晋西刺槐人工林Sloboda高生长模型

利用Sloboda多形指数曲线方程拟合了晋西方山县和吉县刺槐人工林的高生长模型。结果表明,模型在95%显著水平上通过检验,可用于试验区人工林收获预估和立地质量评价。将试验区坡向、坡位和部分地形按照优势木的高生长量由大到小的排序为:阳坡下部、阳坡凹地、阴坡中部、阳坡中部、半阴坡上部、阳坡上部、半阳坡中部、阴坡上部、峁顶、阳沟坡、半阳坡上部。     

晋西黄土区水土保持林地的土壤水分

2008年5月12 日-10月12日间采用EnviroSMART土壤水分定位监测系统,以每30 min监测1次的频度对晋西黄土区刺槐人工林地、油松人工林地、次生林地的土壤水分变化进行研究.结果表明:0～150 cm土层中次生林地蓄水量是刺槐人工林地的1.4倍,有整地措施的油松林地蓄水量与次生林地相近.人工林较次生林多消耗的土壤水分主要是深层的土壤水分,次生林主要依靠天然降水和消耗浅层土壤水分维持其生长.从表层到深层次生林地蓄水量逐渐增加,而有整地措施的油松人工林地蓄水量逐渐减少.随深度的增加各林地蓄水量的变幅逐渐减弱.0～150 cm土层的平均蓄水量8月最低.层次越深,蓄水量的最低值出现时间越晚.90～150 cm土层的蓄水量5-10月处于消耗状态.生长季刺槐人工林地0～150 cm土层耗水量为249.73 mm,油松林人工林地为248.09mm,次生林地为129.40 mm.刺槐人工林地最大的日耗水量为4.70 mm,油松林为4.77 mm,次生林为2.28 mm.刺槐与油松人工林地的耗水量明显大于次生林,因此,在干旱的黄土区应该模拟次生林营造水土保持林.     

药乡林场刺槐林抚育采伐技术调查研究

通过对药乡林场抚育采伐刺槐林的调查分析，其结果显示：药乡林场刺槐林抚育采伐的开始期为林龄10～11年，间隔期为4～5年，阴坡刺槐林首次抚育采伐采用中、小强度，阳坡采用中、大强度，二次抚育采伐都采用中强度，效果最好。抚育采伐后刺槐林分生长和质量显著提高，阴坡刺槐林的生长量明显高于阳坡。     

晋东南石灰岩山地刺槐人工林的生长分析

本文在晋东南地区刺槐人工林调查的基础上,分析了刺槐树高及直径的生长规律,林龄为24年的刺槐可以分成三个生长阶段,其中第一阶段(1～6年)是生长最快的时期。在影响刺槐人工林生长的立地因子中,海拔和坡向为主要因子,据计算,在8种立地条件下,林龄为10年及15年时,刺槐人工林的优势木高比油松人工林大2～3倍。利用解析木资料,编制了刺槐人工林立地指数表,可用来评价林分立地质量。     

黄土沟壑区刺槐人工林的天然发育规律

为了鉴别黄土沟壑区不同生境刺槐林持续发育潜力,以延安地区纸坊沟和柳林镇公路山的刺槐群落为对象,对阴坡、阳坡生境造林后10,25和40年的刺槐人工林建群种径级结构、群落物种多样性、土壤养分水分状况进行对比分析。结果表明:在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区阴坡和阳坡刺槐人工林在经过25年发育,林木达到成熟阶段,个体平均胸径、高度和林下物种多样性、土壤养分、水分达到比较稳定状态;刺槐人工林造林后,随着时间推移,建群种树高、胸径增加迅速,体现群落生境质量参数也迅速增加,但25年以后增加不够明显。阴坡与阳坡生境的人工刺槐林比较,阴坡生境的林分,建群种在不同发育阶段个体生长发育良好,均具有足够数量萌生幼苗,林地物种多样性丰富,土壤养分水分相对优越,群落具有持续发育潜力。而阳坡刺槐人工林建群种个体发育不良,缺乏足够幼苗数量,林分物种多样性、土壤水分养分相对较差,不具备持续发育特征。未来该区域刺槐人工林培育,丘陵沟壑区应尽量避免在阳坡营造刺槐林,现有刺槐林也应该通过更换树种,改造成稀疏灌木-刺槐林。在现有阴坡刺槐林经营管理中,造林25年后就可以适当间伐一些劣质木、病虫木,促进幼苗萌生更新,促进群落向异龄方向发展。间伐中,应尽量减少对灌草层破坏,完善群落复层结构,提高生态效益。     

