离子色谱法测定环境空气PM_(2.5)中水溶性阴离子

通过使用离子色谱仪对环境空气颗粒物中水溶性阴离子(F~-、Cl~-、NO_2~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-))的曲线、方法检出限、精密度和准确度进行了测定,研究了离子色谱法对这5种离子的测定是否达到方法的要求。     

塑胶跑道中有机挥发物二硫化碳的吸附性研究

塑胶跑道中的有机挥发物二硫化碳对人体危害较大。通过对比分析不同活性炭管对塑胶跑道中有机挥发物二硫化碳的结果影响，提出了适用于分析塑胶跑道中二硫化碳的分析方法。在规定的测试条件下，规则中微孔分布的Scalpha 600捕集管对二硫化碳的吸附效率最高，且二硫化碳在0.01～2.0μg的浓度范围内线性良好，线性相关系数为0.999 7,检出限和定量限分别为0.001 0 mg/m³和0.003 5 mg/m³,相对标准偏差小于10%,加标回收率为100.3%～105.9%。     

基于无人机机载激光雷达构建森林蓄积量模型反演及精度分析

基于机载激光雷达点云数据提取的嵩县测区森林资源数据，结合样地调查数据，采用多元线性回归模型，重点分析无人机载激光雷达获取的点云数据在森林蓄积量模型反演方面的精度分析，为河南省森林蓄积量的测算提供参考依据。结果显示：山区栎类蓄积量调整决定系数AdjR2=0.890m³·hm^-2，平均相对误差MSE=0.237 m³·hm^-2，均方根误差RMSE=0.478 m³·hm^-2，结合分层地面样地调查数据对山区栎类蓄积量数据进行多元线性回归模型反演，模型精度为96.01%。无人机机载激光雷达能够自动获取大面积栎类标准地的激光点云数据，可以提取森林的垂直结构信息(高度参数)和水平结构信息(郁闭度)具备三维结构参数提取能力，通过全覆盖的激光雷达数据反演结果以及地面验证两个部分的数据验证，得到的精度测算结果较好，为计算森林蓄积量提供新的方法。     

不同固态微生物肥料配方对雷竹林生长的影响

在江西红壤区开展不同配方固态微生物肥对雷竹林分生长的影响研究。结果表明：硅元素对雷竹林生长有抑制作用;微生物能较好地促进雷竹林生长;镁素对雷竹林生长影响差异较大,以50.00 g/667 m²对促进生长效果最好;氮、磷、钾元素对雷竹林生长的影响程度不同,但对母竹发笋数和成竹率的影响均不显著,钾元素对新竹平均胸径的影响达极显著水平;镁素对新竹平均高度的影响达显著水平;硼元素对新竹高生长有一定抑制作用,对其他生长指标均有不同程度的促进作用。综合雷竹生产对产量的要求,以提高单株母竹发笋数为优先指标、提高新竹胸径为参考指标,选择的固态微生物土壤肥料配方为：微生物(50.00 g/667 m²)、氮素(8.00 kg/667 m²)、磷素(2.25 kg/667 m²或3.00 kg/667 m²)、钾素(1.50 kg/667 m²或2.00 kg/667 m²)、硼素(10.00 g/667 m²或15.00 g/66...     

公园空气负氧离子及PM2.5浓度变化特征与影响因素研究——以虎头山森林公园为例

为了研究三明市区周边的森林康养环境,以福建省三明市虎头山森林公园为研究对象,监测其负氧离子及PM_2.5浓度,研究了该森林公园的负氧离子及PM_2.5浓度时空分布规律及影响因素。结果表明：虎头山地区的负氧离子浓度各个季节,最低值都大于3000个/cm³,符合森林公园的负氧离子要求;各样点PM_2.5浓度含量分季节表现为：冬季PM_2.5的含量为30～50μg/m³,而其他季节的PM_2.5含量在20μg/m³左右,虎头山地区的冬季PM_2.5浓度远高于其他季节;结合气温与湿度可以看出,4个季节中,由于冬季气温过低、空气PM_2.5含量略高于其他三季,故冬季的康养性和游玩性低于其他3个季节;春、夏、秋3个季节则是具有高负氧离子浓度、适宜气温和适宜湿度,是虎头山游憩功能效益最好的3个季节,非常适合森林康养旅游业的发展。故虎头山的空气负氧离子与PM_2.5含量符合森林康...     

