南宁市人心果梢部主要刺吸害虫的初步研究

广西南宁市郊区及人心果引种基地调查研究结果表明,南宁市人心果梢部刺吸害虫有同翅目、半翅目、缨翅目,共3目17 科29种,其中以同翅目为最多,有13科21种。主要的梢部刺吸害虫种类有褐软蜡蚧、红蜡蚧和垫囊绿绵蜡蚧。幼树比成年树被害严重。     

不同管理措施对杏园昆虫群落结构的影响

为全面了解杏树林害虫的危害与发生规律,为综合防治提供依据,应用生物多样性指数分析了英吉沙县不同管理措施杏园生态系统中昆虫群落结构特征.结果表明:在3种类型的杏园中有昆虫37种,分别隶属于9目26科;不同杏园昆虫群落的科数、物种数及丰富度均有不同程度的变化;不同生境集中性指数也有一定的差异;各园的优势种主要以剌吸式口器的朝鲜球坚蚧为主;不同杏园昆虫群落及各类群生态优势集中性在不同时段并不一致.     

木豆林节肢动物群落初步研究

于2005年对云南元谋干热河谷木豆林节肢动物群落进行了调查,结果表明:木豆林节肢动物有108种(39种待定),分属于2纲、10目、49科;蜡蚧、咖啡黑盔蚧、榄珠蜡蚧及豆蚜为植食功能群优势种,叉草蛉和云南斧螳为天敌功能群优势种,迈氏小家蚁和光颚铺道蚁为杂食功能群优势种;木豆林节肢动物群落Shannon-Wiener指数为2.662,Simpson指数为0.123,Pielou均匀度指数为0.569;植食功能群、天敌功能群、杂食功能群的物种丰富度分别为71、25、12,多样性指数分别为2.424、2.728、1.826,优势度指数分别为0.136、0.103、0.269.均匀度指数分别为0.569、0.848、0.735.     

不同枣园生态系统中昆虫群落及其多样性

对太谷地区枣园不同生态系统中昆虫群落及其多样性进行了研究。结果表明，在5种类型的枣园昆虫有209种（包括螨类），它们分别隶属于13个目（包括蜱螨目），80个科；不同枣区昆虫群落的科数，物种数及其丰盛度均有不同程度的变化。在不同生境集中性指数也有一定的差异；全年各园的优势和中主要以刺吸式口器的蚧虫为主，偶发性优势种是朱砂叶螨，枣飞象和枣尺蠖；昆虫群落及各类群生态优势集中性在不同枣园及不同季节并不一致。     

综合治理与常规防治枣园天敌昆虫的群落结构及其多样性

1999— 2 0 0 1年对山西太谷地区综合防治枣园与常规防治枣园天敌昆虫的群落结构及其多样性的研究结果表明 :在综合防治枣园中发现有 8个目、2 5个科、5 8个种和 5 0 0 9个天敌的个体数 ,而在常规防治枣园中发现有 8个目、18个科、2 7个种和 1911个天敌的个体数。方差分析结果表明综合防治枣园天敌的科、种及个体数显著大于常规防治枣园 (P <0 0 5 )。枣园中天敌的优势种是枣盲蛇蛉、七星瓢虫、晋草蛉、桃小甲腹茧蜂和蚧金小蜂。在综合防治枣园中 ,主要天敌昆虫的优势度显著大于常规防治枣园 (P <0 0 5 )。天敌昆虫各群落的生态优势集中性在两区不同生育期基本上趋于一致 ,综合治理区主要类群的优势集中性几乎总是大于常规防治区 ;综合治理区天敌昆虫群落和捕食性亚群落的多样性与均匀度较常规防治区有明显 (P <0 0 5 )的提高 ;在综合治理区 ,影响群落多样性的主要成分是种类丰富度 ,在常规防治区 ,影响群落多样性的主要成分既有种类丰富度 ,又有均匀度和个体数。     

枣园植物群落及景观对日本龟蜡蚧发生的影响

从群落学角度出发,通过群落特征指数和典型相关分析的方法,分析枣园植物群落、景观的结构特征以及日本龟蜡蚧发生程度与植物群落、景观多样性之间的关系.结果表明:根据群落相似性,不同样地枣园植物群落可归为平原和丘陵地区2类,前者群落多样性、均匀性较低,日本龟蜡蚧危害程度高;丘陵地区则表现为植物群落多样性、均匀性较高,而日本龟蜡蚧发生程度相对较低.典型相关分析结果表明:日本龟蜡蚧发生状况与枣园植物群落性状显著相关, 在景观特征指数上,也表现出与植物群落相类似的平原与丘陵地区的差别,在景观性状中,景观多样性和荒地比例对日本龟蜡蚧的影响最强.景观多样性较高、荒地比例较大的地区,日本龟蜡蚧的危害程度较低.     