田间供水与杨树生长关系的研究* Ⅱ.田间供水、蒸腾耗水与材积产量的关系分析及林木需水量的估算

在集约栽培的杨树人工林中进行小区灌溉试验,研究了不同供水处理下林木生长和水分生理指标的变化,分析了田间供水量、蒸腾耗水量和材积产量的关系。结果表明,林木蒸腾耗水量和材积年产量均随供水水平的高低而增减。5年生杨树人工林(林行距3×6 m)在5—10月的蒸腾耗水量约602.6—879.2mm,林木生长1m~3 材积需蒸腾消耗180.0—215.0 t水。作者还用多种模式分析了田间供水量与材积产量的相关关系,提出了估算杨树人工林需水量的方法和 Ⅰ-69杨人工林需水量表。     

山地刺槐人工林的抚育间伐技术及主伐龄的确定

几年来,我们在泰山林场结合生产与教学,对刺槐人工林的生长规律、抚育间伐的起始年龄、间隔期、间伐强度与方法等作了一些初步探讨。现将以上问题提出我们的初步看法,供有关单位参考。一、刺槐林木的生长规律泰山海拔1,545米,气候比较干冷,岩石多属花岗岩、片麻岩,土壤瘠薄,岩石裸露。刺槐人工林绝大部分分布在阳坡、半阳坡中下部、坡脚、山沟或山峪;垂直分布达900米。土     

晋西黄土区主要造林树种单株耗水量研究

依据水量平衡原理,采用桶栽试验分别测算晋西黄土区主要造林树种侧柏、刺槐、杏和河北梨生长季(4-10月)单株耗水量,并根据林地土壤水分动态及土壤水分特征曲线标定的各树种无效水界值,分析各树种土壤水分供耗特点及其有效性.结果表明:1)2002年(贫水年)生长季降水量430.7 mm,试验树种同期耗水量约为430～490 mm,供耗失衡;2003年(丰水年)降水量870.2 mm,耗水量约为480～515 mm,但降雨分配不均,5、10月供耗也略有失衡.2)不同树种年内土壤含水量变化趋势相近,而同月耗水量差异较大,同一树种不同月耗水量差异也较大,丰水年各试验地土壤水分状况要好于贫水年.3)侧柏、刺槐、杏和河北梨无效水界值分别为8.0%、8.4%、9.2%和9.7%,侧柏较其他3个树种利用水分能力强;贫水年林外单株树木土壤含水量在一段时间内低于对应树种的无效水界值,影响树木正常生长;单株树木依靠冬季和次年春季降水补充,生长季初期都能恢复到速效水水平.     

吉县黄土残塬沟壑区刺槐林密度研究

<正> 山西省吉县是“三北”防护林体系建设重点县之一,森林覆被率达31%,人工林约占现有林面积30.1%,其中刺槐成林约6,533.3公顷,占人工林面积的39.4%。该地区刺槐林集中连片,林相整齐,生长良好,在保持水土、涵养水源及用材方面发挥着重要的作用。但长期以来由于缺乏抚育管理,林分密度过大,林木分化严重,出现了早衰现象。为了充分发挥土地的生产潜力,应适时进行合理地抚育间     

沈阳地区主要林型地表可燃物载荷量及分布研究

森林地表可燃物载荷量分布是预防森林火灾的基本要素之一。根据沈阳地区林型特点,将油松人工林、刺槐人工林和天然杂木林3个林型作为主要研究对象,对其地表可燃物的载荷量从不同角度进行调查研究。结果表明:沈阳地区不同的林型地表可燃物总载荷量差别较大,其中天然杂木林和落叶松人工林的平均总载荷量分别为15.21thm~(-2)和12.48thm~(-2),杨树人工纯林总载荷量最小,仅为3.97thm~(-2);地表可燃物一般随林分密度的增加而呈增加趋势;地表可燃物载荷量与林龄相关性均不大;可燃物总载荷量分布与坡向直接相关,表现为阳坡载荷量大于阴坡载荷量;随着坡向由下向上,载荷量分布逐渐减小。     

小陇山油松天然林结构特征

利用固定样地每木定位调查数据和相关分析统计软件,对小陇山林区油松天然林的结构特征进行了分析。结果表明:油松天然林树种组成丰富,群落中共出现18个树种,油松占绝对优势,但样地树种隔离程度较低,属于弱度混交。油松天然林的直径分布为多峰山状曲线,油松种群的直径分布近似于正态分布,可用3参数Weibull分布拟合;树高随胸径的增大而增加,胸径与树高的关系可运用幂函数进行拟合。林分中油松个体的胸径、树高和冠幅的大小分化差异明显,整体上表现为中庸状态;油松天然林林木分布格局为随机分布,油松种群分布格局也为随机分布。     

