negatively correlated with the soil pH and positively correlated with soil organic carbon and total soil nitrogen. Higher rate of N-mineralization in AHS system indicated rapid turnover of nitrogen due to soil management practices and suggested that the changes in agroforestry based land-use systems alter the process of net N-mineralization, nitrification and ammonification.

     

Juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4 napthoquinone) and soil nitrogen transformation interactions under a walnut plantation in southern Ontario, Canada

Juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone), a chemical substance produced by black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), inhibits the growth and existence of some beneficial soil microorganisms, especially Frankia spp. isolate ArI3 and Rhizobium japonicum. However, no studies to date have reported on the effect of juglone on soil ammonification and nitrification. A field study and laboratory incubation study to investigate this were conducted. In the field, in situ soil ammonification and nitrification were measured within and outside of a 60-year-old black walnut plantation and a eight-year-old poplar (Populus spp. clone DN 177) plantation. In the lab, soil (Sandy Fox Loam), collected in the absence of black walnut trees, was incubated for periods of one to six weeks in the presence of varying concentrations of juglone. In the field, peak summer mean nitrate accumulation rates in soils within the black walnut and poplar plantation were 163 and 95 μg 100 g^-1 dry soil day^-1 respectively and in soils outside the plantations, 104 (black walnut) and 78 (poplar) μg 100 g^-1 dry soil day^-1 respectively. No accumulation of ammonium at the end of the incubation period was noted. Therefore, no inhibition effect of juglone on nitrification in the field was observed, and laboratory incubation results confirmed the results of the field study. Results from these studies should address concerns about nitrification inhibition under walnut based intercropping systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of carbon and nitrogen amendment on soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization in volcanic immature soil in southern Kyushu,Japan

Soil N mineralization is affected by microbial biomass and respiration, which are limited by available C and N. To examine the relationship between C and N for soil microbial dynamics and N dynamics, we conducted long-term laboratory incubation (150 days) after C and N amendment and measured changes in C and N mineralization, microbial biomass C, and dissolved C and N throughout the incubation period. The study soil was volcanic immature soil from the southern part of Japan, which contains lower C and N compared with other Japanese forest soils. Despite this, the area is covered by well-developed natural and plantation forests. Carbon amendment resulted in an increase in both microbial biomass and respiration, and net N mineralization decreased, probably due to increasing microbial immobilization. In contrast, N amendment resulted in a decrease in microbial respiration and an increase in net N mineralization, possibly due to decreased immobilization by microbes. Amendment of both C and N simultaneously did not affect microbial biomass and respiration, although net N mineralization was slightly increased. The results suggested that inhibitory effect on microbial respiration by N amendment should be reduced if carbon availability is higher. Thus, soil available C may limit microbial biomass and respiration in this volcanic immature soil. Even in immature soil where C and N substrate is low, soil C, such as plant root exudates and materials from above- and belowground dead organisms, might help to maintain microbial activity and N mineralization in this study site.     

利用双指数模型预测中国不同森林带土壤有机碳矿化的动态变化

本文利用土壤培养实验和双指数模型(把土壤有机碳划分为活性碳和缓效性碳库)的方法,来分析确定长白山和祁连山的土壤有机碳的动态变化。分析和拟合土壤有机碳矿化释放的CO2的速率。结果表明:活性碳库占总有机碳的1.0%–8.5%,平均驻留时间的平均值为24天;缓效性碳库占总有机碳的91%–99%,平均驻留时间的平均值为179年。根据缓效性碳的大小和平均驻留时间可以得知,祁连山森林土壤的有机碳较长白山的难分解。通过分析影响森林土壤有机碳矿化的因素––土壤粘粒含量、海拔和温度,结果显示两种森林土壤有机碳的分解快慢与其温度正相关,并且长白山和祁连山的累积的土壤有机碳和缓效性碳的含量随土壤粘粒含量的增加而呈线性增加,其相关系数分别为0.7033和0.6575,充分表明温度和土壤粘粒含量对土壤有机碳的矿化有较大的影响。     

Soil N mineralization profiles of co-existing woody vegetation islands at the alpine tree line

Tree lines form a transition ecotone from forest to tundra both at high elevation and high latitude and occur in a number of different forms. Nitrogen (N) deficiency is considered to be a factor involved in tree line formation, and also N dynamics are considered to differ between the trees and the ericaceous vegetation of the tundra. In the Austrian Alps at the tree line, N availability and N mineralization in soils of different vegetation types (Picea abies, Pinus mugo and Rhododendron ferrugineum) as well as total phenols were determined. Soil from under P. abies was taken from two different tree line forms, an island type and a diffuse type, as well as from P. abies growing at a lower elevation. N mineralization was measured in situ using a covered PVC tube incubation method and in a laboratory incubation under controlled conditions. Ion exchange resin capsules were installed at the interface of humus and mineral soil for estimating N in the soil solution. Net N mineralization showed a similar pattern for the vegetation types for both the in situ and laboratory incubation. The soil humus layer had the highest levels of N mineralization compared to the other soil layers. N mineralization rates were similar in P. abies and P. mugo at the tree line regardless of tree line form. Rates of N mineralization were lower under R. ferrugineum than the tree species, but this lower rate was not related to the occurrence of high levels of total phenols in the soil. Nitrogen deficiency was not evident in the island-type tree line, but was evident in the diffuse tree line type.