开展有害生物风险管理实现祁连山森林持续发展

甘肃祁连山国家级自然保护区是我国生物多样性保护的重要基地，也是国际生物多样性保护的重点区域。祁连山自然保护区优势乔木树种主要有青海云杉、祁连山圆柏、杨树、华北落叶松、桦树、油松等，以青海云杉为主的祁连山水源涵养林作为祁连山及河西走廊绿洲生态系统的主体，具有巨大的经济、生态和社会价值。在祁连山自然保护区内科学地开展林业检疫性有害生物风险管理是祁连山森林可持续发展战略的重要内容之一。     

祁连山水源涵养林可持续发展经营对策研究

以可持续发展理论为指导，结合国家西部大开发的优惠政策及祁连山水源涵养林的具体情况，分析了祁连山生态林业建设的必要性及其可持续发展的可能性。在此基础上对祁连山水源涵养林的建群种－青海云杉的经营对策进行了浅谈，从理论上确定了祁连山水源涵养林中青海云杉林抚育采伐强度为20％，抚育间隔期为15年。     

浅谈祁连山水源涵养林的保护和可持续经营对策

阐述了祁连山自然环境及植被分布特点、祁连山水源林功能及其重要性,分析了在祁连山水源涵养林的保护工作中存在的问题,并提出了对祁连山水源涵养林的可持续经营对策。     

祁连山天然林生态经济价值评估

根据祁连山森林的自然条件及社会经济特点，利用成本法、市场价倒算法、影子价格法、收益损失法等，对祁连山国有森林生态效能与经济价值进行了评估，结果表明，祁连山森林生态系统的经济效能为91.64亿元，其中：直接经济效能为79.61亿元，由于林木生长，每年新增直接经济效能1.56亿元；间接经济效能为10.71亿元。     

甘肃祁连山国家级自然保护区森林防火现状及管理措施

甘肃祁连山国家级自然保护区森林防火现状及管理措施刘兴明（甘肃祁连山国家级自然保护区护林防火办公室）１保护区概况及森林防火现状祁连山位于青藏高原的东北边缘，是我国著名的高大山系之一，跨越甘青两省。甘肃祁连山国家级自然保护区是河西走廊水源涵养林区，分布于...     

祁连山区中华鼢鼠发生危害规律研究

经1992-2001年对祁连山北坡林区中华鼢鼠在不同立地条件的调查，研究了不同立地条件鼠的数量分布和发生危害规律，掌握了其发生、危害情况，为祁连山林区中华鼢鼠的决策防治及综合治理提供科学依据。     

祁连山水源涵养林可持续经营标准与指标体系的建立

阐述了森林可持续经营标准与指标的研究动态，分析了建立祁连山水源涵养林可持续经营标准与指标体系的必要性，提出了祁连山水源涵养林可持续经营的7个标准，28个指标，其目的是探讨祁连山水源函养林合理经营的理论依据，最大限度地保护和恢复祁连山的天然林资源，并取得较大的生态，经济和社会效益。     

浅议解决祁连山林区林牧矛盾的对策

祁连山自然保护区地处欧亚大陆中心，青藏、蒙新、黄土三大高原交汇地带，地跨天祝藏族自治县、肃南裕固族自治县及古浪、凉州、山丹、民乐、甘州和永昌8县(区)，是我国西北地区著名的高大山系。祁连山自然保护     

祁连山森林危机

历史上的祁连连山是匈奴人的牧场，如今的祁连山承载着河西走廊的希望。祁连山成就了河西走廊的辉煌，但是，今天祁连山的危机却令人忧心忡忡。     

祁连山区中华鼢鼠预测预报技术初探

1995－1998年在祁连山北坡人工造林地对中华鼢鼠进行实地调查，研究不同生境中鼢鼠的数量分布和发生危害情况，基本掌握了其种数数量变动及危害规律，并根据气温、性比等因素，建立了祁连山林区中华鼢鼠短，中期数量测报模型：F＝1．679p.     

