北方园艺果实组织结构研究进展

介绍了仁果类、浆果类、核果类3个不同园艺种类果实的组织结构,重点对不同品种苹果的组织结构进行了阐述,并分析了同一种类不同品种果实的组织结构、果实组织结构与其品质等方面的相关性,最后对我国园艺果实组织结构的研究方向进行了展望.     

伏牛山区郁香忍冬野生资源调查研究

对伏牛山区郁香忍冬野生资源（糖果树）的分布状况、生物学特性、生态学特征、结果习性进行了调查。并根据果实大小、果形、果色等性状将其划分为樱桃型果类、浅人字型果类、哑铃型果类、椭圆人字型果类、圆锥人字型果类、鸡爪型果类、倒卵状人字型果类、矩圆人字型果类等８个自然类型。为开发利用野生郁香忍冬资源提供了科学依据。     

神农纯绿色植物果类营养剂(CHESILWON)在早酥梨上的应用试验

试验探讨应用神农纯绿色植物果类营养剂(CHESILWON)对张掖早酥梨生长发育和果实品质的影响。设置神农纯绿色植物果类营养剂3个处理浓度(0.10%、0.15%、0.20%),以清水为对照,进行叶面喷施试验。结果表明:应用0.20%处理浓度的神农纯绿色植物果类营养剂早酥梨果实单果质量比对照提高10.3%;果实纵径生长比对照提高21.66%;果实横径生长比对照提高16.55%;可溶性固形物含量比对照提高10.4%;叶绿素比对照提高13.24%。说明神农纯绿色植物果类营养剂对早酥梨生长发育和改善果实品质有一定的作用。     

新兴小果类黑莓的栽培管理

原产北美的主要小果类果树黑莓首次在江苏引种成功，具有生长快、适应性强、结果早等优点，果实可用于加工，也可鲜食。初步推广证明黑莓是适合我国部地区气候条件小果类果树。本文对黑莓的生物学特性、栽培管理方法及果实利用做了详细介绍，为黑莓的种植推广了实用的技术指导。     

蓝莓果实同化物韧皮部卸载路径与糖代谢酶活性

【目的】韧皮部卸载和韧皮部后运输在调节蔗糖在库器官间的分配、维持果实的库强方面起着至关重要的作用,而且很大程度上决定着果实的产量和质量。本文研究目的是明确蓝莓同化物韧皮部卸载的机制与糖代谢机制。【方法】以5年生高丛蓝莓品种‘喜来’(‘Sierra’)为研究对象,对各个发育时期的蓝莓果实韧皮部的超微结构进行观察,并综合运用荧光染料活细胞示踪与激光共聚焦扫描显微镜技术实时观察果实内韧皮部同化物卸载路径,运用高效液相色谱等技术,测定分析蓝莓果实可溶性糖含量及相关代谢酶的活性变化等。【结果】对韧皮部细胞进行的超微结构观察显示,在蓝莓果实整个发育期,果实韧皮部SE/CC(筛管伴胞复合体)与周围薄壁细胞之间均未发现胞间连丝,从而形成了共质体隔离,但在薄壁细胞之间、薄壁细胞与果肉细胞之间存在大量胞间连丝。荧光染料CF[5(6)-羧基荧光素]的活细胞示踪试验表明,果实发育过程中,CF均被严格限制在韧皮部中,没有扩散到周围的薄壁细胞。这些结果证实蓝莓果实同化物以质外体卸载途径为主,韧皮部后运输存在着活跃的共质体途径,大量胞间连丝的存在有利于薄壁细胞之间以及薄壁细胞与果肉细胞之间的物质交换。进一步酶活性测定结果显示,在蓝莓果实的整个发育期,转化酶活性保持在较高水平,为证实蓝莓果实同化物以质外体卸载为主提供了证据。对糖代谢相关酶活性分析显示,在果实发育的各个阶段,蓝莓果实的可溶性糖主要以积累果糖和葡萄糖为主,蔗糖酶的分解活性始终大于合成活性;在果实发育中后期,可溶性酸性转化酶和中性转化酶活性进一步升高,显示果实发育后期果肉细胞内进行着活跃的蔗糖分解、转化及贮藏过程,且糖积累与转化酶、蔗糖合酶和蔗糖磷酸合酶等酶活性成正相关。在蓝莓果实发育过程中,蔗糖代谢相关酶的综合作用是影响蓝莓果实中可溶性糖积累的重要因子。【结论】蓝莓果实同化物以质外体卸载途径为主,韧皮部后运输存在着活跃的共质体途径。蓝莓果实主要以积累果糖和葡萄糖为主,且糖积累与转化酶、蔗糖合酶和蔗糖磷酸合酶等酶活性成正相关。     