大兴安岭呼中林业局30年间森林资源动态分析

依据呼中林业局1987～2017年4次森林资源规划设计调查数据，采用统计分析的方法，从森林资源面积、蓄积以及森林资源质量等方面对呼中林业局森林资源动态变化情况进行分析。结果表明：30年间呼中林业局林地面积一直呈增长趋势，共增加了2.16万hm²，增幅2.81%；活立木蓄积呈先减少后增加动态，共增加了71.15万m³，增幅1.08%。森林覆盖率95.41%，增加了6.11%。森林质量较低，森林单位面积蓄积量86.67 m³/hm²，降低了1.56m³/hm²，降幅1.77%；乔木林单位面积蓄积量89.93m³/hm²，减少了5.05m³/hm²，降幅5.32%。     

连平县森林资源分析评价与发展对策建议

基于连平县第四次森林资源二类调查的主要结果,对全县的森林资源与生态状况特点进行了详细分析与评价。结果表明:全县活立木总蓄积量9419031 m³,森林覆盖率74.46%;较上期数据年递增3.24%、0.05%。全县林地单位蓄积量为49.05 m³/hm²,较前期的32.25 m³/hm²增长了21.3 m³/hm²,但单位面积森林蓄积量较全省平均值60.57 m³/hm²少了11.52 m³/hm²,森林质量较低。结合分析结果及两期(第三次和第四次)森林资源二类调查部分数据变化情况,将如何提高森林资源与生态状况提出了发展对策。     

丛枝菌根真菌和不同形态氮对杉木幼苗根际土壤氮磷养分含量及其相关酶化学计量比的影响

[目的]探究丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和不同形态氮(NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N)对杉木根际土壤氮(N)与磷(P)养分含量、相关酶活性及其化学计量比的影响,为杉木人工林的可持续经营管理提供理论依据与数据支持。[方法]本研究以1年生杉木幼苗为研究对象,采用盆栽实验,研究杉木幼苗在接种摩西球囊霉(G.mosseae,Gm)和添加不同形态N(NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N)后根际土壤N、P养分含量及其相关酶活性与化学计量比的变化。[结果](1)AMF接种提高了土壤有效P含量,降低了土壤中硝态氮、铵态氮、可溶性有机氮以及全P含量,与NH₄⁺-N处理相比,NO₃^--N处理下AMF对土壤N、P养分的调节作用更显著(p<0.05);(2) AMF和不同形态N添加提高了土壤中酸性磷酸酶(AP)、脲酶(URE)、N-乙酰-β-D葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)...     

不同施肥量对雷竹林竹笋产量及土壤养分的影响

在冬季竹林无覆盖的条件下,采用生产上常用的竹笋专用肥,研究不同施肥量(年施肥量分别为150 kg/667 m²、250 kg/667 m²和350 kg/667 m²)对雷竹笋产量和土壤养分的影响。结果表明:竹笋产量和经济收益随施肥量的增加而提高,其中以年施肥量250 kg/667 m²的综合施肥效果最佳,肥料全年分4次施入,每次施肥量分别占总施肥量的35%、15%、15%和35%。研究建议,目标笋产量为1 000~1 500 kg/667m²的丰产竹林,年施肥量可定为240 kg/667 m²;目标笋产量为1 500 kg/667 m²以上的高产竹林,年施肥量可定为360 kg/667 m²。研究结果为笋用竹林精准化施肥提供了科学依据。     

盐胁迫下施氮对木麻黄幼苗生长生理的影响

本试验以木麻黄幼苗为试验材料,采用水培法以NH₄NO₃作为氮肥,分析了盐胁迫下不同浓度施氮处理木麻黄幼苗生长生理指标的变化。结果表明：与无盐害正常生长的对照处理相比,在2～10 g·L^-1 NaCl处理下幼苗遭受了不同程度盐害,盐害率为4.3%～100%,耐盐阈值6 g·L^-1。在6 g·L^-1 NaCl处理下,添加0.25～1 g·L¹ NH₄NO₃显著降低了幼苗盐害率,其中以0.75 g·L¹ NH₄NO₃处理下盐害率最低,较未施氮处理降低了52.3%。NH₄NO₃明显降低了叶片中Na⁺浓度,而Cl^-浓度变化趋势不明显,同时叶片净光合速率(Pn)、水分利用效率(WUE)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)增大,蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)减小,相对电导率和丙二醛...     

