浑河源头4种水源涵养林土壤理化性质研究

以浑河源头落叶松、红松、混交林地(落叶松和红松混交)、采伐迹地4种水源涵养林为对象,研究土壤团聚体和土壤有机质特征。结果表明:4个样地0.25 mm风干土团聚体含量为79.62%～87.78%,0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量为40.61%～67.09%,均小于风干土团聚体含量。4个样地土壤结构体破坏率为5.92%～64.41%,表现为红松采伐迹地落叶松混交林地,各样地之间均差异显著(p0.05)。土壤风干土团聚体MWD和GMD表现为红松采伐迹地落叶松混交林地,水稳性团聚体MWD和GMD表现为混交林地落叶松采伐迹地红松。各样地0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～30 cm土层土壤有机质均存在差异;4个样地土壤有机质表现为混交林地落叶松采伐迹地红松,各个样地之间无显著差异(p0.05)。     

城乡梯度下不同林分类型土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性

[目的]探究城乡梯度和林分类型对森林土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性机制的影响,为阐明区域土壤质量评价提供理论依据。[方法]以珠江三角洲城市群城乡梯度下3种典型林分为研究对象,分析0～30 cm土层团聚体稳定性变化特征及其影响因素。[结果]3种林分类型土壤团聚体主要由大团聚体（>0.25 mm）组成。马尾松林（PF）和针阔混交林（MF）的水稳性团聚体呈现由大粒径向微团聚体（<0.25 mm）转变趋势,但常绿阔叶林（BF）土壤团聚体各粒级比例无明显变化趋势。土壤水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径（MWD）和几何平均直径（GMD）在城区随PF–MF–BF递进呈先升高后降低趋势,在近郊呈升高趋势,而在乡村呈先降低后升高趋势。质量分形维数（Dm）和团聚体结构破坏率（PAD）与MWD、GMD变化趋势相反。近郊梯度下土壤团聚体稳定性（机械稳定性和水稳性）随PF–MF–BF递进呈升高趋势。针阔混交林土壤团聚体稳定性在梯度上呈现城区>近郊>乡村趋势。随土层深度增加,不同梯度的3种林分土壤团聚体水稳性降低,而其机械稳定性升高。土壤团聚体水稳性与土壤密度、含水量和有机碳（OC）、全氮（TN）、全磷...     

川南不同退耕还竹林土壤团聚特征比较

以川南地区常用的退耕还林竹种撑绿竹和硬头黄竹为研究对象,分析退耕5年、10年和非退耕竹林土壤团聚特征和分形维数,探讨分形维数与土壤基本特性之间的关系.结果表明:与农耕地相比,退耕还竹林地土壤水稳性大团聚体含量明显增加,退耕10年的撑绿竹和硬头黄竹林水稳性团聚体含量最高,分别为农耕地的163.27％和158.36％;平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)的变化范围为0.84～2.50 mm和1.04～1.98 mm,不同土层间MWD和GMD表现一致,均为表层土最高,中层土次之,下层土最低;各土层的微团聚体分形维数为2.308～2.526,且由表层土到中层土呈上升趋势,至下层土无明显变化规律.回归分析表明土壤分形维数与土壤黏粒(＜0.002 mm)含量呈极显著正相关关系,与其他粒级含量、土壤密度和土壤有机质含量无显著相关性,因此无法用土壤分形维数来表征该地区土壤密度和有机质含量.研究表明:退耕还竹有利于降低土壤板结,提高土壤大团聚体数量;撑绿竹和硬头黄竹均可以有效降低土壤分形维数,改善土壤通透性,提高土壤结构的稳定性,进而增加土壤的抗侵蚀能力,发挥保持水土作用.     

