海南岛尾细桉人工林碳贮量及其分布

基于海南西部沿海台地区、北部平原区、东部沿海台地区和中部山地区共18个调查点54个尾细桉人工林样地调查数据,分析海南尾细桉人工林的生物量、碳贮量、固碳能力及其区域空间分布特征。结果表明:海南尾细桉人工林生物量平均为49.72t·hm-2,乔木层(85.10%)>凋落物层(8.08%)>林下植被层(6.82%);尾细桉人工林生态系统碳贮量平均为88.84t·hm-2,乔木层为20.55t·hm-2(23.13%),林下植被层为1.55t·hm-2(1.74%),凋落物层为1.93t·hm-2(2.17%),土壤层(0～100cm)为64.81t·hm-2(72.96%);尾细桉各器官碳贮量以树干最大,占乔木层碳贮量的52.81%;海南尾细桉人工林生态系统年净生产力平均为17.56t·hm-2a-1,年净碳固定量平均为8.43t·hm-2,折算成CO2量为30.91t·hm-2a-1;整个海南尾细桉人工林生态系统碳贮量为2958.37万t,年净碳固定量为280.97万t·a-1;从不同区域来看,中部山地区尾细桉人工林固碳能力达11.89t·hm-2a-1,远高于北部平原区(8.97t·hm-2a-1)、西部沿海台...     

楠木人工林生态系统生物量、碳含量、碳贮量及其分布

对32年生楠木人工林生物量、碳含量、碳贮量及其空间分布进行测定.结果表明;楠木林分平均生物量为174.33 t·hm-2,其中乔木层为166.73 t·hm-2,占林分生物量的95.6%;楠木林分生态系统各组分碳含量为树干0.576 9 gC·8-1,树皮0.465 4 gC·g-1,树枝0.523 2 gC·g-1,树叶0.495 8 gC·g-1,树根0.493 1 gC·g-1,灌木层0.498 9gC·g-1,草本层0.473 3 gC·g-1,苔藓层0.414 3 gC·g-1,枯落物层0.388 2 gC·g-1;土壤碳含量平均值为0.013 9gC·g-1,随土层深度增加各层次土壤碳含量逐渐减少;楠木林分生态系统总碳贮量为227.59 t·hm-2,其中乔木层91.33 t·hm-1,占楠木林分生态系统总碳贮量的40.13%,灌木层0.38 t·hm-2,只占0.17%,草本层1.71 t·hm-2,占0.76%,苔藓层0.63 t·hm-2,占0.28%,枯落物层0.66 t·hm-2,占0.29%,林地土壤(0～80 cm)碳贮量为 132.88t·hm-2,占58.40%;其碳库空间分布序列为土壤(0～80 cm)＞乔木层＞草本层＞枯落物层＞苔藓层＞灌木层;楠木林分净生产量为8.570 6 t·hm-2a-1,其中乔木层净生产量为6.669 1 t·hm-2a-1,占林分总量的77.82%.楠木林分碳素年固定量4.253 6 t·hm-2a-1,其中乔木层碳素年固定量3.573 6 t·hm-2a-1,占林分总量的84.01%.     

毛竹、杉木人工林生态系统碳平衡估算

采用CID-301PS光合测定仪,对湖南会同林区毛竹和杉木人工林土壤CO2排放动态进行观测,并结合现存生物量调查,对其生态系统碳平衡特征进行估算.结果表明:毛竹和杉木林生态系统碳贮量分别为144.3和152.52 t·hm-2,并且其碳贮量空间分布格局基本一致,土壤层是主要部分,其次为乔木层,凋落物层和林下植被层所占比例最小.毛竹林土壤层有机碳贮量占76.89%,乔木层占22.16%,凋落物和林下植被层分别占0.51%和0.41%;杉木林土壤层碳贮量占62.03%,乔木层占34.99%,凋落物和林下植被层分别占2.28%和0.70%.毛竹林和杉木林生态系统年固定CO2总量分别为38.87和26.95 t·hm-2a-1,但其每年以土壤异养呼吸和凋落物呼吸的形式排放CO2的量分别为24.35和15.75 t·hm-2a-1,毛竹林和杉木林生态系统年净固定CO2的量分别为14.52和11.21 t·hm-2a-1,折合成净碳量分别为3.96和3.07 t·hm-2a-1.     