观光桃园昆虫群落结构与优势种生态位

系统调查观光桃园昆虫群落结构及其优势种的时空生态位并进行测定.结果表明:昆虫群落结构丰富,桃园有昆虫9目25科34种,桃蛀果蛾、梨小食心虫、桃蛀野螟、桃潜蛾、桑白盾蚧、桃蚜、小花蝽、异色瓢虫、黑带食蚜蝇、叶色草蛉、黑缘红瓢虫等是桃园昆虫的优势种.昆虫群落物种数、个体数、多样性指数、均匀度指数随时间变化而波动.生态位宽度在害虫亚群落中为:桑白盾蚧>桃蚜>桃潜蛾>梨小食心虫>桃蛀野螟>桃蛀果蛾,天敌亚群落中为:黑缘红瓢虫>异色瓢虫>黑带食蚜蝇>叶色草蛉>小花蝽.黑缘红瓢虫与害虫的生态位重叠值均较大,而且与桑白盾蚧在时间上的同步性和空间上的同域性均优于其他天敌,是桃园天敌的优势种群.     

利用马氏网评估老港固废物综合利用基地防护林节肢动物群落结构及多样性

2018年4-11月,采用马氏网诱集法对上海市浦东新区的老港固废物综合利用基地防护林节肢动物多样性进行调查,并运用Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度指数、丰富度指数对不同功能团亚群落进行统计分析。结果表明,共采集到昆虫15 599头,分属于3纲17目133科,其中姬蜂科Ichneumqnidae数量最多,为2 515头,占所有昆虫种群的16.12%;不同功能团节肢动物群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数排序为:总群落>害虫亚群落>中性昆虫亚群落>寄生性昆虫亚群落>捕食性天敌亚群落;害虫亚群落的Simpson优势度指数、丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均高于天敌亚群落。以上研究结果说明该区域的天敌群落结构可能不如害虫亚群落稳定,因此,在日常养护中应注意对该区域天敌昆虫进行保护。     

张家港市3种林型昆虫群落结构的研究

为了解张家港市的林木昆虫种类和群落组成,于2015年7月至2016年7月对全市范围内的防护林、经济林和特种用途林3种林型的昆虫资源进行了调查研究,并运用物种丰富度、均匀度、优势集中度和多样性指数等分析了昆虫群落的结构和时序动态。共采集到昆虫标本7803号,经鉴定隶属于9目58科135种。研究表明:不同林分内昆虫种类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')、Pielou均匀度指数(J')和Margalef丰富度指数(D)均表现为特种用途林经济林防护林,而Simpson优势集中度指数(C)则表现为防护林经济林特种用途林;昆虫群落结构的时间动态研究显示,6—9月昆虫群落的目数、科数、种数、个体数及多样性指数最高,2月的均匀度指数最高,优势集中度指数则在1月最高。     

深圳福田红树林生态系统昆虫群落多样性调查

在深圳福田红树林生态系统,调查不同生境区域的昆虫群落组成及多样性特征。结果表明:深圳福田红树林生态系统昆虫群落由11目66科组成,优势类群是蚁科Formicidae、蝇科Muscidae、螟蛾科Pyralididae、沫蝉科Cercopidae和叶蝉科Cicadellidae;双翅目Diptera昆虫类群最丰富,膜翅目Hymenoptera昆虫的个体数量最多。不同生境区域昆虫群落的主要类群和个体数量存在较大差异,基围鱼塘区域昆虫群落的Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数高于陆域林地和红树林区,陆域林地昆虫群落的Pielou均匀度指数最高,红树林区昆虫群落的Simpson优势度指数最高。     

白云山自然保护区蝶类昆虫物种多样性研究

对湖南保靖县白云山自然保护区鳞翅目蝶类昆虫种类进行了初步调查,并运用Margalef指数(d)、Men-hinick指数(ds)、Shannon-Wiener信息多样指数(H’)和Pielou均匀度指数(J’)分析该地区蝶类昆虫的物种多样性。结果表明:白云山共发现蝶类昆虫8科37属51种。在种级水平上,种类由多到少依次是:蛱蝶科>凤蝶科=眼蝶科=弄蝶科>粉蝶科>灰蝶科>斑蝶科=喙蝶科。Menhinick物种丰富度指数最高的科为蛱蝶科(2.065),Menhinick物种丰富度指数最低的科为喙蝶科(0.378)。Margalef物种丰富度指数(8.797)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(2.912)和Pielou均匀度指数(8.640)在不同方面体现了白云山鳞翅目蝶类昆虫的多样性状况。     

