江西德兴天然次生林林下幼苗更新特征

为了解实生和萌生幼苗个体数量及比例在各类植被中的变化情况,本文以江西德兴常绿阔叶林不同林分为研究对象,对各林型中幼苗的种类组成、数量、多样性与更新方式进行调查研究。结果表明：7种林分类型的乔木更新情况不同,德兴常绿阔叶林更新幼苗共35种,分属17科23属。更新苗数量最低的是拟赤杨＋马尾松林,仅为1 250株/hm^2,更新苗最多的林分类型为米槠＋甜槠林,为6 500株/hm^2;甜槠＋木荷林更新幼苗种类高达25种,居7种林分之首,马尾松＋木荷林下幼苗仅有10种;从演替更新年龄结构来看,马尾松＋木荷林和丝栗栲＋木荷林所在的群落,林下更新苗属于增长型锥体。其它5种林型属于下降型锥体。     

长春市不同城市绿地类型绿化树种多样性调查与评价

本研究对长春市不同类型城市绿地进行了树种多样性调查与评价,结果表明:长春市公园绿地与道路绿地的乔木树种多样性相对较高,但道路绿地中的灌木与绿篱树种多样性相对较低,其原因还有待于深入研究。因此,在长春市城市绿地营造与建设中,应重视乔木、灌木与绿篱树种的合理配置,营造具有地带性植被群落特征的城市绿化景观,以提高城市森林群落的稳定性、适应性与抵抗生态风险能力,并维持城市森林群落的生物多样性。     

红河州老阴山天然林下植被组成及生物多样性

通过对云南省红河州老阴山5种在天然林栽培条件影响下产生的次生植被树种的森林种类、盖度、密度分布等方面进行作了全面调查,采用Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数等森林生物多样性指数，将结合植被物种资源总丰度来研究现有5种植被类型和天然林植被群落类型模式下的植被物种数量分布组成、演化方式规律和森林种群植物资源分布多样性。研究发现线柏林的林下植被生物种群及其多样性物种含量分布最为全面丰富；草本植物的物种类型中则以禾本科植物种类最多,其次的类型为蔷薇科；林下生物多样性指数的主要因子为地表干扰；通过回归分析和生长痕迹发现同一水热条件下，灌木层生长周期有区别于乔木层、草本层。     

上海佘山国家森林公园主要森林群落的结构特征和植物多样性

以上海市佘山国家森林公园主要森林植被类型的群落学调查资料为基础,通过应用群落相似性和物种多样性测度方法进行计算分析,对该区域的主要森林群落类型、植物多样性特征及其演替趋势进行了分析研究。结果表明:佘山国家森林公园主要由白栎林、毛竹林、香樟林、朴树-榉树林、朴树-刺槐林、梧桐林和枫香-刺槐林等7种森林类型组成; 现有森林植被的植物多样性明显低于邻近的浙江地区,其树种组成也明显偏重于落叶树种,以榆科植物、壳斗科栎类树种为主,而常绿树种则只有香樟、苦槠、毛竹、女贞等少数几个建群种;从森林演替趋势看,未来上海佘山地区的森林主要为三大类:以白栎为主的地带性森林群落,毛竹林和以樟科、榆科、木犀科等科树种组成的常绿、落叶混交林。     

上海大金山岛森林群落调查与特征分析

通过对上海大金山岛植被类型的群落学调查和特征分析,发现大金山岛的主要森林群落有2种:野梧桐、青冈-石竹-鸭跖草、鳞毛蕨群落;红楠(青冈、野柿、野梧桐)-石竹-鳞毛蕨群落;它们的林下植物种类基本相似,均还处于演替较早阶段,植物多样性低,正在向地带性森林群落——以壳斗科植物为主的群落(青冈林)缓慢演替。建议对海岛地区在封山育林的基础上,采用已经引种驯化成功的优良树种,特别是壳斗科树种,通过采用林窗更新等技术进行林分改造,有目的地选留优良乡土树种,加以定向培育,可加速森林植被自然演替过程,使之及早达到稳定阶段。     

大亮子河国家森林公园典型植物群落物种组成与结构调查

采用典型取样的方法,对大亮子河国家森林公园内9个主要森林类型植被群落的物种多样性进行了调查。结果表明：9种典型森林植被类型的空间分布结构特征明显,从主要乔木树种的空间聚集分布上可以看出,不同物种对生境具有不同的要求,它们的分布与生境紧密关联,以典型森林群落类型的垂直分布结构规律性突出。     