杉阔异龄复层林对土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳及养分储量的影响

[目的]研究杉木纯林转化为杉木阔叶树异龄复层混交林(简称杉阔复层林)对土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳及养分储量的影响,为杉木人工林结构优化调控和可持续发展提供理论依据。[方法]以浙江开化不同树种构建的杉阔复层林和杉木纯林为研究对象,分析0～20 cm土层水稳性团聚体(WSA)稳定性以及全土和团聚体有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和镁(Mg)储量的变化。[结果](1)杉阔复层林和杉木纯林0.25 mm水稳性团聚体(WSA_(0.25 mm))占比最高;与杉木纯林相比,复层林均显著增加5 mm水稳性团聚体(WSA_(5 mm))比例,同时也显著提高土壤平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD),降低了团聚体分形维数(D)。(2)杉阔复层林和杉木纯林不同粒级团聚体中SOC和TN储量变化趋势一致,均为WSA_(5 mm)、2～5 mm粒径水稳性团聚体(WSA_(2～5 mm))0.25～2 mm粒径水稳性团聚体(WSA_(0.25～2 mm))WSA_(0.25 mm),而不同粒级团聚体中TP和Mg储量差异较小。(3)全土和团聚体有机碳及养分储量主要受5 mm粒径团聚体有机碳(SOC_(A5 mm))、2～5 mm粒径团聚体总氮(TN_(A2～5 mm))含量以及土壤pH的影响;团聚体稳定性主要受WSA_(5 mm)、土壤pH以及2～5 mm粒径团聚体有机碳(SOC_(A2～5 mm))含量的影响。(4)复层林不同伴生树种对团聚体组分、稳定性、土壤有机碳及养分储量有重要影响,主成分分析(PCA)发现,杉木纯林引入紫楠(杉木+紫楠)后显著影响全土和团聚体磷镁储量以及MWD和GMD;杉木纯林引入红茴香(杉木+红茴香)后显著影响全土和团聚体碳氮储量。[结论]杉阔异龄复层林的构建有利于改善杉木纯林土壤理化性质,尤以乔木阔叶树种紫楠和红茴香引入,对杉木纯林土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳及养分储量的改善效果更佳。     

土地利用方式对土壤团聚体组成及质量的影响

分析了福建省建瓯市土地利用方式对土壤团聚体组成及水稳性的影响,结果表明,林地有利于形成大粒径土壤团聚体,而柑橘园、茶园、坡耕地形成的土壤团聚体粒径较小。不同土地利用方式对土壤团聚体的质量有较大影响:>2 mm水稳性土壤团聚体含量和土壤团聚体平均重量直径的顺序都为:木荷林>封育林>杉木林>柑橘园>茶园>坡耕地。平均重量直径与>0.25 mm水稳性土壤团聚体含量存在极显著的线性正相关关系。     

豫东南沙地4种人工林土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳分布研究

为探究林分类型对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳分布特性的影响,以豫东南沙地4种典型人工林(桂花、合欢、栾树和女贞)为研究对象,通过野外调查、取土壤样品和室内试验对土壤团聚体和有机碳进行测定、分析。结果表明,①4种林分类型下土壤大团聚体(>0.25mm)含量最高,占林地土壤总团聚体的69.63%%~97.30%,粒径0.25~0.15mm团聚体含量最低,且不同林分类型下各层土壤团聚体的质量分数呈现不同的差异。②表层(0~10cm)土壤团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)均表现为栾树>合欢>桂花>女贞,分形维数(D)排序则与之相反,变化范围为2.515~1.653,栾树的土壤结构稳定性最强。③随土壤团聚体粒径的减小,4种林分土壤有机碳含量总体上呈现先升后降趋势,土壤剖面上也表现出随土层加深而下降。不同林分类型下,土壤有机碳含量差异性表现为合欢最高,栾树最低,变化范围分别为45.76~7.65和17.78~3.49g/kg。④回归分析表明,女贞林分下土壤大团聚体与有机碳含量相关性最强,土壤有机碳可解释17.5%土壤大团聚体含量的变化。研究得出该地区栾树林下土壤团聚体稳定性较强,合欢林下土壤有机碳含量最高。     

赣中不同类型毛竹林土壤结构特征及其综合评价

以赣中毛竹纯林(MC)、竹阔混交林(ZK)、竹杉混交林(ZS)3种不同类型毛竹林地土壤容重、孔隙状况、团聚体数量、大小和稳定性等土壤结构特征进行了研究,同时以阔叶林(KY)和杉木纯林(SC)为对照,并采用灰色关联度分析法进行了土壤结构综合评价。结果表明,各林分土壤容重大小排序为ZK>MC>ZS>KY>SC;土壤孔隙状况总体表现为阔叶林优于杉木林,毛竹林类型较差;>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量在94.43%～97.25%,土壤各层均为阔叶林最大;土壤团聚体分形维数均值大小排序为MC>ZK>ZS>SC>KY;不同林分类型间土壤MWD和GMD存在差异,与毛竹纯林比较,竹阔和竹杉混交林0～60 cm土层中土壤MWD和GMD均值分别提高了3.38%、4.10%和5.04%、8.11%;灰色关联度分析法的结果表明,各林分类型土壤结构指标关联度大小排序为KY>SC>ZK>ZS>MC,研究结果可为我国亚热带地区林地资源合理经营及植被建设提供科学依据。     

