采伐方式对海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林恢复的影响

比较3种采伐方式(重复采伐、径级择伐和采育择伐)对海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林恢复群落中物种多样性、群落结构和功能群组成的影响。结果表明:3种方式采伐后(20～25年)的山地雨林恢复群落物种丰富度呈增加趋势,主要表现为小径级(胸径<10cm)的长寿命先锋种增加;与老龄林相比,径级采伐和采育择伐没有增加伐后林中成年树的物种丰富度;3种采伐恢复林中幼树和小树的物种累积速度低于老龄林;森林采伐后恢复群落中的个体密度显著高于老龄林,但胸高截面积显著低于老龄林;伐后林群落中胸高截面积减少最多的为采育择伐,其次为径级择伐和重复采伐;森林采伐恢复群落内长寿命先锋种的物种丰富度、个体密度和胸高截面积均增加,而后期耐荫种物种丰富度变化较小;采育择伐在短期降低了森林木材蓄积量,但没有显著改变群落中功能群组成,因而能够在相对较短的时间内恢复到干扰前的水平。     

宝天曼自然保护区栎类林群落不同火烧演替序列物种多样性特征

采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,研究不同恢复阶段栎类群落物种多样性对地表火扰动的响应。结果表明: 宝天曼自然保护区栎类群落物种多样性丰富,不同恢复阶段栎类群落 Shannon-Wiener 指数和 Simpson 指数均表现出先升高后降低的特点; 乔木层 Pielou 均匀度指数变化不大,灌木层和幼苗层 Pielou 指数先增加后降低,但草本层 Pielou 均匀度指数波动较大,表现为先高后低再升高然后降低的特点,说明林火扰动对栎类群落林下草本层产生了重要影响; 栎类群落乔木层、灌木层、幼苗层和草本层之间物种多样性的差异大多不显著,只有乔木层和草本层以及草本层和幼苗层之间的 Pielou 均匀度指数有显著差异,乔木层和灌木层的 Pielou 均匀度指数有极显著差异。不同恢复阶段的物种多样性特征,草本层物种多样性差异不显著,其他各层物种多样性特征变化不具规律性; 栎类群落林下灌木和草本层在过火后 10 年物种变化更替频繁,但不同恢复阶段栎类群落幼苗始终占据一定优势; 随着植被恢复的进程,灌草植被的变化是耐荫种逐步替代阳生种的过程。     

川西高山松林火烧迹地植被天然恢复过程中物种多样性动态

以“空间序列”代替“时间序列”的研究方法对川西灌木高山松林不同年龄火烧迹地进行了调查研究。结果表明：灌木高山松林火烧迹地恢复早期，物种多样性波动较大，火烧后4a～5a是群落发生剧变的时期，8a～20a、20a～27a是群落结构组成连续变化的时期。生物多样性并非绝对随群落演替的顺向发展而增加，火烧后恢复2a物种数量急剧增加，但均匀度极低，随演替发展，种间激烈竞争，排斥和替代，物种数比恢复2a时有所减少，物种均匀度增加，多样性在恢复6a时达到一高峰。随演替进行，优势度的增加，物种减少，多样性逐渐变小，恢复8a～20a时期是一低谷。随演替的进一步进行，高山松幼苗幼树逐步生长形成乔木层。林地由开敞变为郁闭，物种增加，群落变得复杂，多样性又随演替发展而增加，群落中物种多样性最大值出现在恢复27a时耐荫物种和不耐荫物种同时出现的阶段。     