广东江门地区雷林1号桉的自然更新与扩散

调查了雷林1号桉单株的扩散情况及雷林1号桉林缘在广东江门地区主要植被类型(杉木人工林、红花荷人工林和灌木丛)中的扩散情况,采用小样方法调查了雷林1号桉林下乡土乔木树种的自然更新情况.调查发现:15年生雷林1号桉单株在45°扇形样地单向扩散的最大距离为17.82 m,扩散苗最多22株,平均树高4.72 m;雷林1号桉不能扩散进入20年生杉木人工林,可以扩散进入红花荷幼林,但实生苗数量很少,还可以扩散进入地被物较少的灌木丛,且更新苗数量较多.分析表明:雷林1号桉在引种栽培地能自然更新;雷林1号桉种子落地接触土壤、光照充足是其更新的主要条件;有5种乡土树种能在雷林1号桉林下自然更新且正常生长,因此,目前雷林1号桉对乡土树种的自然更新没有影响.     

北京新街口城市森林

正城市森林可提高城市观赏性。它区别于一般强调美化城市的植物景观,运用混交林、异龄林、复层林三种方式,多选用乡土树种及彩叶树种,以近自然森林景观为主,强调物种多样性,依据植物习性,模仿自然生态搭配栽植乔灌木,弥补绿化形式单一、特色不鲜明的问题,打造近自然森林的植物景观,营建以乡土树种为基础、生物多样性丰富,充满自然野趣的城市森林。     

开化县森林植被演替特征与景观优化改造分析

对开化县常绿阔叶林、针叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林3种不同自然森林植被类型进行演替过程分析研究。结果表明,常绿阔叶林是该地森林植被自然演替的主要发展方向;常绿阔叶林、针叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林分别代表了森林植被不同演替类型与动态。结合森林群落类型和生境的异质性、群落树种组成与结构、演替阶段和演替趋势,根据森林植被景观的优美性、多样性等需求,对开化县主要通道两侧的森林植被确定了7类15种目标的森林植被景观改造方案,提出了森林景观优化"主景树种+地带性树种+伴生景观树种"的树种选择模式与营建技术。     

淮安城市森林建设探讨

分析了淮安城市森林建设的必要性,提出了生态功能优先、追求自然协调、注重生物多样性、体现整体性和系统性、强调乡土树种等城市森林建设原则。探讨了通过在城市森林建设中选择和应用好乡土树种,恢复和重建城市湿地系统,以增加城市生物多样性,发展具有地方特色的淮安城市森林。     

云南九龙山自然保护区水青冈群落物种多样性及群落特征

采用典型样方调查法,对云南九龙山自然保护区内的水青冈群落生物多样性及群落特征进行研究,共设置7个30 m×30 m的样方,从群落的物种组成、重要值、物种多样性、种群年龄结构等方面进行分析。结果表明:云南九龙山水青冈群落中共有维管束植物81种,隶属48科71属,其中蔷薇科为优势科;物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度和优势度在所有群落中均表现为草本层>灌木层>乔木层;在水青冈种群年龄结构中,Ⅳ级和V级所占比例为21.4%、78.6%,未发现幼苗、幼树分布,表明种群自然更新不良,表现为衰退型。提出减少人为干扰因素,促进群落自然更新,建立种群动态数据库,在保持群落物种多样性的同时注重维持群落稳定性等保护建议。     

间伐对栓皮栎人工林林下更新的影响

栓皮栎是我国温带落叶阔叶林代表树种之一,是河南省山区典型地带性树种和主要造林树种。间伐作为一个重要的森林经营措施,研究其对林下更新的影响,可为改善栓皮栎人工林林分结构,维持林下物种多样性,制定科学合理的森林经营措施提供支撑。对间伐3 a后栓皮栎人工林林下幼苗更新物种及更新多样性进行调查,结果表明:间伐后林地内幼苗种类和数量显著增加,间伐样地内单物种更新密度和总更新密度均高于未间伐样地,间伐样地内更新苗Shannon-Wiener、Simpson多样性指数、Patrick丰富度指数值、Pielou均匀度指数均高于未间伐样地相应数值,间伐有利于栓皮栎人工林林分结构优化和林分健康。     

我国天然云冷杉针阔混交林更新研究进展*

天然云冷杉针阔混交林是我国的主要森林类型之一 ,在国民用材中占有相当大的比重。天然更新对森林群落的重构起着至关重要的作用。采伐是影响森林更新的主要人为干扰因素之一。对天然云冷杉针阔混交林适宜采用择伐 ,不适宜采用皆伐。择伐强度在 3 0 %以下有利于天然更新。林隙中更新树种的种类和数量通常多于林冠下 ,林隙具有较高的物种多样性指数。     