宁化县横坑切梢小蠹虫害大发生与气候因子分析

以福建省宁化县为例,调查研究了横坑切梢小蠹的生物学特性、危害规律,分析了其与气候因子的关系,并探讨了对横坑切梢小蠹的防治方法。     

浅根系大树全冠移植技术

随着城市园林绿化建设的发展，大树全冠移植在园林绿化造景中得到了推广运用。本文通过结合韶关市的季节气候特点，分析韶关市浅根系大树全冠移植成活的一般规律，总结出适宜韶关市浅根系大树全冠移植的品种，并提出本地区浅根系全冠移植的技术措施及养护管理方法。     

近12年来我国北方地区春季沙尘天气变化的探讨

根据2001—2012年春季北方地区沙尘天气观测和统计资料,归纳总结了2001年以来我国北方地区春季沙尘天气的基本特点,分析了与沙尘天气有关的荒漠化和沙化土地、植被覆盖、土壤含水量等下垫面因子的变化规律;基于气候背景、地表状况的变化趋势预测了今后一段时间沙尘天气的发展趋势。     

不同坡向对栓皮栎耗水规律的影响

利用热扩散探针配合自动气象站,于2004年度在北京林业大学妙峰山试验林场对不同立地条件下栓皮栎的水分运移规律进行了研究.结果表明：栓皮栎水分运移规律受天气状况和立地条件的影响很大.在晴天,阳坡的液流峰值达到0.007 cm/s,是阴坡液流峰值0.001 5 cm/s的5倍;在阴天,阳坡栓皮栎的液流峰值为0.000 2 cm/s,而阴坡为0.000 3 cm/s,坡向的影响减小.林木的耗水量受到树种本身的遗传因素和外界气候因子的制约,其中太阳辐射、大气温度、风速与液流呈正相关,空气相对湿度、土壤温度对液流的影响表现为负向相关.     

石羊河流域环境退化原因与整治战略对策

石羊河流域环境退化可概括为水环境退化、植被退化、土地退化等3种形式。根据石羊河流域环境系统的区域分异规律及退化特点,退化类型可划分为退化冰川、退化高山草原、退化森林、退化绿洲、退化荒漠绿洲、退化荒漠草原等6种类型。石羊河流域脆弱的环境基质与动能因素构成了环境退化的潜在条件。环境退化是气候干暖化和不合理的人为因素同脆弱环境不相协调的产物。可持续发展是实现石羊河流域社会发展的必然战略选择,提出了8条整治对策。     

Assessing impact of climate change on forest cover type shifts in Western Himalayan Eco-region

Climate is a critical factor affecting forest ecosystems and their capacity to produce goods and services. Effects of climate change on forests depend on ecosystem-specific factors including dimensions of climate (temperature, precipitation, drought, wind etc.). Available information is not sufficient to support a quantitative assessment of the ecological, social and economic consequences. The present study assessed shifts in forest cover types of Western Himalayan Eco-region (700?4500 m). 100 randomly selected samples (75 for training and 25 for testing the model), genetic algorithm of rule set parameters and climatic envelopes were used to assess the distribution of five prominent forest cover types (Temperate evergreen, Tropical semi-evergreen, Temperate conifer, Subtropical conifer, and Tropical moist deciduous forests). Modelling was conducted for four different scenarios, current scenario, changed precipitation (8% increase), changed temperature (1.07°C increase), and both changed temperature and precipitation. On increasing precipitation a downward shift in the temperate evergreen and tropical semi-evergreen was observed, while sub-tropical conifer and tropical moist-deciduous forests showed a slight upward shift and temperate conifer showed no shift. On increasing temperature, an upward shift in all forest types was observed except sub-tropical conifer forests without significant changes. When both temperature and precipitation were changed, the actual distribution was maintained and slight upward shift was observed in all the forest types except sub-tropical conifer. It is important to understand the likely impacts of the projected climate change on the forest ecosystems, so that better management and conservation strategies can be adopted for the biodiversity and forest dependent community. Knowledge of impact mechanisms also enables identification and mitigation of some of the conditions that increase vulnerability to climate change in the forest sector.     

辽宁省章古台樟子松固沙林更新的研究

章古台樟子松固沙林 ,是建国初期在东北西部与内蒙古东部防护林工程建设中营造的试验示范林。樟子松固沙林发挥了显著的生态效应与经济效应 ,它改善了沙地土壤与小气候条件 ;樟子松林的生物产量比较高 ,为 2 .7～ 3.4t/ (hm2 ·a)。樟子松固沙林提早更新的原因 ,主要由于引种地区跨越的纬度大 ,土壤气候条件差异大 ,引起树木自身生育规律的变化 ,生育期提前且缩短。另外 ,由于营造单纯林 ,林分密度高 ,水分亏缺 ,以及感染枯梢病等 ,使生育期更加缩短 ,章古台樟子松更新的林龄为 4 0～ 4 5a。更新的目标是 ,营造结构合理且稳定性比较高的乔灌草型、利用与治理相结合的新模式林     

