北京平原地区不同土地利用类型对土壤颗粒组成及其分形特征的影响

选取农田、撂荒草地、人工乔木林、人工灌木林和次生林5种不同土地利用类型土壤颗粒为研究对象,采用Microtrac S3500激光粒度仪测定土壤样品粒径,利用土壤分形学理论和方法,分析不同土地利用类型对土壤颗粒组成及其分形特征的影响。结果表明,土壤粒径在不同土地利用方式下存在显著差异,其中撂荒草地以砂粒为主,农田、人工乔木林、人工灌木林和次生林以粉粒为主;次生林、人工乔木林黏粒体积分数最大,且显著大于其他土地利用类型,撂荒草地最小;次生林、人工乔木林、人工灌木林粉粒体积分数最大,且显著大于农田与撂荒草地;砂粒体积分数则与粉粒相反。土壤分形维数的大小依次为撂荒草地＜农田＜人工灌木林＜次生林＜人工乔木林;土壤分形维数与土壤黏粒含量、粉粒含量均呈显著正相关,与土壤砂粒含量呈显著负相关。     

豫西石质丘陵区不同土地利用方式下土壤颗粒分形特征

运用分形理论,以豫西石质丘陵区土壤为供试材料,分析了天然次生林、荒草地、混交林、杨树林、耕地等5种土地利用方式的土壤颗粒分形特征及其与土壤各粒级含量、理化性质之间的关系。结果表明:1)研究区土壤细粒化较明显,具有一定的水土保持效应;2)5种用地方式分形维数平均值介于2.510～2.629之间,分维值大小依次为天然次生林>耕地>杨树林>混交林>荒草地,可以在一定程度上反映石质丘陵区水土流失的程度;3)土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤颗粒含量存在较强相关性,即土壤中黏粒含量越高,尤其是0.002～0.001 mm粒级含量越高,分形维数越大;4)研究区土壤颗粒分形维数与速效钾含量呈显著正相关,与其它理化性质的相关性均不明显。     

Impacts of fractal features of soil on moisture infiltration capacity of typical stands in Jinyun mountain of Chongqing city

The soil structure was expressed with fractal dimensions of particle size distribution (PSD), aggregate size distribution (ASD), and soil pore size distribution (SPD). The effect of soil fractal features on soil infiltration velocity and process was studied. The result of the fractal feature shows that fractal dimensions of PSD are obviously greater than those of ASD and SPD, and in different soil genetic horizons, the fractal dimension of ASD has the greatest variability, and shows a downtrend on the top-to-bottom genetic horizon. According to the soil infiltration process curve, the infiltration process was divided into three phases: (1) the initial phase (0–5 min), (2) the transition phase (5–30 min), and (3) the stable phase (30–180 min). In the initial phase of infiltration, the soil structure of soil genetic horizon A was the major influencing factor; in the transition phase of infiltration, the pore distribution of soil horizon AB and soil structure of horizon B were the major influencing factors; in the stable phase of infiltration, the soil structure of horizon C was the major influencing factor to the infiltration velocity. Soil infiltration process is influenced comprehensively by soil PSD, ASD, and SPD. In the overall soil water infiltration, the infiltration in shrub forest land was much faster than that in other land uses, and in the initial infiltration phase, arable land soil infiltration was much faster than that in forest land, and in the stable infiltration phase, the infiltration velocity in forest land was faster than that in arable land. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2006, 28(3): 73–78 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

缙云山自然保护区4种森林类型林地土壤的持水特性研究

对缙云山自然保护区的常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、竹林、灌木林林地及农地(对照)土壤的物理性质、土壤水分的入渗性能进行了测定分析,结果表明:其林地(农地)表层土壤容重的顺序为,常绿阔叶林>针阔混交林>竹林>农地>灌木林;土壤非毛管孔隙度的顺序为,灌木林>针阔混交林>竹林>常绿阔叶林>农地。灌木林林地土壤的有效水分涵蓄量要明显大于其他的森林类型,其蓄水量是竹林的1.4倍,是农地的2.14倍。4种森林类型林地及农地土壤的水分下渗性能,其层间稳渗率以腐殖质层>淀积层>母岩层;在土壤层,以竹林和农地的水分初渗为高。灌木林林地土壤的水分渗透性能极强,其初渗值达到了10.169 mm/min。从土壤水分的入渗性能来看,灌木林涵养水源和理水调洪的功能要远大于其他森林类型,针阔混交林要优于常绿阔叶林,而竹林最差。然而,对于遭遇短历时较高强度的降雨而言,竹林的理水调洪作用可能略好于针阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林。     