宝天曼自然保护区林火干扰下不同恢复阶段栎林群落幼苗库动态特征

依据空间代替时间的方法,研究地表火干扰下不同恢复阶段栎类群落幼苗库的动态特征。结果表明:在地表火干扰后栎林群落内有木本幼苗25科37属49种,随着火烧迹地植被的恢复,乔木幼苗种类数量增多,灌木幼苗数量减少,但栎类幼苗始终占据优势;林下幼苗库的密度随恢复时间增加逐步变小,栎类幼苗密度则呈现出从高到低再升高然后变低的趋势,栎类幼苗密度在火后1年最高,平均达到(2.30±2.9)株·(10 m²)^-1;林下幼苗库恢复1年与恢复10年之间、恢复15年和对照林的密度差异显著,但恢复1年与恢复5年、恢复10年的幼苗库与对照林的幼苗密度之间没有显著差异;栎类幼苗密度变化出现2个过程,恢复1年与恢复5年、恢复10年与恢复15年幼苗密度之间有显著差异,但不同恢复阶段的栎类幼苗库与对照林相比没有显著差异;幼苗库不同恢复阶段的Shannon-Wiener指数(H')之间有极显著差异;相邻恢复阶段共有的幼苗物种较多,相似系数较大,以每2种不同恢复阶段的栎林群落进行比较,其共有物种数量为4～17种。随演替时间的增加,乔木实生苗比例逐渐增加,乔木根蘖苗的比例不断减少,到植被恢复后5年,栎类群落林下没有发现根蘖苗生存,而林下灌木幼苗也在恢复10年的群落内消失。林火干扰对栎类Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ级的幼苗高度分配和苗木转化率有显著影响,但火烧干扰对Ⅳ级以上幼苗的高度分布和转化率影响不显著。     

海南霸王岭棕榈植物对热带低地雨林树木更新的影响

调查海南霸王岭热带低地雨林群落学特征,研究林下棕榈植物对树木幼苗更新的影响.结果表明:在1 hm2热带低地雨林样地中,共记录到5种棕榈植物1 288株,其中大白藤的个体数占棕榈个体总数的82.7%;不同棕榈物种的平均个体冠幅面积存在差异,大叶蒲葵显著大于其他4个物种;小样方棕榈植物多度在群落中呈显著的正态分布;小样方中棕榈多度与胸径<10 cm树木个体数量存在显著负相关,大树数量与棕榈数量无显著的相关性;小样方中大幼苗、幼树和小树物种丰富度随棕榈多度增加而减小,而小幼苗和大树的物种丰富度与棕榈多度无相关性;棕榈个体覆盖降低了更新幼苗的密度,仅有18%的幼苗(包括小幼苗和大幼苗)分布于棕榈树冠之下;在棕榈覆盖下小幼苗的个体比例低于大幼苗;53%的幼苗物种能够在棕榈覆盖下更新,97%的幼苗物种能够在无棕榈覆盖下更新;短寿命先锋种幼苗主要分布于无棕榈覆盖生境中,11.6%的长寿命先锋种分布于棕榈覆盖下的生境中,而19.8%的后期种能够在棕榈覆盖的生境中更新.     

洞庭湖滩地杨树造林与草本植物物种多样性研究

对同一滩地杨树人工林草本植物层的物种组成和多样性进行了8年动态监测。随林龄增加,草本层的物种丰富度降低、个体总数增加;部分喜光性物种为更加耐荫的植物种类所更替,其β多样性增加;原有物种和优势种的保持率分别为56．3％和66．7％,草本层组成保持相对稳定。与造林前期比较,主伐阶段林下草本层α多样性变化不大;相似立地务件的林地与非林地草本层物种丰富度和组成有所不同,但α多样性仍非常接近。随滩地高程增加、淹水时间减少,草本植物层的物种丰富度和个体数增加,优势种优势度下降,α多样性增加。受淹水时间因素的制约,草本植物层的主要优势种群在湖区滩地常沿等高线呈环带状分布。     

恢复方式及时间对季风常绿阔叶林群落特征的影响

通过对云南普洱地区季风常绿阔叶林皆伐后人工和天然恢复15 a及30 a群落的调查,并以原始林群落为对照,对比分析了恢复方式和恢复时间对季风常绿阔叶林恢复群落的结构和多样性的影响。结果表明:恢复方式对科、属、物种、乔木、灌木、藤本等物种组成和多样性情况无显著影响,而恢复时间则具有显著的影响。科、属、物种、乔木及灌木物种丰富度随着恢复时间的延长呈现先减后增的趋势。所有群落物种丰富度均随径级和高度级的增加而呈现倒"J"型分布,多度则随径级增加呈现偏峰曲线,而随高度级的增加呈现倒"J"型分布。恢复方式和恢复时间与群落结构与多样性变量之间的相关性分析及回归分析表明:恢复时间与多数变量之间具有显著的相关性,而恢复方式则仅与藤本多度具有显著相关性,这说明与恢复方式相比,恢复时间是影响该地区恢复群落结构和多样性的主要因子。     