油茶果皮颜色对炭疽病的抗性的影响

将安徽6种油茶栽培品种根据果皮颜色分为3种类型：即红果类、青果类和杂色果类，并以人们公认抗病性最强的攸县油茶为对照。对各类型油茶品种进行林间抗病性调查；同时室内测定各品种果实潜伏侵染概率、果皮滤液的pH值及缓冲容量、果皮滤液的孢子萌发试验。结果表明：果实不同色泽的油茶对炭疽病抗性存在着显著差异,红果类油茶为高抗品种；青果类油茶为感病品种;杂色果类油茶发病率介于两者之间，为中抗品种.     

越橘

越橘,其中的蓝果类型俗名“美国蓝莓”,是具有较高经济价值和广阔开发前景的新兴果树树种。果实为蓝色或红色,果实大小因种类不同而异,一般单果重为0.5-2.5g。其果实果肉细腻,种子极小,甜酸适口,具有清爽宜人的香气。其中大果类型为鲜食佳品,在美国市场上,越橘果实70％作鲜果销售。其果实除了含有常规的糖、酸和维生素C外,还富含维生素E、维     

高档红肉布朗李——美国红血李

<正>美国红血李于2003年引入我国,经山东省枣庄市核果类果树研究所试种,表现出优良的性状,比美国杏杂交杏李恐龙蛋高产、抗病,比其它红肉李表现性状更为突出,很有发展前景。该品种果实美观,光滑亮丽,呈鸭蛋形。果实开始着色即可食用, 无涩不酸,成熟后果皮鲜红,果肉鲜     

慈溪市乡土树种资源调查研究（Ⅱ）

摘要：对浙江省慈溪市乡土树种进行了调查整理,得到65种（含变种）蓝果和黑果类绿化观赏树种名录,隶属25科39属,其中慈溪新记录16种,隶属9科13属。分析了树种的地理分布、果实颜色、果熟期和果实观赏性等,并以园林观赏、生态防护、滨海盐土造林、断面边坡覆绿、水湿地绿化和其它用途的分类方式,对各树种的用途进行归类研究。最后列举了4种树种的性状和利用价值。     

极晚熟桃品种—巨红冬桃

巨红冬桃是山东省枣庄市核果类果树研究所在枣庄山亭大冬桃品种中发现的红色大果型冬桃新品种,经过嫁接和多代的繁育,性状稳定,其果实特大,颜色鲜红,自花结实,抗病高产。     

柿自然脱涩能力与单宁细胞发育规律的研究

研究了三种不同甘、涩类型柿果实中可溶性单宁含量，单宁细胞和薄壁细胞发育规律，结果表明，完全甜柿和不完全甜柿的主要脱涩期明显不同，前者在果实发育的早期，后者在近熟期；完全甜柿自然脱涩主要是由于薄壁细胞的持续增大和单宁铁早期停止发育，造成单宁细胞占果肉面积比下降所致，而不完全甜柿的树上脱涩主要依赖果实成熟前单宁的凝固作用。     

马家柚粗皮果形成过程的解剖学观察

为了解马家柚粗皮果形成的原因,以马家柚光皮果为对照,比较了果实发育期间果皮的显微结构。通过对外果皮的解剖结构观察发现,光皮果的油胞下凹,而粗皮果的油胞略有凸起,并且粗皮果的油胞体积明显大于光皮果,二者在油胞上所表现的这些差异可能是导致粗皮果果皮粗糙的主要原因。通过对中果皮的解剖结构观察发现,在果皮成熟时粗皮果中果皮细胞较光皮果形态上更细长,果皮射线方向细胞直径更大,细胞间隙也更大,这些可能是导致粗皮果果皮增厚、海绵层疏松现象的原因之一。     

Temporally and spatially controlled death of parenchyma cells is involved in heartwood formation in pith regions of branches of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Robinia pseudoacacia</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">inermis</Emphasis>