喀斯特不同侵蚀场地土壤颗粒分布及可蚀性特征

选取西南喀斯特最为典型的坡地、洼地和落水洞为研究单元,采用野外调查采样与室内试验相结合的方法,研究坡地、洼地和落水洞土壤颗粒的分布规律和土壤可侵蚀性特征。结果表明:土壤颗粒的质量分数分布,坡地为砂粒(42.25%)>粉粒(36.33%)>黏粒(21.42%);洼地为粉粒(51.80%)>砂粒(32.61%)>黏粒(15.59%);落水洞为粉粒(51.65%)>砂粒(31.67%)>黏粒(16.68%),坡地以砂粒为主,洼地和落水洞以粉粒为主。土壤可侵蚀性K值变化范围:坡地为0.07~0.22,洼地和落水洞分别为0.26~0.33和0.25~0.32,坡地土壤抗侵蚀能力强于洼地和落水洞。土壤分形维数与砂粒含量呈负相关,与粉粒含量呈正相关,与黏粒含量呈显著正相关。土壤可侵蚀性K值与砂粒和黏粒含量呈负相关,与粉粒含量呈显著正相关。土壤侵蚀沉积易形成质地较细,结构良好的土壤,但形成的土壤抗侵蚀能力较弱,易发生二次水土流失。     

武夷山风景区森林景观土壤物理性质异质性及其分形特征

景观异质性是景观的重要属性,是形成不同景观结构和功能的基础(Formanet al.,1986)。它直接影响着景观的生物多样性和生产力,以及资源、物种在景观中的分配与传播。对景观整体功能及生态过程有重要的控制作用(Turneret al.,1987;1991),因此它是景观生态学的研究核心之一。景观异质性不仅与干扰(自然的和人为的)、生物群落定居和内源演替等方面有关,亦受景观内空间单元的自然地理特征和地质地貌过程的影响(Forman,1990;伍业钢等,1992)。土壤异质性是景观异质性的具体体现,也是造成景观异质性的重要原因之一。土壤异质性的研究有助于揭示景…     

Soil fractal features of typical forest stands in Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing City, Southwest China

In order to explore the forest soil physical property in the Three Gorges Reservoir areas, the fractal theory was adopted to study the soil fractal features of the four typical forest stands (mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forests, evergreen broadleaved forests, Phyllostachys pubescens forests and evergreen broadleaved shrub forests) in Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing City, and they were compared with arable land. It has been proposed that the model can be used for the analysis of the relationship between the fractal dimensions and the properties of forest soil. The impacts of fractal dimensions on the soil properties were analyzed with the elasticity analysis and marginal yield analysis. Results showed that the fractal dimension of particle size distribution (PSD), the micro-aggregate size distribution (ASD) and the soil pore size distribution (SPD) can be used as the indices to evaluate the soil structure. In the typical stands of Jinyun Mountain, the fractal dimension of PSD is 2.7–2.9, the ASD is 2.5–2.8, and the SPD is 2.3–2.8. The soil structure of evergreen broadleaved shrub forests performed best in PSD, ASD and SPD, and the soil of P. pubescens forests is the worst. There were some relationships among the PSD, ASD, SPD and some soil properties in the different forests and farmland. The related coefficients are over 0.5. Based on the elasticity analysis and marginal yield analysis, the effect of PSD was more than those of ASD and SPD. Obviously, the further study on the fractal theory application in soil structure and soil properties has important significance. __________ Translated from Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 4(4): 39–46 [译自: 中国水土保持科学]     