对椴树生长过程的探讨

利用吉林省汪清县金沟岭林场收集的38株过伐林椴树解析木资料,研究椴树年龄与树高、胸径、材积之间的相关关系,结果表明椴树最优树高-年龄、胸径-年龄、材积-年龄的生长方程为:H=0.329e-0.133 1A;D=-0.001 1A2-0.001 8A 0.243 2;V=-7E-05A2 0.000 8A-0.000 8,经检验精度为92.3%。     

Modelling the incidence of Heterobasidion annosum butt rots and related economic losses in alpine mixed naturally regenerated forests of northern Italy

A total of 2257 recently felled stumps were sampled from 22 mixed naturally regenerated forest stands in the Aosta Valley, western Italian Alps, and examined for Heterobasidion annosum butt rots. Disease incidence ranged from 6% to 71% depending on sites, and H. annosum accounted for 92% of the total number of diseased stumps. H. annosum incidence was significantly higher (Chi‐squared multiple comparison tests, p < 0.05) on Norway spruce (44%) than on the other tree species (silver fir = 18%, larch = 12% and Scots pine = 6%). Based on the information on the airborne inoculum composition of the fungus, all the three European species of H. annosum were present, with a variable frequency, depending on site. A partial least squares regression analysis showed that the relative abundance of Norway spruce and four variables describing the size of trees were the best predictors for the incidence of H. annosum butt rots. A model having these variables as predictors was developed (r² = 0.75; p < 0.001) and successfully validated on five additional forest stands. An estimate of the losses in yield and value of timber associated with the disease, i.e. direct losses, was also carried out in the forests included in the survey. The percentage of direct financial losses was either comparable or lower than the average level of disease incidence.     

岛屿地理隔离对山茶种群遗传结构的影响

利用简单重复序列间扩增(ISSR)分子标记对分布于我国浙江和山东的8个山茶种群共240个个体进行了遗传结构分析。结果表明:筛选出的20条引物扩增得到210条清晰条带,其中184条为多态性条带,多态位点百分率(PPB)为87.62%。经POPGENE1.32软件分析,山茶种群平均多态位点百分率(PPB)为68.99%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(HE)为0.256 9,Shannon信息指数(H)为0.377 9,种群遗传多样性较高。基因分化系数Gst=0.182 9,表明遗传变异主要存在于种群内个体间。地理距离与遗传距离具有显著相关性(r=0.856 7,P<0.05),岛屿地理隔离对山茶种群的遗传分化具有重要影响。UPGMA聚类表明:浙江5个山茶种群间的遗传相似度较高,山东青岛的植物园种群和五四广场种群可能移植自长门岩岛。我国野生山茶资源受人为破坏严重,建议在加强现有岛屿自然种群就地保护力度的同时,建立山茶种质资源库,促进基因交流。     

Evaluating the potential of sentinel-2, landsat-8, and irs satellite images in tree species classification of hyrcanian forest of iran using random forest

ABSTRACT

Spatially explicit information on tree species composition of any forest provides valuable information to forest managers as well as to nature conservationists. In this study, the potential of three spaceborne sensors: (1) Landsat-8, (2) Sentinel-2, and (3) IRS-Pansharpened were compared by applying Random Forest (RF) classification algorithms to classify the three most common tree species: Pinus taeda, Alnus spp., and Populus spp., in Hyrcanian forest of Iran. Three RF models with optimized parameters of mtry and ntree were used for the classification of trees species. Based on our Overall Accuracy (OA) and Kappa Coefficient (KC) analysis, IRS-Pansharpened data showed the highest accuracy (OA = 84.9% and KC = 79.7%), followed by Landsat-8 (OA = 78.2% and KC = 70.6%), and Sentinel-2 (OA = 77% and KC = 70%). According to the Mean Decrease in Accuracy (MDA) criterion delivered as an output of RF, the near-IR spectral band was found on the top rank (high variable importance) as compared to all other spectral bands for tree species classification. The findings of this study can be used by the researcher, forest managers, economists and policy and decision makers in the context of sustainable forest management of Hyrcanian forest resources.     