江西九连山不同恢复模式林分的物种多样性特征

[目的 ]分析人工恢复和自然恢复两种恢复模式下林分结构、物种组成与原始林的差异,了解不同恢复模式下森林生物多样性的变化规律,为森林生态系统人工恢复和重建提供理论和实践依据。[方法 ]选择九连山境内由人工种植杉木自然恢复36年形成的针阔混交林、皆伐后自然恢复32年的亚热带次生常绿阔叶林和未受人为干扰的原始森林(以下分别简称为杉木林、次生林、原始林)为研究对象,分析3种林分不同生长发育阶段(幼树1 cm≤DBH5 cm、小树5 cm≤DBH10 cm和成年树DBH≥10 cm)的物种组成、物种多样性及优势度、群落结构和功能群变化等,探究不同恢复模式下亚热带森林物种多样性恢复的特征变化。[结果 ]杉木林共有木本植物4 983株,隶属于29科75种;次生林共有2 879株,隶属于26科73种;原始林共有4 770株,隶属于38科126种。原始林与杉木林幼树的胸高断面积为次生林的2倍;小树阶段3种林分无显著差异;次生林和杉木林成年树的胸高断面积分别为原始林的37%和70%。杉木林与次生林在种-面积、种-多度及种-物种等级上的变化趋势大致相同;幼树阶段,次生林物种数随着抽取个体数增加积累速度高于杉木林;成年树阶段,杉木林物种个数的积累速度要快于次生林。杉木林和次生林总体的物种丰富度比较接近,约为原始林的55%,但次生林幼树及成年树的物种丰富度少于杉木林。总体上次生林的Shannon-Wiener指数显著地高于杉木林,各生长阶段并无显著差异。次生林在幼树、小树阶段的DBH和树高均显著大于杉木林,成年树阶段的DBH则显著小于杉木林。次生林各生长阶段的先锋种重要值均为最大,杉木林成年树的耐荫种重要值最小。[结论 ]人工恢复与自然恢复群落的物种组成、物种多样性、物种个数都能朝着当地顶级群落演替。相对于自然恢复的次生林,人工恢复的杉木林在短期恢复中有利于物种个体数及生物量的积累,能更快的形成复杂垂直结构的森林群落;但自然恢复的次生林更有利于物种多样性的恢复。     

藏东南泥石流沉积区植被演替过程物种多样性研究

选取藏东南6条不同发生年限的泥石流沟,以时空替代法,分析不同年限泥石流沟沉积区植被演替物种多样性特征,揭示藏东南泥石流沉积区植被演替过程中物种多样性的变化特点。结果表明:演替过程中,物种丰富;先锋种的出现与海拔有一定的关系,2 700~3 000 m海拔,乔木先锋种为藏川杨,灌木先锋种为鸡骨柴和高丛珍珠梅,草本植物为苔草;3 300~3 600 m海拔,乔木先锋种为糙皮桦,灌木先锋种为云南锦鸡儿和高丛珍珠梅,草本植物为西南草莓;随着演替的进行,植被群落趋于稳定,物种的丰富度指数和Shannon-wiener多样性指数呈先增高后降低的趋势;演替初期植被群落物种丰富度一般表现为草本层灌木层乔木层;灌木层、草本层物种多样性水平随时间有所降低,优势度、均匀度一般表现为乔木层灌木层草本层。对于该区泥石流沉积区植被群落的恢复,应遵循各个泥石流沉积区特殊的环境小气候,做到因地制宜,使泥石流沉积区得到迅速的治理。     

喀斯特峡谷植被演替过程中的物种组成及多样性

采用空间代替时间的方式对花江喀斯特峡谷不同演替阶段的群落物种组成和多样性进行了研究.结果表明:裸地阶段是植被恢复的起始阶段,植物物种丰富度和物种多样性均为最低.随着演替的正向进行,物种多样性增加,群落结构逐渐复杂并在森林群落阶段形成较为稳定的结构.草本植物在草本群落阶段物种丰富度和生物多样性达到最高,随即开始下降.灌木的物种丰富度和多样性在灌木阶段达到最大并在森林阶段保持稳定.乔木的物种丰富度和物种多样性均随着演替的进行逐渐增加.退化喀斯特不同恢复阶段的植被群落具有较为明显的优势种,通常为2～3种.     