中空介孔二氧化硅微球的制备及表征分析

以二氯化-N,N'-二(3-氢化松香酰氧-2-羟丙基)四甲基乙二胺(DHRT)为模板剂,正硅酸乙酯为硅源,采用溶胶-凝胶和水热合成的方法,分别制备了中空介孔二氧化硅微球SiO2-1和SiO2-2.利用SEM、TEM、FT-IR、XRD和氮气吸附-脱附对SiO2-1和SiO2-2进行表征分析,结果表明:两种方法均已成功制...     

Soil-solution chemistry in black locust, pine/mixed-hardwoods and oak/hickory forest stands in the southern Appalachians, U.S.A.

Soil-solution chemistry was measured over a 15-month period in three forest stands of contrasting nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates in the southern Appalachians of North Carolina, U.S.A., using porous-cup lysimeters. In a black-locust-dominated stand, soil solution NO₃---N was 3.73 and 5.04 mg l⁻¹ at 30- and 60-cm depth respectively, and dissolved organic N ( ) was 0.718 and 0.582 mg l⁻¹ respectively. Values at 30 and 60 cm for a pine/mixed-hardwood stand were 0.032 and 0.058 mg l⁻¹ NO₃---N, and 0.201 and 0.168 mg l⁻¹ (values are means over the whole duration of the study). At both depths, soil solution conductivity, pH, Ca, Mg, K and PO₄---P were higher in black locust than in pine/mixed-hardwoods, and there were no differences in soil solution Na. In an oak/hickory stand, soil solution NO₃---N at 30-cm depth was 0.008 mg l⁻¹, and was 0.357 mg l⁻¹. At 30-cm depth, soil-solution conductivity, Ca, Mg and PO₄---P were higher in black locust than in oak-hickory, with no differences in pH, K and Na; , pH and K were higher in oak/hickory than in pine/mixed-hardwoods. In the oak/hickory and pine/mixed-hardwoods forest stands, with relatively lower soil N turnover rates, was a major portion of soil solution N.     

Growth, biomass production and nutrient accumulation by seven tree species irrigated with municipal effluent at Wodonga, Australia

In the Murray-Darling basin, irrigation of tree crops is being evaluated as an alternative method for the disposal of municipal effluent. A study was carried out at Wodonga in which seven tree species were irrigated with effluent for a period of 4 years. Irrigation was calculated weekly on the basis of pan evaporation and rainfall during the preceding week. Annual irrigation varied between 1190 mm and 1750 mm with a total input over the 4-year-period of 4940 mm.

Height and diameter growth varied significantly between species. At age 4, mean dominant height of Eucalyptus grandis, E. saligna and Populus deltoides × P. nigra ranged from 14.3 to 15.0 m compared with 6.6 to 9.8 m for Casuarina cunninghamiana, E. camaldulensis, P. deltoides and Pinus radiata. Wood production of the faster-growing species (E. grandis and E. saligna) was approximately 130 m³ ha⁻¹, or around 32 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ over a 4-year period. This was nearly three-fold the production of the other native species and twice that of Pi. radiata. Volume growth of P. deltoides × P. nigra (85 m³ ha⁻¹) was significantly greater than that of P. deltoides (42 m³ ha⁻¹).

Accumulation of nutrients in the above-ground biomass varied significantly between species and ranged from 24 to 41 g m⁻² for N, 2.6 to 5.9 g m⁻² for P, 0.5 to 9.2 g m⁻² for Na, 12 to 27 g m⁻² for K, 7 to 52 g m⁻² for Ca and 3.1 to 7.9 g m⁻² for Mg. Nutrient accumulation was generally greater in species with a comparatively large crown biomass relative to stem size such as C. cunninghamiana and E. camadulensis. Average nutrient accumulation by trees as a percentage of input from effluent was estimated at 19% for N, 9% for P, 1% for Na, 14% for K, 52% for Ca and 32% for Mg.