然林及坡耕地转变为巨桉林后土壤抗蚀性变化

以川西低山区天然林及其人工更新形成的1年生（Ⅰ1）、2年生（Ⅰ2）和3年生（Ⅰ3）巨桉林,坡耕地及其退耕形成的1年生（Ⅱ1）、2年生（Ⅱ2）和3年生（Ⅱ3）巨桉林为研究对象,研究土壤抗蚀性变化。结果表明：天然林转变为巨桉林后土壤水稳性团聚体平均重量直径、结构性颗粒指数、团聚状况和团聚度降低,土壤不稳定团粒指数、分散率、侵蚀系数和受蚀性指数增加;相反,坡耕地转变为巨桉林后土壤水稳性团聚体平均重量直径、结构性颗粒指数、团聚状况和团聚度增加,土壤不稳定团粒指数、分散率、侵蚀系数和受蚀性指数降低。土壤抗蚀性综合主成分值呈现出天然林〉Ⅰ1〉Ⅰ3〉Ⅰ2及坡耕地〈Ⅱ1〈Ⅱ2〈Ⅱ3变化规律。说明天然林改为巨桉林后土壤抗蚀性会有所降低,但随着种植年限的增加土壤抗蚀性有上升趋势,而坡耕地改为巨桉林后土壤抗蚀性随种植年限的增加而增加。     

Application of fractal theory in assessing soil aggregates in Indian tropical ecosystems

Soil aggregation varies according to climatic and management factors, and is difficult to measure because of irregular shapes and sizes of soil aggregates. We applied fractal theory to assess soil aggregation as affected by (1) land use change from forest to savanna, (2) nutrient additions in forest, ecotone, and savanna ecosystems, and (3) tillage practice and residue treatments in an agro-ecosystem. We used fractal dimensions nonlinear (Dnon-lin) and linear (Dlin) based on number of aggregates (N) and mass of aggregates (M) (the range of values were 2.6 2.89 and 2.69 3.41, respectively) to capture the variations in the sizesof soil aggregates due to land use and treatments/management in these ecosystems. The variation in the values of nonlinear fractal dimension based on mass (DMnon-lin) was smaller in forest and savanna ecosystems with and without nutrient additions, while the variation was wider inagro-ecosystems with different management practices. Linear fractal dimensions based on number (DNlin) and mass (DMlin) of aggregates varied marginally in these ecosystems and did not capture the variations insoil aggregates well. The variations in nonlinear fractal dimension indicate that continued nitrogen loading in forest accelerates the formation of macroaggregates, whereas in savanna the situation was reversed. The values of nonlinear fractal dimensions did not show significant change after 6 years of nutrient additions in the ecotone; reflecting a buffering mechanism of this system in soil aggregate formation. On the basis of non-linear fractal dimension values, we conclude that residue retention and minimum tillage are appropriate for proper maintenance of soil aggregate stability for sustained crop production in the Indian dry land agro-ecosystems.     

贡嘎山东坡林地土壤低吸力段持水特性及其影响因素分析

以贡嘎山东坡几种森林类型为例,采集林地原状土以减压法测定土壤低吸力段持水曲线,进行幂函数模拟和计算分形维数。结果表明:该地区针叶混交过熟林、冷杉成熟林林地的土壤在低吸力段,各吸力值含水量高,其持水性能有利于森林水文功能的发挥和林木的生长;而次生林,尤其是次生针叶纯林林地的土壤持水性能差。幂函数对研究区土壤低吸力段的持水曲线模拟较好,新指标—分形维数的计算结果充分反映了土壤低吸力段持水性与土壤的结构、质地、有机质含量等因素的关系,为森林水文生态研究提供了新的方法。     

Impact of land use on physico-chemical and hydrological properties of ustifluvent soils in riparian zone of river Yamuna,India