雪灾干扰下林窗对木荷幼苗更新的影响

林窗干扰是维持森林生态系统的重要驱动力之一,对种子萌发、幼苗等自然更新过程、森林物种组成和动态、森林生物多样性的维持具有重要作用。本研究以2008年雪灾干扰后的浙江江郎山木荷林为研究对象,对木荷林窗大小结构、幼苗更新、生长等进行调查研究,结果表明:扩展林窗以50 100 m2的林窗个数最多(占总数的45.45%),各等级林窗中以50 100 m2的林窗占总面积比例最大(占总面积的30.31%)。林窗中木荷幼苗的平均高度和地径较对照林分分别高1.44 cm和0.61 mm,幼树在林窗中的平均高度和地径则比对照林分中分别高45.37 cm和5.00 mm且差异显著;林窗大小对木荷幼苗、幼树的高度和地径生长影响显著,中林窗中幼苗的高度和地径均高于小林窗和大林窗中的幼苗且差异均显著(F=4.893,P=0.007;F=5.203,P=0.004;n=357);幼树的地径在不同大小林窗中差异显著(F=3.569,P=0.037;n=43)。林窗幼苗的更新密度随着林窗面积的增大而增大,在林窗面积达到76 m2时,更新密度达到最大值,而后随着林窗面积的增大下降;中林窗和小林窗中更新苗木以低矮植株(1级、2级)为主,面积100 m2大林窗中,木荷幼苗生长较快。与他人研究的森林天然林窗相比,雪灾干扰后改变了林窗的大小分布结构和面积,50 100 m2的林窗比例较大,一定程度上更利于幼苗更新,具有相对较大的林窗幼苗更新密度;不论林窗大小,林窗内的更新幼苗都比林内多,郁闭度较大的林内或大面积的空地上都不利于更新幼苗的生长。因此,从受灾木荷林窗大小结构、幼苗更新、生长等来看,中林窗是幼苗适宜更新的面积,为木荷灾后恢复与重建提供了科学依据。     

濒危植物大花黄牡丹与生境地群落特征的关系

在濒危植物大花黄牡丹生境地群落学调查的基础上,划分生境地群落类型,分析生境地群落特征,探讨大花黄牡丹与生境地群落特征的相互关系。研究结果表明:TWINSPAN将大花黄牡丹生境地群落划分为乔木群落和灌木群落。乔木群落中大花黄牡丹多度显著低于灌木群落,但大花黄牡丹平均胸径和平均高则与灌木群落无显著差异。群落特征与大花黄牡丹的相关性分析表明:大花黄牡丹多度及平均胸径与群落总多度、灌木多度及乔木物种丰富度存在显著的相关性,而大花黄牡丹多度与乔木多度存在显著负相关,大花黄牡丹平均胸径与群落平均高也存在显著负相关,大花黄牡丹平均胸径及平均高与藤本物种丰富度则存在显著的正相关,具有相关性的变量之间可用不同的回归方程较好的表述。此外,大花黄牡丹冠幅面积、高度、丛数及幼苗数量均与灌丛的冠幅面积存在显著的正相关,但大花黄牡丹幼苗数量在两种群落间无显著性差异。     