植被恢复模式对紫色土团聚体分布及稳定性的影响

以宁化县紫色土侵蚀区3种植被恢复模式(林果草模式、油茶模式、乔灌草模式)为研究对象,以未治理的裸露荒地(CK_2)、无明显水土流失的林分(CK_1)作为恢复前后的参照,研究土壤团聚体和理化性质的变化,分析3种植被恢复模式的优劣。结果表明:与CK_2相比,3种植被恢复模式0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量均显著提高,促进土壤从微小团聚体向大团聚体转变,土壤容重降低,孔隙度增加,土壤有机碳含量提高,以乔灌草和林果草模式为最优,但这2种模式差异不明显;植被恢复后的紫色土团聚体破坏率(PAD)和分形维数(D)值均有降低,团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)值明显增加,以乔灌草模式的变化幅度最大,表明该模式改善土壤结构的效果优于其它模式,其土壤结构较为稳定。相关分析表明,水稳性团聚体稳定性与土壤粒径、容重及孔隙度有显著相关性。     

不同林龄鹅掌楸人工林土壤团聚体及其有机碳状况

【目的】研究鹅掌楸人工林土壤团聚体及其有机碳状况,为合理经营鹅掌楸人工林、促进林业可持续发展提供依据。【方法】以不同林龄鹅掌楸人工林(幼龄林、中龄林、成熟林)土壤为研究对象,通过野外调查和室内分析,测定各粒级土壤团聚体及其有机碳含量,分析土壤团聚体稳定性主要指标即平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD),阐明土壤团聚体有机碳及其贡献率状况。【结果】不同林龄鹅掌楸人工林的土壤团聚体组成各不相同,但均以大团聚体(> 0.25 mm)为主,含量为54.98%~84.90%,且成熟林的大团聚体含量较幼龄林、中龄林分别显著提高了17.84%、25.52%;土壤团聚体稳定性指标:平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均以成熟林的最大、幼龄林其次、中龄林最小,并且土壤团聚体稳定性指标存在明显垂直分布特征,随土层加深呈下降趋势;土壤团聚体有机碳含量及有机碳贡献率都以大团聚体中为最高;随着林龄增加,成熟林土壤团聚体有机碳含量显著高于幼龄林、中龄林,且于各林龄内,各粒级团聚体有机碳含量随土层加深呈下降趋势;土壤大团聚体有机碳贡献率随鹅掌楸林龄增加显著增大,并于成熟林土层达到80%;土壤团聚体与土壤团聚体有机碳含量相互联系,相辅相成。【结论】随鹅掌楸人工林的林龄增加,土壤大团聚体组成、团聚体稳定性、团聚体有机碳含量及土壤大团聚体有机碳贡献率总体呈增加趋势。     

不同利用方式对紫色土理化性质的影响

以三峡库区紫色土为对象,研究了稻田、果园、菜田和人工林地等4种不同土地利用方式对土壤理化性质及土壤总团聚体和水稳性团聚体的影响。结果表明,稻田土壤的土壤容重最低、孔隙度最大、田间持水量最大;而林地土壤的孔隙性和持水性最差。>0.25mm总团聚体以菜田最高,稻田最低;>0.25mm水稳性团聚体数量表现为:菜田>林地=稻田>果园(P<0.05);稻田土壤pH值、有机质和全氮含量最高,明显高于果园、菜田和人工林地,稻田土壤碱解氮含量明显高于果园和人工林地(P<0.05),土壤全磷、有效磷和速效钾含量以果园最高,林地最低。     