Land use influences physico-chemical and water transmission properties of soil, which ultimately determine the suitability of land for different purposes. In present study, impact of different land use (forest and agriculture) on selected physicochemical and hydrological properties of soil was evaluated and compared with a reference site (uncultivated ravinous wasteland). Land use influenced infiltration rate, bulk density, mean weight diameter of aggregates and plant available water of soils. After 25 years of plantation of forest species, soil organic carbon content increased by more than twofold and mean weight diameter of aggregates by 2- to 6-fold in comparison to reference site. Significant reduction in soil bulk density (4–18%) and increase in steady state infiltration rate (1.5–2 times) was observed under the forest land use system. Conversion of ravine to forest system resulted in significant improvement in moisture retention capacity of soil. Conversion of ravine landform to agriculture adversely affected the soil bulk density and infiltration rate. The study provided practical information regarding rehabilitation potential of different tree species (Prosopis juliflora, Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia nilotica and Azadirachta indica) that could be used for restoration of ustifluvent soil susceptible to gully erosion in the semi-arid region.     

准格尔旗黄土丘陵区人工林水文生态效益评价研究

就黄土丘陵区主要植被类型人工油松成熟林、人工油松中龄林、人工油松幼龄林、人工沙棘林、人工柠条林、天然草坡的枯落物容水特征和林地土壤水分物理性质进行了测定,并以坡耕地作对照。结果表明：人工油松成熟林的枯落物吸水量为22．6t／hm2,是中龄林和幼龄林的5～9倍,是灌木林的2．4～3倍,是天然草地的10倍多。0～40cm土层土壤最大持水能力油松成林、油松幼林、浦松中龄林、人工沙棘林、人工柠条林、天然草地、农耕地依次为2260．05、1935．6、1935．6、1820．1、1597．65、1666．05、1600．2t／hm2;油松成林、油松幼林、油松中龄林、人工沙棘林、天然草地0—40cm土层土壤最大持水能力分别比对照农耕地提高659．85、335．4、335．4、219．9、65．85t／hm2。在土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、毛管最大持水量、土壤最大持水能力等水土保持及水源涵养功能指标诸方面,人工油松林均优于灌木林和天然草地。     

青海湟水河流域不同退耕还林模式水文效应

基于野外采样、定点观测和室内实验,研究青海湟水河流域不同退耕还林模式水文效应,结果表明：不同林分类型枯落物有效持水性大小顺序为云杉桦树混交〉桦树〉云杉〉沙棘,其林下土壤持水性大小顺序为云杉桦树混交〉沙棘〉桦树〉云杉〉农田;森林土壤是森林生态系统水文效应的主体,枯落物和土壤总持水性大小顺序为云杉桦树混交〉沙棘〉桦树〉云杉〉农田。不同林分类型枯落物持水量决定于枯落物蓄积量和自然含水率,其林下土壤持水量决定于土壤非毛细管孔隙度。     

沂蒙山林区不同植物群落下土壤颗粒分形特征

运用土壤物理学和分形学原理与方法,研究了沂蒙山林区7种植物群落下的土壤颗粒组成与分形特征。结果表明:1)研究区土壤颗粒组成具有石质山地典型粗骨土的结构特征,各种植物群落的土壤中以粗砂粒含量最高,细砂粒含量次之,而石砾含量和粉黏粒含量较低;2)防护林群落具有显著地改善土壤颗粒组成和提高土壤颗粒分形维数的作用,其作用程度为针阔叶(赤松+麻栎)混交林依次高于阔叶林(刺槐纯林、麻栎纯林)和针叶林(赤松纯林);3)土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤中粉黏粒(粉粒及黏粒)含量呈极显著正相关,与细砂粒和粗砂粒含量呈显著的负相关,而与石砾含量的相关性不显著。研究成果可为沂蒙山区水土保持植被类型的合理选择与配置提供参考。     

细叶龙竹人工林高产培育技术研究

2010年11月至2011年4月在广西、云南采用简单随机抽样法布设标准地,调查研究细叶龙竹人工林生长情况,得出其高产栽培技术措施:选择热带、南亚热带地区土层厚度40 cm以上的土山、退耕地、灌木林地、疏林地作为造林地;使用1 a生实生营养杯苗造林;幼林期每年除草1~2次,追肥2次,扩塘1次,并采伐小老竹;种植密度为630丛/hm2,每丛留养母竹6~9株.按此技术措施造林和经营,可达到1年成丛,2年成林,3年成材,采伐量达22.5~30 t/hm2,4年时采伐量达45~60 t/hm2,5年时进入高产稳产期,采伐量达75~105 t/hm2.     