Growth responses to climate in a multi-species tree-ring network in the Western Carpathian Tatra Mountains, Poland and Slovakia

We analyzed growth responses to climate of 24 tree-ring width and four maximum latewood density chronologies from the greater Tatra region in Poland and Slovakia. This network comprises 1183 ring-width and 153 density measurement series from four conifer species (Picea abies (L.) Karst., Larix decidua Mill., Abies alba (L.) Karst., and Pinus mugo (L.)) between 800 and 1550 m a.s.l. Individual spline detrending was used to retain annual to multi-decadal scale climate information in the data. Twentieth century temperature and precipitation data from 16 grid-boxes covering the 48-50 degrees N and 19-21 degrees E region were used for comparison. The network was analyzed to assess growth responses to climate as a function of species, elevation, parameter, frequency and site ecology. Twenty ring-width chronologies significantly correlated (P<0.05) with June-July temperatures, whereas the latewood density chronologies were correlated with the April-September temperatures. Climatic effects of the previous-year summer generally did not significantly influence ring formation, whereas site elevation and frequency of growth variations (i.e., inter-annual and decadal) were significant variables in explaining growth response to climate. Response to precipitation increased with decreasing elevation. Correlations between summer temperatures and annual growth rates were lower for Larix decidua than for Picea abies. Principal component analysis identified five dominant eigenvectors that express somewhat contrasting climatic signals. The first principal component contained highest loadings from 11 Picea abies ring-width chronologies and one Pinus mugo ring-width chronology and explained 42% of the network's variance. The mean of these 12 high-elevation chronologies was significantly correlated at 0.62 with June-July temperatures, whereas the mean of three latewood density chronologies, which loaded most strongly on the fourth principal component, significantly correlated at 0.69 with April-September temperatures (P<0.001 over the 1901-2002 period in both cases). These groupings allow for a robust estimation of June-July (1661-2004) and April-September (1709-2004) temperatures, respectively. Comparison with reconstructions from the Alps and Central Europe supports the general rule of the dominant influence of growing season temperature on high-elevation forest growth.     

Large‐scale fuzzy rule‐based prediction for suitable chestnut ink disease sites: a case study in north‐east Italy

In the past few decades, economic interest in the cultivation of chestnuts for both timber and nut production has resurfaced in the Mediterranean area. However, chestnut cultivation has suffered in recent years from the spread of exotic pests, such as the gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus, and from the resurgence of previously present diseases, most likely due to anomalous climate dynamics. This is the case with chestnut ink disease, caused by the soilborne pathogens Phytophthora cinnamomi and P. cambivora. Scientific and technical support in monitoring and management, that utilizes new forecasting approaches incorporating related environmental variables, is therefore essential. The main aim of this study was to develop a mathematical model assessing the potential for the establishment of chestnut ink disease at a large scale. Towards this goal, fuzzy rule‐based theory was applied to the environmental variables associated with host presence, pathogens' ecological niches and ink disease symptoms expression. The effectiveness of the rule‐based modelling outcomes, provided with uncertainty maps to facilitate their correct interpretation, was confirmed by detailed field data collected from a large chestnut‐growing area where ink disease has been increasing in recent years. The final model gave consistent predictions for disease presence. For this reason, it represents a flexible and valuable decision‐support tool to forecast which sites are at risk from CID.     

森林有害生物生态控制

从森林生物灾害与森林生态系统功能的关系、森林病虫害防治历史、社会对森林病虫害防治策略以及森林经营目标的需求出发,系统化森林有害生物控制策略———生态控制;定义森林有害生物生态控制;分析森林有害生物生态控制的特点、理论基础以及技术基石;认为自然控制论和自组织理论是森林有害生物生态控制的理论基础,森林有害生物生态控制的技术基石是森林生态系统管理;对森林有害生物生态控制遵循的原则进行讨论,包括生态系统原则、协调性原则、生态平衡原则、生态位原则、环境保护原则、协同进化原则、林副产品安全原则、生态系统稳定性原则、生态系统的高功能原则(生产力、经济效益、生态效益、社会效益)、森林生态系统生物灾害的可持续控制原则;对森林有害生物生态控制及其适用条件进行评价。森林有害生物生态控制与森林有害生物综合管理相比具有多项优点,是未来森林有害生物控制的主要方向,具有广阔的前景。