Effect of alley cropping on soil aggregate stability of a tropical Alfisol

The beneficial effect of organic matter on soil aggregate stability is well documented. Alley cropping has been suggested as a possible alternative to maintain soil organic matter content in cropping systems without fallowing the land. The objective of this study was to asses the effect of alley cropping on dry and wet soil aggregate stability on land degraded by shifting cultivation. The aggregate size distribution by dry sieving, aggregate stability by wet sieving, soil organic Carbon content and soil bulk density were measured following two and three years of alley cropping with Gliricedia (Gliricidia sepium) and Pigeon pea (Cajanas cajan) in a tropical Rhodustalf. Alley cropping increased the mean aggregate diameter and water stability of soil aggregates. The mean aggregate diameter obtained from dry sieving increased from 1.3 mm of the control to 2.68 and 3.11 mm after three years in Pigeon pea and Gliricidia alley cropped plots, respectively. This is an indication of resistance to wind erosion in alley cropped plots. The wet aggregate stability which shows the resistance to erosion by water also increased in alley cropped plots. These increases were significant after three years of hedge row establishment. The increase in soil organic C in alley cropped plots contributed to the higher dry and wet aggregate stability, and decreased soil bulk density. The improvement was higher in plots alley cropped with Gliricidia than Pigeon pea. This study shows the importance of ally cropping in increasing aggregate stability of degraded sandy soils which in return reduce erosion by wind and water.     

侵蚀条件下土壤性质对团聚体稳定性影响的研究进展

土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元，其稳定性是影响土壤侵蚀的重要因素之一。综述与土壤团聚体稳定性相关的土壤团聚机制、侵蚀过程中的破坏机制以及影响团聚体稳定性的土壤化学性质。这些土壤性质主要有：±壤有机质、铁铝氧化物、交换性钠及土壤矿物学性质等。     

Application of fractal theory in assessing soil aggregates in Indian tropical ecosystems

Soil aggregation varies according to climatic and management factors, and is difficult to measure because of irregular shapes and sizes of soil aggregates. We applied fractal theory to assess soil aggregation as affected by (1) land use change from forest to savanna, (2) nutrient additions in forest, ecotone, and savanna ecosystems, and (3) tillage practice and residue treatments in an agro-ecosystem. We used fractal dimensions nonlinear (Dnon-lin) and linear (Dlin) based on number of aggregates (N) and mass of aggregates (M) (the range of values were 2.6 2.89 and 2.69 3.41, respectively) to capture the variations in the sizesof soil aggregates due to land use and treatments/management in these ecosystems. The variation in the values of nonlinear fractal dimension based on mass (DMnon-lin) was smaller in forest and savanna ecosystems with and without nutrient additions, while the variation was wider inagro-ecosystems with different management practices. Linear fractal dimensions based on number (DNlin) and mass (DMlin) of aggregates varied marginally in these ecosystems and did not capture the variations insoil aggregates well. The variations in nonlinear fractal dimension indicate that continued nitrogen loading in forest accelerates the formation of macroaggregates, whereas in savanna the situation was reversed. The values of nonlinear fractal dimensions did not show significant change after 6 years of nutrient additions in the ecotone; reflecting a buffering mechanism of this system in soil aggregate formation. On the basis of non-linear fractal dimension values, we conclude that residue retention and minimum tillage are appropriate for proper maintenance of soil aggregate stability for sustained crop production in the Indian dry land agro-ecosystems.     

火烧对土壤团聚体的影响

火烧对土壤性质的影响具体取决于火烧烈度和土壤类型等因子。土壤团聚体稳定性主要是指土壤结构抵抗外界机械应力破坏的能力,土壤团聚体是反映土壤健康的一个参数,因为它与土壤的化学、物理和生物性质密切相关。火烧对团聚体的影响是复杂的,这取决于火烧对与其相关的土壤有机质、斥水性和土壤矿物等因子的影响。许多研究者关于火烧对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响观点不一,而关于火烧后土壤团聚体性质的改变对土壤系统功能的影响还需要进一步研究。     

荒漠草原不同土地利用方式下春季表土水分变化研究

通过对阴山北麓荒漠草原不同土地利用方式下春季表土水分的动态监测,对土壤水分变化特征进行分析和探讨,结果表明：阴山北麓荒漠草原不同土地利用春季表土含水量大部分小于10%;不同耕地利用中,免耕地土壤含水量最高,且第3次采样中土壤含水量增加最明显;已翻耕地第2次采样土壤含水量变化很大;林地较其他土地利用表土水分含量高,且波动幅度较小。研究区不同土地利用类型土壤含水量依次为：林地〉草地〉灌丛〉耕地,这主要与土地利用状况和植被覆盖度有关。     

Soil greenhouse gas emissions from agroforestry and other land uses under different moisture regimes in lower Missouri River Floodplain soils: a laboratory approach