Correlation of eco-hydrographic benefit and height increment of Robinia pseudoacacia stand with climatic environmental factors in Yellow River Delta Wetland of China

The relationship between eco-hydrographic benefit of forest vegetation and climatic environmental factors is one of the focuses in the research on environmental protection and ecosystem countermeasures in Wetland. The runoff, sediment and soil moisture rate dynamics in Robinia pseudoacacia plantation and its clearcut area were investigated in the natural runoff experiment plots in Yellow River Delta Wetland, Shandong Province, China. The correlation of height increment of R. pseudoacacia with nine climate factors such as light, water, heat, etc. was analyzed by stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that the amounts of runoff and sediment in clearcut area of R. pseudoacacia were 53.9%–150.8% and 172.8%–387.1% higher than that in Robinia pseudoacacia plantation, respectively. The runoff peak value in R. pseudoacacia stand was obviously lower than that in clerarcut area, meantime, the occurrence of runoff peak in R. pseudoacacia stand was 25 min later than in its clerarcut area. The soil moisture rates in R. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut varied periodically with annual rainfall precipitation in both dry season and humid season. The annual mean soil moisture rate in R. pseudoacacia stand was 23.3%–25.6% higher than that in its clearcut area. Meanwhile, a regression model reflecting the correlation between the height increment of R. pseudoacacia and climatic factors was developed by stepwise regression procedure method. It showed that the light was the most important factor for the height increment of R. pseudoacacia, followed by water and heat factors. Foundation project: Subsidized by the National “11th Five Year” Plan of Science and technology (2006BAD26B06, 2006BAD03A1205) and Ecological Restore Project of Water Resources Ministry of China (2006-2008).     

基于低密度机载LiDAR和CCD数据的林分平均高提取

本文基于低密度的机载激光雷达(L iDAR)数据生成林区树冠高度模型(CHM),结合高分辨率CCD数码相机影像勾绘林分多边形,由改进的树冠识别算法提取林分平均树高。结果表明:全部有效数据林分总体精度达74.86%,刺槐精度达75.62%,油松精度达74.74%,结果受点云密度影响,使得阔叶树种的精度稍高于针叶树种,因此,低密度激光雷达数据结合高分辨率CCD可以快速、准确地提取林分平均高。     

华北土石山区刺槐和栓皮栎人工林土壤微生物数量和微生物量碳、氮研究

正截止到2014年,全国水土流失面积已高达294.91万km2,占国土总面积的30.72%[1-2]。水土流失造成生态环境脆弱,植被破坏促使水土流失加剧是区域环境恶化的主要原因之一[3]。众多研究表明,植被恢复可有效地减少水土流失,是遏制生态环境恶化、改善脆弱生态系统的有效措施[4-6]。在森林生态系统中,土壤微生物对土地利用的变化、管理措施、耕作和肥力水平等外界条件的变化十分敏感,     

滨海盐碱地刺槐臭椿混交林土壤酶活性季节动态研究

研究了刺槐、臭椿纯林及其混交林中不同土层在不同季节土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明:各林分间的土壤酶活性在各个季节和土层均表现出差异。经统计分析,土壤酶活性在土层中的分布有一定的规律性,总的来说,随着土层逐渐加深,土壤酶活性逐渐减弱。在树木生长表现和土壤酶活性发挥方面,混交林优于纯林。     

马尾松人工林地力维护研究进展

针对地力衰退与维护这一林业研究热点,文中从林分生产力、土壤理化性质、土壤养分、土壤微生物、土壤酶活性、自毒作用6个方面阐述了马尾松人工林的地力现状。众多研究表明,马尾松人工林尚未出现地力衰退,其产生地力衰退的原因主要是不合理的营林措施。同时从轮作、混交林、发展林下植被、林地施肥、生态系统管理等方面介绍了马尾松人工林地力维护进展,并对马尾松人工林地力维护研究趋势进行了展望。     