Focussing on four types of parenchyma cell around pith regions of branches of Robinia pseudoacacia L. var. inermis, we examined the timing and role of cell death during heartwood formation. Large parenchyma cells that were located in the inner part of the pith died within a year. By contrast, other parenchyma cells died within 4 years, with the timing of cell death depending on the type of cell. Axial parenchyma cells of the xylem close to the pith died first. Then, small parenchyma cells died in the perimedullary zone in the outer part of the pith. Finally, ray parenchyma cells in the xylem close to the pith died. Variations in the autofluorescence of cell walls, which might have been due to deposition of heartwood substances, were observed first in xylem ray parenchyma cells and small parenchyma cells in the perimedullary zone. Our results indicate that the initiation of heartwood formation occurs within 4 years in pith regions of branches in Robinia pseudoacacia L. var. inermis. Moreover, it appears that not only xylem ray parenchyma cells but also small parenchyma cells in the perimedullary zone might be involved in the synthesis of heartwood substances.     

Structure-function relationships during secondary phloem development in an angiosperm tree,Aesculus hippocastanum: microtubules and cell walls

We studied the dynamics of the cortical microtubule (CMT) cytoskeleton during differentiation of axial secondary phloem elements in taproots and epicotyls of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (horse-chestnut) saplings. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy of alpha-tubulin and transmission electron microscopy revealed that fusiform cambial cells possessed a reticulum of CMTs in which individual microtubules were randomly arranged. During differentiation of these cambial cell derivatives into secondary phloem cells, the CMTs were rearranged to become helically oriented, regardless of phloem cell type. Although helical CMTs were a persistent feature of all axial elements of the secondary phloem (sieve elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and fiber-sclereids), some modifications of this arrangement occurred as cells differentiated. Thus, at late stages of cell differentiation, sieve elements possessed nearly transverse CMTs, pronounced bundling of CMTs was seen in phloem parenchyma, and the density of CMTs in the helical arrays of fibers increased markedly. Additionally, phloem parenchyma possessed rings of CMTs in association with developing pit areas. Aspects of the development and chemistry of cell walls were also examined during phloem cytodifferentiation.     

新高梨果实的生长发育特性

为了了解新高梨果实的生育特性,以从日本引进的新高梨为材料,通过田间调查和石蜡切片对新高梨果实的生长发育进行了系统的观测分析。结果表明:果实纵横径的生长经历了3个阶段,3个增长高峰期。体积和重量的增长经历了2个阶段,2个增长高峰期。果实膨大在6月中旬之前主要是由于细胞分裂,细胞数目的增多,之后主要是由于细胞体积的增大。石细胞是由薄壁细胞转化而来的,转化的顺序是从果肉内部逐渐向外。胚在花后2周开始发育,2个月后基本发育成熟。     

Anatomical characteristics of fusoid cells and vascular bundles in Fargesia yunnanensis leaves

As of today, the functions of fusoid cell, and the transport and loading pathways of photoassimilate in bamboo leaves are still not clear. In this paper, the leaves of Fargesia yunnanensis from a greenhouse and the wild were respectively used as samples to analyze the anatomical characteristics of fusoid cells and vascular bundles.The results showed that the bamboo leaves from greenhouse got shorter and thinner with fewer layers of palisade parenchyma cells than those from the wild. The volumes of fusoid cells were also increased. Fusoid cells originated from a huge parenchyma cell as testified by the observed nuclei. Several fusoid cells usually formed one cell complex close to the midrib. Crystals were detected in fusoid cells but no pits or plasmodesmata on their walls, suggesting that fusoid cells had the function of regulating water. The presence of fusoid cells determined the major difference between a leaf blade and sheath. There were prominent chloroplasts with simple stroma lamellae in the parenchymatous bundle sheath cells and starch grains were also observed in these chloroplast. Photoassimilates could be transported across vascular bundle sheath via symplasmic pathways for an abundant of plasmodesmata in sheath cell walls, and transported into phloem tube by apoplastic pathway as there were no pits in the walls of companion cells and phloem tubes.     