Litterfall,litter decomposition and the use of mulch of four indigenous tree species in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica

Litterfall, forest-floor litter biomass and nutrients, short-term litter decomposition and the effects of leaf mulches on initial growth of maize were studied for four indigenous tree species with agroforestry potential:Stryphnodendron microstachyum Poepp. et Endl.(S. excelsum), Vochysia ferruginea Mart,Vochysia guatemalensis Donn. Sm. (V. hondurensis) andHyeronima alchorneoides (O), growing in a young experimental plantation in the Atlantic humid lowlands of Costa Rica. Total annual leaf litterfall was higher inV. ferruginea plots, followed byS. microstachyum, V. guatemalensis andH. alchorneoides; all with values comparable to those reported for other tree species grown in agroforestry combinations in humid tropical regions. Forest-floor litter accumulation was highest underV. ferruginea andV. guatemalensis. Both litterfall and forest-floor litter material had similar patterns in nutrient concentrations: N was higher inS. microstachyum, Ca was higher inV. guatemalensis, K was higher inH. alchorneoides; Mg was higher inV. guatemalensis andH. alchorneoides; H. alchorneoides andV. guatemalensis had the highest P.V. ferruginea litter decomposed more slowly, whileS. microstachyum apparently decomposed faster than the other species. The twoVochysia species showed increases in N and P concentration in decomposing litter after seven weeks in the field,H. alchorneoides showed an increase in litter N and a decrease in litter P, andS. microstachyum showed a net decrease in both N and P over the same time period. The patterns found in the litter bag study were confirmed by results obtained in a tethered-leaves experiment.S. microstachyum andV. ferruginea litters lost more weight when mixed in a 11 proportion than either of them alone. Maize seedlings growing in plots mulched withS. microstachyum andH. alchorneoides leaves showed greatest initial growth, confirming patterns found in decomposition and nutrient release studies. The results show that these species could be used in agroforestry combinations with different advantages according to the specific objectives desired, whether these are soil protection, nutrient recycling, or enhancement of the growth of associated crops.     

海子坪天然毛竹无性系种群地上部分生物量结构研究

采用回归模型对海子坪天然毛竹无性系种群地上部分各构件单位生物量进行拟合为:W秆=2.867 7+0.007 3D2H、W枝=0.001 0D2H、W叶=-0.591 5+0.102 8D和地上部分总量W总=2.661 5+0.008 8D2H;秆、枝、叶的生物量分别占地上部分总生物量的88.48%、8.59%和2.93%;整个种群的生物量积累是随着年龄的增大含水率逐渐减小和生物量积累逐渐增多的过程.     

修枝强度对杉木生长的影响

在杉木林分生长过程中,8年生、14年生、20年生时,对目标树进行三次5种不同强度的修枝,研究修枝对立木生长的影响。结果表明,至30年生时,修枝后树高、胸径、材积均不存在显著差异,FH=0.761,SigH=0.576>0.05,FD=0.772,SigD=0.570>0.05,FV=0.741,SigV=0.587>0.05。以各处理目标株材积增量相对值比较,最佳的修枝处理为8年生、14年生、20年生时分别修至5.5、6.5、7.5m,相对不修枝材积增益6.7%~7.7%;重度修枝对材积生长有负面影响,增益-2.9%^-1.1%。     

Limited host range in the idiobiont parasitoid Phymastichus coffea,a prospective biological control agent of the coffee pest Hypothenemus hampei in Hawaii

Phymastichus coffea LaSalle (Hymenoptera:Eulophidae) is an adult endoparasitoid of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera:Curculionidae:Scolytinae), which has been introduced in many coffee producing countries as a biological control agent. To determine the effectiveness of P. coffea against H. hampei and environmental safety for release in Hawaii, we investigated the host selection and parasitism response of adult females to 43 different species of Coleoptera, including 23 Scolytinae (six Hypothenemus species and 17 others), and four additional Curculionidae. Non-target testing included Hawaiian endemic, exotic and beneficial coleopteran species. Using a no-choice laboratory bioassay, we demonstrated that P. coffea was only able to parasitize the target host H. hampei and four other adventive species of Hypothenemus: H. obscurus, H. seriatus, H. birmanus and H. crudiae. Hypothenemus hampei had the highest parasitism rate and shortest parasitoid development time of the five parasitized Hypothenemus spp. Parasitism and parasitoid emergence decreased with decreasing phylogenetic relatedness of the Hypothenemus spp. to H. hampei, and the most distantly related species, H. eruditus, was not parasitized. These results suggest that the risk of harmful non-target impacts is low because there are no native species of Hypothenemus in Hawaii, and P. coffea could be safely introduced for classical biological control of H. hampei in Hawaii.