重庆铁山坪马尾松林生态系统碳贮量及其分配特征

分析重庆铁山坪46年(42～51年)生马尾松次生林的生物量、碳贮量及其空间分布特征.结果表明:马尾松林生物量为142.06 t·hm-2,乔木层(89.91%)＞灌木层(5.61%)＞枯枝落叶层(2.98%)＞草本层(1.50%);马尾松林生态系统的总有机碳贮量为197.78 t·nn-2,乔木层为76.06 t·hm-2(38.45%),灌木层为3.55 t·hm-2(1.79%),草本层为0.88 t·hm-2(0.44%),现存凋落物层为2.34 t.hm-2(1.17%),土壤层为114.96 t·hm-2(58.13%);马尾松各器官的碳贮量与其生物量成正比,树干的碳贮量最高,占乔木层碳贮量的75.06%;马尾松林年净生物量增长量为9.01 t·hm-2a-2,年净固碳量为4.49 t·hm-2a-2,折合成CO2为16.46 t·Inn-2a-1.     

毛竹林的碳密度和碳贮量及其空间分布

利用标准样方法研究毛竹林碳密度和碳贮量以及空间分布。结果表明 :毛竹不同器官碳密度波动在0 4 6 83～ 0 5 2 10g·g- 1 ,按碳密度高低排列依次为竹根 >竹秆 >竹蔸 >竹枝 >竹鞭 >竹叶 ;碳贮量在毛竹不同器官中的分配以竹秆占比例最大 ,为 5 0 97% ,其次为竹根 ,占 19 79% ,占比例最小的是竹叶 ,仅占 4 87% ;毛竹林生态系统中碳总贮量为 10 6 36 2t·hm- 2 ,其中植被层 34 2 31t·hm- 2 ,占了 32 18% ,枯落物和土壤层 (0～ 6 0cm) 72 131t·hm- 2 ,占了 6 7 82 % ;毛竹林乔木层碳素年固定量为 5 0 97t·hm- 2 a- 1 ,与粗放经营竹林相比 ,毛竹集约经营 10年后 ,竹林生态系统中碳贮量减少了 8 133t·hm- 2 ,但乔木层年净固定碳量增加了 0 5 89t·hm- 2 a- 1 。     

九龙江口秋茄红树林储碳固碳功能研究

以福建九龙江口24年生、48年生的秋茄红树林为研究对象,通过测定秋茄林木层各器官、凋落物层、土壤层含碳率和土壤呼吸,结合各组分生物量和年净生产量,计算秋茄红树林的碳储量和年净固碳量。结果表明:24年生、48年生秋茄林碳储量分别为183.31、244.45 t·hm-2,其中林木层碳储量分别为162.45、222.95 t·hm-2,凋落物层碳储量分别为15.05、16.99 t·hm-2,土壤层和林木层碳储量在生态系统碳储量中的比例均随林龄增大而升高。24年生、48年生秋茄林均表现出了碳汇功能,其中24年生秋茄林年净固碳量较大,为18.51 t·hm-2·a-1;而48年生秋茄林的碳汇功能较低,为7.01 t·hm-2·a-1。     

基于Landsat 8新邵县森林碳密度遥感反演研究

准确估算森林碳密度是研究森林生态系统的核心。基于Matlab工作平台,以森林资源连续清查(湖南省第七次复查)及同期Landsat 8影像为本底,建立非线性回归模型、RF随机森林模型和RBF径向基神经网络模型进行森林碳密度反演。结果表明:RBF神经网络精度最高,决定系数为0.96,均方根误差为1.33 t·hm-2,很好的拟合了样地实测碳密度;RF随机森林优于非线性回归模型,拟合精度、均方根误差分别为0.91、2.50 t·hm-2;非线性回归模型精度最低,决定系数和均方根误差分别为:0.62、3.87 t·hm-2。故应用RBF神经网络对森林碳密度的反演具有很好的效果。     