Changes in land use management practices may have multiple effects on microclimate and soil properties that affect soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Soil surface GHG emissions need to be better quantified in order to assess the total environmental costs of current and possible alternative land uses in the Missouri River Floodplain (MRF). The objective of this study was to evaluate soil GHG emissions (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O) in MRF soils under long-term agroforestry (AF), row-crop agriculture (AG) and riparian forest (FOR) systems in response to differences in soil water content, land use, and N fertilizer inputs. Intact soil cores were obtained from all three land use systems and incubated under constant temperature conditions for a period of 94 days using randomized complete block design with three replications. Cores were subjected to three different water regimes: flooded (FLD), optimal for CO₂ efflux (OPT), and fluctuating. Additional N fertilizer treatments for the AG and AF land uses were included during the incubation and designated as AG-N and AF-N, respectively. Soil CO₂ and N₂O emissions were affected by the land use systems and soil moisture regimes. The AF land use resulted in significantly lower cumulative soil CO₂ and N₂O emissions than FOR soils under the OPT water regime. Nitrogen application to AG and AF did not increase cumulative soil CO₂ emissions. FLD resulted in the highest soil N₂O and CH₄ emissions, but did not cause any increases in soil cumulative CO₂ emissions compared to OPT water regime conditions. Cumulative soil CO₂ and N₂O emissions were positively correlated with soil pH. Soil cumulative soil CH₄ emissions were only affected by water regimes and strongly correlated with soil redox potential.     

小浪底库区坡地不同利用方式对土壤化学性质的影响

针对干旱和水土流失并重的小浪底库区坡地,本文以该区5种主要坡地利用类型(传统耕作农田、撂荒地、间作地、林地、果园)为研究对象,探讨了不同坡地利用方式对坡地土壤化学性质的影响.结果表明:改变土地利用方式后土壤化学性状得以改善,总的梯度变化依次为:传统耕作地<果园地<撂荒地<林地<间作地.     

Fractal features and infiltration characteristics of the soil from different land uses in a small watershed in a rocky,mountainous area in Shandong Province

We studied infiltration and fractal mechanisms on sloping farmlands in a small watershed in Shandong Province in the rocky mountain areas of northern China.We studied soil fraction and soil water retention curves,and developed a soil infiltration model to analyze its quantitative relationship with soil particle size and pore dimensions under four types of land use,including sloping farmland,abandoned land,natural forest,and forest plantation(Malus pumila,Crataegus pinnatifida).Soil stability infiltration rate ranked as sloping farmland>abandoned land>natural forest>forest plantation.The sequence of soil particle size and pore dimension ranked as natural forest>forest plantation>abandoned land>sloping farmland.There were significant positive correlations between soil particle size and pore dimension,and both were positively correlated with the percent volume of silt and clay.They were negatively correlated with soil infiltration rate.The Horton model and the power function model were more suitable for simulating soil infiltration and the infiltration rate.We concluded that the soil in this area displayed typical fragments of rocky mountainous regions due to the loss of silt and clay caused by cultivation on sloping farmland.The uniformity and fractal dimensions of soil particle sizes and pore distribution decreased,thereby enhancing soil infiltration capacity and decreasing soil water retention capacity.     

土壤活性有机碳的研究进展

土壤活性有机碳（Soil active organic carbon）是陆地生态系统的重要组成成分,在陆地碳循环研究中具有非常重要作用。土壤活性有机碳的组分为：微生物有机碳、溶解性有机碳、矿化有机碳、易氧化有机碳和轻组有机碳等。主要综述了代表很大比例土壤有机碳库的土壤活性有机碳的表征、分组及影响土壤活性有机碳周转的主要因素,如水分、湿度、温度、季节和土地利用方式等。     

降雨对干旱半干旱地区土壤微生物影响研究进展

未来气候变化预示着降雨时间和数量的变化。降雨是干旱半干旱地区最重要的水分来源,降雨格局的变化将直接影响该区域生态系统的稳定性,而土壤微生物作为敏感指标多用来监测生态系统的稳定性。文中综述了降雨对干旱半干旱地区土壤微生物生物量、多样性的直接影响,以及其通过改变土壤水分、土壤空气和植被生长等对土壤微生物产生的间接影响,其中还可能伴随着其他因素的干扰,如土地利用方式、温度、海拔等。通过了解降雨格局变化对干旱半干旱地区土壤微生物的影响,可以更好地预测未来气候变化对该地区生态稳定性的影响。指出了降雨对干旱半干旱地区土壤微生物影响研究中存在的问题,并对未来研究进行了展望。