Polyphenol oxidase and its relationship with oleuropein concentration in fruits and leaves of olive (Olea europaea) cv. 'Picual' trees during fruit ripening

Oleuropein, the main phenolic compound of olive fruit, has important antioxidant properties that are responsible for some of the nutritional properties of fruits and the defence mechanism of leaves. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity changes during fruit ripening in many plants. We studied the kinetics and molecular properties of PPO in fruits and leaves of olive (Olea europaea L.) cv. 'Picual' trees and the relationship between PPO and oleuropein concentration during fruit ripening. Polyphenol oxidase showed hyperbolic kinetics in fruits and leaves. Significant increases in PPO specific activity, V(max), K(m )and catalytic efficiency occurred during fruit ripening. Based on SDS-PAGE under partially denaturing conditions and in-gel staining with DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, PPO activity was found in one major protein of 55 and 50 kDA in fruits and leaves, respectively. During the last stages of fruit maturation, a second 36 kDa protein was observed in fruits but not in leaves, indicating that this protein could serve as a marker of the final phase of fruit maturation. Under fully denaturing conditions, only one 27.7 kDa immunoreactive band was detected in fruits. Both the amount of PPO activity and the amount of PPO protein increased significantly during fruit maturation. Immunohistochemical studies indicated that PPO is located in the epidermis, parenchyma and companion vascular cells of leaves as well as in the epidermis of fruit. During fruit maturation, oleuropein concentration measured by HPLC significantly decreased in fruits and increased in leaves.     

Changes in the morphology and functions of vacuoles during the death of ray parenchyma cells in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis>

Changes in the morphology and functions of vacuoles provide useful information about the mechanism of cell death. In the present study, we monitored the morphology and contents of vacuoles during the death of ray parenchyma cells in the conifer Cryptomeria japonica. In differentiating xylem, ray parenchyma cells had large central vacuoles. In sapwood, vacuoles in ray parenchyma cells contained proteins, an indication that one of the main functions of these vacuoles might be protein storage. A dramatic decrease in the protein content of some vacuoles was detected in the intermediate wood before the initiation of vacuole rupture. Although vacuole rupture was detected from the intermediate wood to the outermost heartwood, some vacuoles were obviously enlarged in the inner intermediate wood. Condensed nuclei were first observed after the rupture of these large vacuoles in ray parenchyma cells. It seems plausible that the autolysis of the contents of ray parenchyma cells might be caused by the rupture of the enlarged vacuoles in the inner intermediate wood.     

Kinetics of cell formation and growth stresses in the secondary xylem of Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. and Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. (Meliaceae)

The kinetics of xylem formation in four-year-old plants of Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. and Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. were studied by means of high resolution laser measurements (accuracy: ±2 μm) in a spatial resolution of 18.7 to 94.1 μm and a temporal resolution of 1 to 60 s. The radial enlargement of the xylem cells was completed within 0.36 to 8.85 hours in Swietenia and within 0.52 to 12.03 hours in Khaya, while secondary wall formation and lignification lasted days to weeks. Cell enlargement of vessels and ray parenchyma was significantly faster than radial enlargement of fibres and axial parenchyma. The processes of formation of the secondary cell wall and the lignification were slower in fibres than in vessels and parenchyma cells. In Swietenia new secondary cell formation was induced in distinct growth periods almost simultaneously in the whole shoot, while in Khaya new cell formation was restricted to parts of the shoot. Growth stresses in the shoot were studied in terms of released strain. Higher growth stresses were observed in the shoot of Khaya compared to Swietenia. The results indicate that the higher growth stresses in the xylem of Khaya compared to Swietenia originate in the different kinetics of cell development of different cell types in combination with the heterogenous sequence of cell formation within the shoot. Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. W. Liese on the occasion of his 80th birthday.     

毛竹茎秆组织速生的时空发育特征

为探索毛竹从发笋到竹秆形成的组织发育规律,对不同发育时期和部位的毛竹茎秆进行组织解剖分析并进行数量化分析。结果表明:竹秆的快速发育主要表现在节间的纵轴方向,节间发育由细胞分裂和细胞伸长控制。发育初期,在薄壁细胞和纤维细胞上可以看到大量的细胞核出现,此时细胞分裂占主导地位;随着组织发育,细胞核逐渐减少并消失,薄壁细胞和纤维细胞的长度显著增加,细胞伸长在发育中后期占主导地位。竹秆的发育、成熟和老化从基部首先启动,中部和顶部要顺次晚一些。基部的纤维组织最先出现木质化,此时茎秆的高度大约为6 m。竹秆的细胞伸长呈阶段性的波动,薄壁组织的细胞长度在快速伸长期偏离正态分布,在缓慢伸长期呈正态分布。