皆伐前后油松人工林下植物多样性变化及与土壤水分的关系

【目的】探讨油松人工林皆伐前后林下植物多样性的变化及与土壤水分的关系,为在油松林皆伐后植被恢复和发育阶段维持生物多样性、保持林分结构稳定、发挥更高生态效益等方面提供科学依据和经营措施建议。【方法】采用时序研究法,在河北平泉地区选择立地一致的不同林龄油松人工林(32年中龄林、40年近熟林、53年成熟林)和皆伐后不同时间(5、10、24 a)的天然更新林作为研究对象,分析不同生长发育阶段油松人工林下植物物种组成与多样性的变化规律及与土壤水分间的相关性。【结果】1)皆伐前后6种林分样地共出现灌木植物21种,草本植物65种,不同样地林下植物组成存在差异。胡枝子在各林分样地均有出现,且重要值均> 20%,在灌木层优势地位明显;草本层中菊科植物种类最多,有18种,其次是蔷薇科和禾本科,分别为6种和4种。2)不同林分样地林下植物多样性指数均表现为草本层>灌木层,皆伐前随着林龄增加林下植物多样性逐渐增加;皆伐后灌木层植物多样性表现为先下降后增加再下降,且变化幅度明显,伐后10 a灌木层Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数最大,分别为1.40、0.61、1.24和0.74,与53年样地差异不显著。皆伐后不同时间的天然更新林草本层植物多样性均与伐前53年样地的差异不显著,皆伐对灌木层植物的影响较大。3)不同林地土壤水分变化规律较一致,表现为伐前随林龄增加而逐渐增加,伐后5~10 a仍保持较高水平,伐后24 a出现下降,经相关分析植物多样性指数与土壤水分之间有显著的正相关关系,与草本层的相关性达极显著水平。【结论】伐前林下植物多样性变化主要与林分密度降低、光照条件改善有关,伐后主要与油松天然更新及种间竞争有关。依靠油松天然更新恢复的林地保持了较高的生物多样性,但在皆伐10 a后出现下降的趋势,建议在此时对油松更新苗进行人工抚育、降低密度以维持植物多样性。土壤水分是影响植物多样性的关键生态因子,良好的土壤水分条件和林下植被的恢复和发展可以相互促进。     

Fallow to forest: Applying indigenous and scientific knowledge of swidden cultivation to tropical forest restoration

Rotational swidden cultivation systems, with fallow periods long enough for the regeneration of secondary forests are capable of maintaining forest cover and plant diversity in a dynamic balance in swidden cultivation landscapes. Regeneration of secondary forests through several successional stages and by a combination of coppicing and seedling development is still poorly understood, especially the influence of different swiddening practices and the role of animals as seed dispersers. Swidden cultivators possess a vast knowledge of plants growing in swidden fallows and of fallow dynamics as well. Forest restoration in Thailand has been carried out mainly on the basis of experimental research on the potential of indigenous tree species to promote natural forest regeneration and biodiversity recovery; the so-called framework species. Another viable source of knowledge for forest restoration can be the study of the semi-natural revegetation processes in fallows and the indigenous knowledge of swiddeners of these processes. The research presented here was carried out to attain a better understanding of forest regeneration on fallow swiddens under different swiddening regimes and how it may be applied to practical forest restoration, We investigated the vegetation characteristics of from various stages of secondary succession in fallow swiddens of the Karen and Lawa ethnic groups in the Mae Chaem watershed, Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand. Indigenous knowledge on the use of species and traditional ecological processes in swiddening was recorded by questioning key informants. The data were analyzed and discussed with respect to their application in forest restoration and participatory forest management.     

海南霸王岭棕榈植物对热带低地雨林树木更新的影响

调查海南霸王岭热带低地雨林群落学特征,研究林下棕榈植物对树木幼苗更新的影响.结果表明:在1 hm2热带低地雨林样地中,共记录到5种棕榈植物1 288株,其中大白藤的个体数占棕榈个体总数的82.7%;不同棕榈物种的平均个体冠幅面积存在差异,大叶蒲葵显著大于其他4个物种;小样方棕榈植物多度在群落中呈显著的正态分布;小样方中棕榈多度与胸径<10 cm树木个体数量存在显著负相关,大树数量与棕榈数量无显著的相关性;小样方中大幼苗、幼树和小树物种丰富度随棕榈多度增加而减小,而小幼苗和大树的物种丰富度与棕榈多度无相关性;棕榈个体覆盖降低了更新幼苗的密度,仅有18%的幼苗(包括小幼苗和大幼苗)分布于棕榈树冠之下;在棕榈覆盖下小幼苗的个体比例低于大幼苗;53%的幼苗物种能够在棕榈覆盖下更新,97%的幼苗物种能够在无棕榈覆盖下更新;短寿命先锋种幼苗主要分布于无棕榈覆盖生境中,11.6%的长寿命先锋种分布于棕榈覆盖下的生境中,而19.8%的后期种能够在棕榈覆盖的生境中更新.     