基于树干液流通量的沙地樟子松合理林分密度的确定

应用热扩散式树干茎流计(TDP)对辽宁省章古台樟子松人工固沙林生长季期间树干液流速率进行了连续5年的测定,结合同步观测的降水、林冠截留量、林内蒸发散量和土壤水分含量,利用水量平衡的方法,推算了现阶段樟子松应有的合理密度。结果表明:4月上中旬沙地樟子松液流启动,10月中下旬液流基本结束,生长季(4-10月)各月平均液流速率分别为2.58、4.78、5.19、5.01、4.84、4.30、1.93 cm·h^-1,以6月份的最高,其次依次为7、8、5、9月份,4、10两月平均液流速率较低。通过推算,径阶14、16、18、20 cm的樟子松纯林的合理密度分别应为688、531、422、344株·hm^-2,现有同径阶的林分普遍存在密度过大的问题。研究结果对于现有林分的科学经营具有重要的指导意义。     

Changes in size of soil seed bank in Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Leguminosae), an exotic tall tree species in Japan: Impacts of stand growth and apicultural utilization

This study examined the factors that influence the size of a soil seed bank in Robinia pseudoacacia stands. We proposed two hypotheses: the amount of buried seeds of R. pseudoacacia is proportional to stand biomass rather than stand age, and apicultural utilization influences the size of the soil seed bank. R. pseudoacacia generally produces seeds with various degrees of physical dormancy. In addition, this tree is short-lived, and fecundity declines after 30–40 years in relation to tree vigor. However, R. pseudoacacia is intensively used in apiculture as an important honey source, and supply of honeybees by beekeepers could influence seed crops. We investigated 25 plantations in Hokkaido (Central, Hidaka, and Oshima) and in Nagano, Japan, where many naturally regenerated R. pseudoacacia stands occur. We found great variation in the size of the soil seed bank among stands, ranging from 13,757 to 6.4 seeds m⁻² per plot. A generalized linear mixed model revealed that both basal area (BA_Rp) and apicultural utilization best explained the size of the soil seed bank. Both the positive effect of BA_Rp and small contribution of stand age to the model implied that the soil seed bank is transitory, and will not persist for very long time. The large contribution of apicultural utilization to the size of the soil seed bank implied pollinator limitation under natural conditions. R. pseudoacacia often has large flower crops, and native pollinators can not keep up with the demand for pollination. Thus, the supply of honeybees by beekeepers should improve the pollination success of R. pseudoacacia. From these results, we conclude that we must consider stand history with respect to apicultural utilization if the land is harvested or a stand declines.     

Survival and early growth of mixed forest stands installed in a Mediterranean Region: Effects of site preparation intensity

In Mediterranean environments, availability of water and nutrients are the main factors limiting the success of afforestation. As part of a wider project, an experiment was established in Northeast Portugal, aiming at testing the effect of several site preparation techniques on plant survival and growth (height and diameter) in a newly installed mixed forest stand. Results presented regard plant response during 42 months after plantation. The experimental protocol consisted in seven treatments described by mechanical operations that rank soil disturbance intensity from none to high, set in plots of 375 m², randomly distributed in three blocks, in different topographic positions (gentle slope plateau, moderate slope shoulder, and steep mid-slope). Pseudotsuga menziesii (PM) and Castanea sativa (CS) forest species were planted in a 4 m × 2 m scheme and in alternate rows with 12 plants on each row per plot, summing up 72 plant per specie and treatment at start of the experiment. The results show that: (i) the highest mortality was observed immediately after the plantation and before the dry season, on the lowest intensity treatments; (ii) after the dry season, the highest mortality was also observed in treatments with the lowest intensity of soil disturbance, while the lowest values were found on the intermediate intensity treatments; (iii) during the experimental period, the effect of treatments on plant growth (height and diameter) was statistically significant; however, experimental results do not lead yet to a clear quantitative relationship between soil disturbance intensity due to site preparation and plant response under the conditions tested.     

三峡库区云阳县三种类型马尾松林微生物区系及优势种群分析Ⅱ.林地空气、叶面和树皮表面

为探讨马尾松不同类型林地地上部微生物区系及优势种群及其季节性变化,对三峡库区云阳县马尾松近熟龄天然林、中龄天然林和人工林林地空气、叶面和树皮表面等地上部的可培养细菌和真菌进行了分析。结果表明,空气、叶面和树皮表面的真菌、细菌两大类微生物数量四季变化趋势基本一致,夏季和秋季的数量多于冬季和春季,中龄天然林的两大类微生物数量最大且四季变化亦最大;优势种群的种类和数量随季节和林地类型不同而有所变化。人工林空气中可培养真菌种类秋、冬、春、夏分别有4、3、4、3种,近熟龄天然林和中龄天然林四季中均为3种;优势种群多