南亚热带米老排成熟林碳库及其分布格局

以南亚热带地区广西宁明县米老排成熟林(34年生)为研究对象,采用标准样地法对其碳库及其分布格局进行研究。结果表明:1米老排不同器官碳素含量在472.6~509.3 g·kg-1之间,各器官碳素含量排序依次为树叶、干材、干皮、树枝、树根。灌木层、草本层、凋落物层碳素含量分别为480.4、469.1、483.2 g·kg-1。土壤(0~100 cm)土层中碳素含量为8.94g·kg-1,随土层加深土壤中碳素含量逐渐减少。2米老排人工林生态系统碳库为272.80 t·hm-2,其中乔木层为143.47t·hm-2,占52.59%;灌木层为0.44 t·hm-2,占0.18%;草本层为0.18 t·hm-2,占0.07%;凋落物层为5.07 t·hm-2,占1.86%;土壤层为123.64 t·hm-2,占45.32%。3米老排成熟林年净生产力为10.17 t·hm-2·a-1,碳素年净固定量为5.37 t·hm-2·a-1,折合成CO2的量为19.69 t·hm-2·a-1。     

基于回归与随机模拟的区域森林碳分布估计方法比较

以临安市为例,利用2004年森林资源清查样地数据和同年度Landsat TM影像数据,采用一元二次非线性回归和序列高斯协同模拟方法分别模拟森林地上部分碳密度及其分布,并对模拟结果进行比较分析。结果表明:一元二次非线性回归估计得研究区森林碳储量为2365404.37t,碳密度平均值为9.0000t·hm-2,最大值为73.7144t·hm-2,最小值为0.7156t·hm-2;序列高斯协同模拟得研究区森林碳储量为3291659.83t,碳密度平均值为12.5233t·hm-2,最大值为78.9133t·hm-2,最小值为0.0833t·hm-2;根据2004年森林资源清查样地数据,按随机抽样方法估计研究区森林碳储量为2708897.90t,样地碳密度平均值为10.3065t·hm-2,其最大值为96.9625t·hm-2,最小值为0;序列高斯协同模拟结果更接近地面样地估计结果,而且碳密度分布范围更合理;一元二次非线性回归估计结果与地面样地估计结果之差的累积平方和为9857.4619,而序列高斯协同模拟结果与实测结果之差的累积平方和为8018.4625;序列高斯协同模拟较一元二次非线性回归在估计区域森林碳空间分布...     

广州市3种典型人工林碳储量及分布特征研究

采用样方法和取样法,研究广东省广州市流溪河林场黧蒴、木荷、杉木林生态系统碳含量、碳储量及其空间分布特征。结果表明:林木各器官平均碳含量为杉木(490.99 g·kg-1)黧蒴(447.18 g·kg-1)木荷(442.52 g·kg-1),各器官间存在差异,从高到低排列顺序杉木为皮叶枝干根;木荷为干根皮枝叶;黧蒴为叶干枝根皮;林分内乔木层碳储量为黧蒴(103.08 t·hm-2)木荷(83.19 t·hm-2)杉木(20.67 t·hm-2)。地被植物和枯落物碳含量均表现为灌木层草本层枯落物层。林地土壤容重随土层的加深而增大,各层次碳含量呈下降趋势且分布不均,表层(0~25 cm)土壤碳含量较高,3种林分土壤碳储量排序为木荷(154.52 t·hm-2)黧蒴(146.75 t·hm-2)杉木(131.29 t·hm-2)。3种人工林生态系统碳库的空间分布序列为土壤层植被层枯落物层。黧蒴林乔木层年净生产力为9.22 t·hm-2·a-1,是木荷的1.32倍、杉木的1.97倍,年净生产力阔叶林树种大于针叶林杉木;年净固碳量黧蒴为4.12 t·hm-2·a-1,木荷为3.08 t·hm-2·a-1,分别为杉木的1.79和1.34倍;各林分生态系统乔木层同化CO2能力为黧蒴木荷杉木。阔叶树种黧蒴(25 a生)和木荷(27 a生)的林分固碳能力优于针叶树种杉木(9a生)。     