秦岭西段锐齿栎群落林木个体大小分布特征及物种多样性

对秦岭西段小陇山林区腹地和林缘区的锐齿栎群落的大小分布和多样性进行了分析,结果表明:林区腹地分布区锐齿栎群落的个体较多,锐齿栎成年林木树高频度分布的峰值出现在7 - 19 m间,占总数的73.54%, 3 m以下的幼苗幼树占总数的18.43%,锐齿栎幼苗的萌发受中成林木、灌木的影响较大。在林缘分布区内,小于3 m以下的幼苗幼树与林区腹地分布相类似,但3 m以上各树高阶的数量都很少,特别是成熟林木较少,群落处于不稳定状态。林区腹地锐齿栎群落不同层次的物种组成丰富,物种数均高于林缘区,林区腹地锐齿栎群落多样性灌木层>草本层>乔木层,林缘区锐齿栎群落多样性草本层>灌木层>乔木层。     

Seed and seedling survival of African mahogany (Entandrophragma spp.) in the Central African Republic: Implications for forest management

African mahoganies of the genus Entandrophragma are among the most valuable and important timber species harvested in Central Africa, representing more than 70% of total export volume from many areas. In spite of the importance of these species, relatively little is known about their regeneration ecology and little effort has gone into understanding the reasons for the consistently reported regeneration failures after logging. I assessed seed survival to germination (Entandrophragma angolense) and seedling survivorship (E. cylindricum) in three different forest types – monodominant Gilbertiodendron, mixed species, and fallow forest – under three different treatments – control, small mesh chicken wire, and large mesh chicken wire – to evaluate the relative importance of different causes of mortality. All seeds were eaten in controls and in both exclosure treatments within Gilbertiodendron forest in a matter of days. Seed survivorship to germination within exclosures in mixed species and fallow forest increased by approximately 10 and 25%, respectively, compared to Gilbertiodendron forest. Six-month seedling survivorship in controls was 37, 12, and 9% in Gilbertiodendron, mixed species and fallow forest, respectively. Seedling mortality was due to different causes in each forest type. In Gilbertiodendron forest controls, an equivalent percentage of seedlings died due to fungal and insect attack (27 and 28%, respectively), while in mixed species forest controls 28 and 55% of seedlings died of these causes, respectively. In fallow forest controls, 48% of seedlings died from predation and/or uprooting by small mammals, all in the first few weeks post-sowing; insect attack (26%) and drought (13%) were other important causes of seedling deaths. Protecting seedlings with exclosures had a dramatic effect on seedling survivorship within the fallow forest, increasing to over 50%.     

Diversity of woody plant seedling banks under closed canopy in fragmented coppice forests

? Seedling banks of woody species established under closed canopy have received little consideration in coppice forests despite their potential importance for natural regeneration.

? This study aimed to evaluate the influences of canopy composition and of distance from the nearest forest edge on the abundance and species richness of the seedling bank, for different ecological groups of seedlings (age, successional status and dispersal vector) in 68 fragmented coppice stands.

? Seedlings were found in 67 stands, with 19 species identified. Eight species present as older seedlings were lacking as first-year old seedlings, suggesting temporal variability of species recruitment. Seedling abundances of species with low-dispersal ability were positively correlated with the abundances of their conspecific adults. Seedling abundance of mid-successional species was negatively correlated with the distance from the nearest forest edge, while mid-to-late successional species seedling abundance presented the opposite pattern.

? Our results showed that woody species were able to establish frequently under closed canopy in these fragmented coppices and form a seedling bank which may be used for natural regeneration.

     

The ectomycorrhizal status of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) seedlings from bare-root forest nurseries

In this paper, we report molecular investigation of an ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) community of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) seedlings grown in a bare-root nursery. In total, we surveyed 32 nurseries that were each active in supplying planting stocks to restock forests and for afforestation of post-agricultural land. Sequence-based approach was used to identify EMF taxa, quantify EMF richness, and document differences in the relative abundance of individual taxa. We identified seven fungal species that might contribute to the mycorrhizal community structure of 1 to 3-year-old L. decidua seedlings. The species richness in the examined larches varied between one and four fungal taxa, depending on both the nursery stock samples (NSS) and age class of the seedlings. The average was 1.4 for 1-year-old seedlings and 2.3 for 2- and 3-year-old plants. The dominance of Ascomycota over Basidiomycota and the prevalence of two species, Wilcoxina mikolae and Suillus grevillei, as EMF partners were characteristic features of nursery-grown L. decidua seedlings. S. grevillei was the only one basidiomycetes colonized roots of tested seedlings. The rest of the mycorrhizal pool from forest nurseries was typically dominated by pioneer fungal ascomycetes. W. mikolae was the most common mycorrhizal ascomycete present at a high frequency on NSS from both age classes and with very high abundance (average 90%) on 1-year-old seedlings. Some other ascomycetes (Pezizales 1, Pezizales 2 and Pezizales 3) appeared on tested larches at a low frequency, but sometimes in high abundance. Tuber spp. appeared at a low frequency and low abundance. The relative abundance of S. grevillei was positively correlated with the age of seedlings, while W. mikolae was negatively correlated with age. Tuber sp. 1 and 2, Pezizales 2, and W. mikolae were positively associated with the basic soil pH values. However, forward selection of the environmental variables showed that only the age of the larch seedlings contributed significantly (F = 11.45, P = 0.02) to the variance in the ECF community.     

Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of Quercus liaotungensis along different successional stands on the Loess Plateau,China

Although Quercus liaotungensis forest is an important component of Loess Plateau forest ecosystems, little is known about the ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) symbiosis of Q. liaotungensis in this ecosystem. Here we investigated EMF communities of Q. liaotungensis along three successional stands on the central Loess Plateau (Yan’an, China): a seedling stand (1 to 3-year-old seedlings under a Populus davidiana forest stand), a young tree stand (20 to 30-year-old Q. liaotungensis forest stand), and a mature tree stand (50 to 70-year-old Q. liaotungensis forest stand). In each stand, the Q. liaotungensis roots were sampled, then EMF communities were examined on the basis of EMF morphotyping, PCR–RFLP, and DNA sequencing. In total, 70 EMF species were observed, and the total richness of estimated species exceeded 100 EMF species. The EMF community was composed of a few common taxa (approx. 7 %) and many rare taxa (approx. 61 %). EMF richness in young and mature trees was higher than in seedlings. EMF communities of young and mature trees were more similar than those of seedlings and trees. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordinations of the EMF community revealed more separation among Q. liaotungensis of different age. This study provides preliminary insight into the taxonomic diversity of EMF of Q. liaotungensis along different successional stands on the Loess Plateau.     

甘肃小陇山灌木林不同改造模式天然更新研究

用样方法,研究了小陇山林区5种典型灌木林地改造模式的乔木树种天然更新幼苗的密度和多样性。结果表明:5种灌木林地改造模式的乔木树种天然更新情况总体良好,小于50 cm高度级幼苗数量相对较少,大于50 cm高度级幼苗的存活率较高;5种改造模式天然更新树种以锐齿栎为主,其中,全面割灌改造日本落叶松(模式3)更新幼苗物种丰富度最高,全面割灌改造油松模式(模式2)天然更新树种丰富度最小;带状割灌改造模式(模式4和模式5)和全面割灌改造华山松模式(模式1)的更新树种多样性较高,各树种分配均匀,优势树种的集中性较低;改造树种华山松的天然更新能力较油松日本落叶松强,带状割灌改造模式更有利于华山松天然更新。     

Response to canopy opening does not act as a filter to Fagus sylvatica and Acer sp. advance regeneration in a mixed temperate forest

? In mixed-species forest stands, large losses in tree species diversity often occur during the regeneration phase. In a former coppice-with-standards, we investigated whether the limiting stage in the recruitment process of advance regeneration is the immediate seedling response to canopy release. Experimental canopy gaps were opened and the survival and growth of advance seedlings (Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer campestre, Acer platanoides) growing in the gaps or under closed canopy were monitored for three years.

? All species responded positively and rapidly to canopy release. Survival was not affected by gap opening. Diameter increment after gap opening was similar across species, and height increment was greater for Acer platanoides and for Acer pseudoplatanus. Post-release diameter and height growth were mainly determined by pre-release seedling size. Competition from neighbouring seedlings did not affect growth in the three years following canopy opening.

? In the recruitment process of F. sylvatica and Acer sp. advance regeneration, the recovery from canopy release did not appear as a limiting step that would filter against some species. Pre-release size was the main factor accounting for post-release growth and is probably a major determinant of long-term seedling dominance.