Results of this study indicate the importance of selecting species on the basis of not only growth but also nutrient accumulation to optimise renovation of wastewater by tree plantations.     

濒危植物九龙山榧与其同属广布种榧树叶绿素荧光特性的比较

分别以栽培和野生条件下的九龙山榧(Torreya jiulongshanensis)(雌、雄株)及同属广布种——榧树(T.grandis)为材料,比较了其叶片叶绿素荧光参数对光强的响应,以期为九龙山榧种质资源保育提供科学依据。结果表明,栽培条件下,九龙山榧雌株幼苗叶片的光系统I最大荧光值整体高于榧树及九龙山榧的雄株;九龙山榧雌、雄株幼苗的光饱和点也较高,分别为788.581和550.640μmol/(m²·s),所对应的最大电子传递速率也较高,分别为40.690和39.546μmol/(m²·s)。同样,在野外条件下,九龙山榧雌、雄株的光饱和点也均显著高于榧树,分别为1165.361和1416.817μmol/(m²·s),光系统II最大电子传递速率也以九龙山榧雌株为最高,其值为80.322μmol/(m²·s)。由此可见,九龙山榧为阳生树种,且与榧树相比具有更强的光合潜力。     

Nitrate dynamics after clear felling monitored by in vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and natural N abundance of Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin.

The N dynamics following clear felling, focusing on NO₃⁻ turnover, were studied at four forested sites in southern Sweden. Two different methods were used to study N availability: (i) an in vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) bioassay and (ii) measurements of natural abundance of stable N isotopes in leaves of the grass species Deschampsia flexuosa, and in organic soil horizons. At each of the four sites, six plots were established and each year, for 5 consecutive years (1989–1993), one plot per site was felled. Thus, in 1993 there were five plots with different ages since clear felling and one control (closed forest) plot at each site. NRA was analyzed three times annually during the years 1989–1993. Samples for grass and soil analysis of δ¹⁵N, total N and soil pH were taken in 1993 only. NRA rapidly increased after the felling and remained high throughout the studied period. This suggests that there was an increased pool of plant-available soil NO₃⁻ more than 5 years after clear felling. Despite differences in site productivity and N deposition between the four sites, no significant differences in NRA were found between the sites. There were also rapid changes in δ¹⁵N in leaves of D. flexuosa, coinciding with the increases in NRA, during the first 3 years after felling. In contrast to NRA, shoot δ¹⁵N decreased 3–4 years after the felling at three out of four sites. Variations in the δ¹⁵N figures between sites may have been largely due to between-site differences in field-layer retention of N. At two of the sites, where NO₃⁻ leaching was also measured, a correlation was found between the NO₃⁻ concentration in the water and the difference in δ¹⁵N between D. flexuosa leaves from felled and closed forest plots. The data presented here suggest that NO₃⁻ leakage after clear felling is a rapid process, which is influenced by the development of field-layer biomass after the felling. Furthermore, losses of NO₃⁻ through leaching rapidly change the natural abundance of the plant available N pools in the soil.     

施肥对雷竹光合特性及笋产量与品质的影响

在闽北开展雷竹施肥试验，设置4种施肥处理：不施肥对照(处理1)，施用氮磷钾复合肥(375kg/667m²，处理2)，施用有机肥(腐熟的鸡粪5t/667m²，处理3)，施用有机肥与氮磷钾复合肥(腐熟的鸡粪3t/667m²和氮磷钾复合肥150kg/667m²，处理4)，分析不同施肥处理对雷竹叶片光合色素含量、光合特性、竹林生长、笋产量和品质等的影响，筛选出适合闽北雷竹经营的优化施肥方案。结果表明：不同施肥处理对雷竹叶片光合色素含量的影响未达到显著差异水平，但对竹林的光合特性、生长量、笋产量和笋营养物质含量均产生显著性差异影响；光合特性指标表现最优的是处理3和处理4，竹林生长效果最好的为处理2和处理4，竹笋产量和笋品质表现最优的是处理4和处理3。综合分析认为，最优施肥方案为处理4，即施用有机肥(腐熟的鸡粪)3t/667m²+氮磷钾复合肥150kg/667m²，该施肥处理可有效提升雷竹光合作用效率、促进竹林生长、增加竹笋产量及提高竹笋营养价值。     