基于林分生长过程的辽东山区森林植被固碳潜力及其价值研究

利用基于林分生长过程的Richards生长方程以及蓄积量转换生物量模型,评估了辽宁冰砬山长白落叶松人工林和蒙古栎天然次生林两种典型森林类型4个龄级的植被固碳速率、固碳潜力和潜在固碳价值。研究结果表明:两种森林的单位面积植被固碳潜力总体上都是随着龄级的增加单位面积植被固碳潜力在增加。除中龄林外,长白落叶松人工林各个龄级的植被单位面积固碳潜力均比蒙古栎天然次生林大。长白落叶松人工林各龄级森林植被单位面积潜在固碳价值在2 113~9 656元,蒙古栎天然次生林在1 594~4 195元。长白落叶松人工林2000年和2005年的固碳潜力分别为14和11 Gg·a-1,潜在固碳价值分别为1 700和1 300万元·a-1,与2000年相比,2005年固碳潜力和潜在固碳价值都有所降低;蒙古栎天然次生林2000年和2005年的固碳潜力分别为4.8和5.4 Gg·a-1,潜在固碳价值分别为600和700万元·a-1,与2000年相比,2005年固碳潜力和潜在固碳价值都有所增加。     

Forest carbon sequestration in China and its benefits

Carbon sequestration is important in studying global carbon cycle and budget. Here, we used the National Forest Resource Inventory data for China collected from 2004 to 2008 and forest biomass and soil carbon storage data obtained from direct field measurements to estimate carbon (C) sequestration rate and benefit keeping C out of the atmosphere in forest ecosystems and their spatial distributions. Between 2004 and 2008, forests sequestered on average 0.36 Pg C yr^?1 (1 Pg = 10¹⁵g), with 0.30 Pg C yr^?1 in vegetation and 0.06 Pg C yr^?1 in 0–1 meter soil. Under the different forest categories, total C sequestration rate ranged from 0.02 in bamboo forest to 0.11 Pg C yr^?1 in broadleaf forest. The southwest region had highest C sequestration rate, 30% of total C sequestration, followed by the northeast and south central regions. The C sequestration in the forest ecosystem could offset about 21% of the annual C emissions in China over the same period, especially in provinces of Tibet, Guangxi, and Yunnan, and the benefit was similar to most Annex I countries. These results show that forests play an important role in reducing the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in China, and forest C sequestration are closely related to forest area, tree species composition, and site conditions.     

Carbon sequestration by forests and soils on mined land in the Midwestern and Appalachian coalfields of the U.S.

Carbon (C) accreditation of forest development projects is one approach for sequestering atmospheric CO₂, under the provisions of the Kyoto protocol. The C sequestration potential of reforested mined land is not well known. The purpose of this work was to estimate and compare the ecosystem C content in forests established on surface, coal-mined and non-mined land. We used existing tree, litter, and soil C data for fourteen mined and eight adjacent, non-mined forests in the Midwestern and Appalachian coalfields to determine the C sequestration potential of mined land reclaimed prior to the passage of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977). We developed statistically significant and biologically reasonable models for ecosystem C across the spectrum of site quality and stand age. On average, the highest amount of ecosystem C on mined land was sequestered in pine stands (148 Mg ha⁻¹), followed by hardwood (130 Mg ha⁻¹) and mixed stands (118 Mg ha⁻¹). Non-mined hardwood stands sequestered 210 Mg C ha⁻¹, which was about 62% higher than the average of all mined stands. Our mined land response surface models of C sequestration as a function of site quality and age explained 59, 39, and 36% of the variation of ecosystem C in mixed, pine, and hardwood stands, respectively. In pine and mixed stands, ecosystem C increased exponentially with the increase of site quality, but decreased with age. In mined hardwood stands, ecosystem C increased asymptotically with age, but it was not affected by site quality. At rotation age (60 yr), ecosystem C in mined hardwood stands was less on high quality sites, but similar for low quality sites compared to non-mined hardwood stands. The overall results indicated that the higher the original forest site quality, the less likely C sequestration potential was restored, and the greater the disparity between pre- and post-mining C sequestration stocks.     