Gap phase regeneration recruitment of mixed conifer-broadleaf forests in Wolong Nature Reserve

Wolong Nature Reserve is the largest reserve for protecting the endangered wild giant panda. Due to historical factors, even in many sections of the core protection area, the forests have been seriously destroyed and natural forests are poorly restored. However, the relative importance of the determinants for recruitment of communities under disturbance is rarely explored. In our study the endogenous and exterior factors in a forest gap that affect the conifer-broad-leaved mixed forest regeneration were investigated near Wuyipeng, one of the observation stations at Wolong, to explore which determinant had the greatest effect on gap regeneration and to discover the recruitment of seedling establishment in forest gaps. With a linear sampling method, environmental factors, gap characteristics and recruitment of new individuals were measured and examined in every forest gap along three sampling lines. Data of environmental factors in the gaps were collected for a Pearson correlation analysis in order to explore the disturbance and preprocessed characteristics of the gaps, using principal component analysis in SPSS. Correlation analysis was applied to further explore the relationship between changes in the gaps and the response of the regenerating seedlings. The results show that a range of natural and human disturbances affected the pattern and characteristics of the forest gaps in this area. The richness in the composition of the seedlings was higher than that of gap makers, but the order of dominance of the composition was different between seedlings and gap makers. The success of dominant species in establishing themselves was affected by different environmental factors. For instance, the establishment of Betula spp. was correlated significantly with topographic factors, while that of Abies faxoniana was affected by soil characteristics and that of Rhododendron spp. correlated significantly with topographic factors and characteristics of gap makers. Moreover, all the biodiversity indices of regenerating seedlings were significantly correlated with environmental principle components mostly reflecting soil properties. From this we can infer that soil characteristics are the most important factors affecting the regeneration of dominant species and seedling diversity under gap disturbances. __________ Translated from Journal of Plant Ecology (Chinese Version), 2007, 31 (3): 425–430 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

西部山地型城市及城市森林特点分析

对山地城市类型、布局结构及其特点进行阐述,分析山地城市森林影响因子及特点,认为我国西部山地城市森林具有四大特点:在城市规划区范围内以乔木为主体,自然林覆盖率和自然度0.5以上林地占城市绿地的30%以上;大型城市绿地斑块内自然、半自然林地比例较高,占斑块的20%以上;坡地林地率较高,林地率大于50%,群落结构稳定;坡地物种乡土性高,优势种明显,以自然次生林为主,并具有一定的面积和乔木数量。建议充分利用现有山地资源,从保护自然植被着手,充分保护环境基础设施,构建和完善城市组团隔离带和城周生态屏障,以形成山地城市特点鲜明的城市森林绿色生态网络。     

Enrichment planting of native species for biodiversity conservation in a logged tree plantation in Vietnam

Decades of deforestation and over logging have created large expanses of degraded lands in many countries including Vietnam. Reforestation may offer one means of mitigating these processes of degradation while sustaining biodiversity conservation. However a lack of information regarding trees, in particular threatened tree species has been identified as an important limitation in being able to reforest for biodiversity conservation. In the current study, conducted in the Tan Phu “protection forest”, the investigation surrounds the feasibility of biodiversity restoration in a fast-growing plantation after logging. Twelve threatened and native species mainly belonging to the Dipterocarpaceae and Fabaceae families have been considered. Seedlings grown in a local nursery have been planted under the canopy of a 50 ha pioneer forest, with a distance of 5 m between plants and between rows. The experimental design consists of blocks, each one with a replication of a 16-tree plot for each species. Four years after plantation, the survival rate of seedlings is high (>70 %), except for Dipterocarpus costatus (<10 %). Growth shows possible inhibitions under a closed canopy but the mean annual increment is generally satisfactory. The early performance of the seedlings is promising to make this plantation a good example of biodiversity restoration. These results could enhance the reforestation efforts of forest managers and encourage them to use native tree species including threatened ones in order to restore a high level of biodiversity in tropical degraded forests.