人工生态浮场处理废水的研究及应用

将轻质材料(能浮于水)制成多孔蜂窝状,蜂窝状孔除了有助于植物根系的附着外,同时有利于微生物的挂膜,植物、植物根系和微生物膜团形成一个综合生态场.先在轻质材料上钻孔(往往不钻穿),植物栽种前,在轻质材料浸水面上培养驯化微生物菌膜,后在其背水面栽培湘南典型的水生植物,通过微生物菌膜与栽种植物所形成的综合生态场的综合作用,净...     

Irradiance in thinned Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands and the possibilities to prevent suckers of broadleaved trees

Both incoming shortwave radiation (R_g) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in percentage of full daylight were measured at the same time by point and strip sampling in four plots (0.1 ha) of Picea abies (L.) Karst. The standard deviations (%) of R_g and PAR were, respectively, 11.1 and 9.8 at 64 points, 15.7 and 13.9 at 32 points, and 24.7 and 23.8 at 16 points per plot.

A period of at least 40 s per strip (30 m min⁻¹) gives a CV (coefficient of variation) of 30%. There is no significant difference between relative irradiance (RI) estimated by the point method (64 points) and by the strip method (8 strips). Curves of RI (R_g and PAR) and basal area (m² ha⁻¹), diameter sum (m ha⁻¹) and density (stems ha⁻¹) of fifteen trials with different thinning programmes are presented. Irradiance (R_g) in heavily thinned stands was 3–14% of irradiance on an open place. The irradiance, R_g, in extra-heavily thinned stands is 12–27%, and in unthinned stands, 1–3% that of an open place. The R_g curve lies above the PAR curve in all cases. Some practical implications of the study are presented. Heavy thinning of Norway spruce stands gives RI (R_g) values 10% at basal area of 25m² ha⁻¹ which is necessary to minimize development of suckers of broadleaved trees.     

Change in soil macrofauna and vegetation when fast-growing trees are planted on savanna soils

Many forest species can be found in understory vegetation of old plantation plots, despite the fact that the native vegetation was a poor savanna growing on highly nonfertile sandy soils. The aim of the present paper is to describe the changes that occur in the environmental conditions when savanna is planted with fast-growing trees, and is particularly concerned with vegetation and soil macrofauna. The study was carried out in industrial eucalyptus plantations, and in experimental Acacia and pine plantations. Most plots were located on sandy soil, but some measurements were also carried out on clay soil planted with the same species in order to assess the influence of soil type.

A strong correlation was shown between the age of the eucalyptus trees and the percentage of forest species in undergrowth, emphasizing the progressive change from savanna vegetation towards forest vegetation.

Biomass and density of macrofauna were very low in both sandy and clayey savanna soils, total biomass being 3.3 and 5.8 g/m² respectively. Soil macrofauna became more important as the age of plantations increased, and biomass reached 29 g/m² in the 20-year-old eucalyptus plot on sandy soil, and 74 g/m² in 26-year-old eucalyptus plantation on clay soil, compared to 33 g/m² in the natural forest plot on sandy soil; however, frequency of occurrence and number of taxa were lower in old eucalyptus plot as compared to forest. Large differences in the abundance of macrofauna were observed in relation to planted species. Acacia was most favourable to soil macrofauna, with a total biomass of 60 g/m² on sandy soil and many taxa present. Pine plantations had a poor macrofauna and several taxa were lacking, particularly in the sandy soil.

Total macrofauna frequency was significantly correlated with the percentage of forest species in understory vegetation. Both were correlated with soil pH and soil organic-matter content. The results suggest that soil organic matter and litter quality are of main importance in changing the above- and below-ground habitat in plantations.