滇中高原区主要森林类型林地土壤蓄水功能

应用人工模拟降雨、径流场定位观测及林地土壤层持水能力等实测资料,从森林土壤入渗性能,地表径流和土壤侵蚀,林地土壤水分状况,土壤的持水能力和最大容水量等方面深入分析了不同森林类型林地土壤的水源涵养功能及其差异。     

青海省湟水河流域退耕还林地土壤可蚀性研究

以青海湟水河流域2000—2009年退耕还林地为研究对象,基于野外定点观测和室内实验分析,测定土壤理化性质,采用EPIC模型中的算法求算土壤可蚀性K值,研究不同退耕还林年限和不同植被类型土壤可蚀性的变化情况。结果表明:1)随着退耕年限的增加,土壤孔隙度逐渐增大;砂粒含量略微增加;粉粒含量略有减少;黏粒含量则基本不变;有机质在退耕7年内逐渐减少,之后又开始增加;土壤可蚀性有降低的趋势,退耕9年后对土壤可蚀性有较明显的改善。2)相同退耕年限,退耕植被类型改善土壤可蚀性能力为乔木混交林>乔灌混交林>乔木林>灌木林,且退耕年限越长变幅越大,差别越明显。     

Characteristics of soil seed bank in plantation forest in the rocky mountain region of Beijing, China

We investigated characteristics (scales and composition) of soil seed banks at eight study sites in the rocky mountain region of Beijing by seed identification and germination monitoring. We also surveyed the vegetation communities at the eight study sites to explore the role of soil seed banks in vegetation restoration. The storage capacity of soil seed banks at the eight sites ranked from 766.26 to 2461.92 seeds·m -2 . A total of 23 plant species were found in soil seed banks, of which 63 80% of seeds were herbs in various soil layers and 60% of seeds were located in the soil layer at 0 5cm depth. Biodiversity indices indicated clear differences in species diversity of soil seed banks among different plant communities. The species composition of aboveground vegetation showed low similarity with that based on soil seed banks. In the above- ground plant community, the afforestation tree species showed high importance values. The plant species originating from soil seed banks represented natural regeneration, which also showed relatively high importance values. This study suggests that in the rocky mountain region of Beijing the soil seed banks played a key role in the transformation from pure plantation forest to near-natural forest, promoting natural ecological processes, and the role of the seed banks in vegetation restoration was important to the improvement of ecological restoration methods.     

梁山慈竹在退耕还林中的水土保持效应研究

利用小型径流观测场对比观测降雨时间集中的梁山慈竹林和未退耕种植红薯的耕地的17次降雨、10次水土流失过程进行效益对比,分析侵蚀量、径流量与降雨因子的关系。结果表明,退耕还梁山慈竹林的穿透降水率为89.14%,茎流率平均为1.57%,林冠截持降水率为9.29%;凋落物层的最大持水量约为27.54 t.hm-2,相当于水深2.4～3.3 mm,占降水量的14.46%～19.88%;与未退耕地相比,梁山慈竹林的平均径流量比耕地减少24.6%,而耕地侵蚀量约是林地的4.7倍,林地降水的泥沙侵蚀平均减少量达到78.56%。梁山慈竹有较好的水土保持作用,能够明显地减少地表径流和泥沙侵蚀。     

曲靖市林业生态建设浅析

介绍曲靖市近年来防护林体系、天然林保护工程、退耕还林工程等林业生态建设状况。对森林生态系统脆弱,石漠化土地治理任重道远,林业产业结构不合理,林业基础设施依然薄弱等林业生态建设面临的形势进行分析,藉此提出了林业生态建设发展思路、建设重点及对策措施。