阿克苏市灰枣园净生态系统碳交换特征及其对气象因子的响应

为了解枣园与大气之间净生态系统碳交换(NEE)特征,运用涡度相关系统、小型自动气象站及HemiView冠层分析系统分别对2017年阿克苏市郊区灰枣园CO2通量、气象因子及叶面积指数进行观测,研究了枣园NEE变化特征、NEE和叶面积指数及气象因子之间的日动态相关性。结果表明:NEE日动态为“U”形曲线。白天NEE为负值,表现为碳吸收,夜间NEE为正值,表现为碳排放。枣园各生育期的晴天与阴天NEE变化特征基本一致。枣园各生育期按照NEE及阶段NEE强度由高到低排序依次为果实发育期、果实成熟期、花期、萌芽期。枣园全生育期叶面积指数和气象因子按照与枣园NEE的相关性由高到低排序依次为叶面积指数、相对湿度、空气温度、光合有效辐射、饱和水汽压差。果实发育期碳交换速率和NEE最大,因此在枣树果实发育期应保证水分和无机盐的供应,对枣园NEE影响最大的因素是叶面积指数。     

试论广东碳汇林业建设

低碳发展是新时代的趋势,而林业作为生态建设的主体和生态文明建设的主要承担者,是推动经济社会可持续发展、促进低碳时代进步的关键。碳汇林业在积极应对气候变化、助推结构减排和广东开展国家低碳省建设中发挥着重要的作用。广东省碳汇林业具有区别于一般林业的内涵和特征,其主要内容是通过多种营造林工程措施,增加森林面积、改善森林结构,提高森林的碳密度、碳储量,减少森林碳排放、碳损失,增加碳汇、提升森林服务功能。把森林碳汇纳入国家低碳减排政策、把碳汇交易纳入区域发展、完善碳汇林业建设体系等是碳汇林业未来发展的方向。     

Effects of harvesting intensity on carbon stocks in eastern Canadian red spruce (Picea rubens) forests: An exploratory analysis using the CBM-CFS3 simulation model

Carbon stocks and stock changes in a chronosequence of 24 red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) dominated stands in Nova Scotia, Canada, were compared against predictions from the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3). Regression analysis of the observed versus simulated total ecosystem C stocks indicates the model's predictions accounted for 81.1% of the variation in the observed biomass data and for 63.2% of the variation in total ecosystem C data; however, the simultaneous F-test for bias was significant. Discrepancy between the observed and simulated total ecosystem C data was primarily caused by differences in dead organic matter C pool estimates, with the model consistently predicting higher soil C throughout stand development. Changes to model parameters were not warranted however, as the field data measured only a portion of the mineral soil profile represented in the model.

Clear-cut and partial-cut harvesting scenarios for red spruce stands were simulated to examine the impacts of clear-cut and partial-cut harvesting on C stocks. Total ecosystem C increased in the partial-cut stand throughout the 240-year simulation from 308.9 to 327.3 Mg C ha⁻¹, while it decreased in the clear-cut stand to 305.8 Mg C ha⁻¹. Enhanced C sequestration in the partial-cut stand was a consequence of the residual standing biomass providing a continuous source of litterfall and reducing decomposition rates of the forest floor. Choice of harvest system clearly affects forest ecosystem C stocks, but also affects the amount of C removed from forests to meet society's needs. Over the period of the simulation, partial cutting provided 115.6 Mg C ha⁻¹ of merchantable timber, while clear-cutting provided 132.4 Mg C ha⁻¹. Strategies aimed at using forest management to mitigate atmospheric C increases need to assess both the direct impacts on the forest ecosystem and the indirect impacts through product and energy substitution associated with the use and storage of harvested biomass.     

Decadal trends in net ecosystem production and net ecosystem carbon balance for a regional socioecological system

Carbon sequestration is increasingly recognized as an ecosystem service, and forest management has a large potential to alter regional carbon fluxes − notably by way of harvest removals and related impacts on net ecosystem production (NEP). In the Pacific Northwest region of the US, the implementation of the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) in 1993 established a regional socioecological system focused on forest management. The NWFP resulted in a large (82%) decrease in the rate of harvest removals on public forest land, thus significantly impacting the regional carbon balance. Here we use a combination of remote sensing and ecosystem modeling to examine the trends in NEP and net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) in this region over the 1985-2007 period, with particular attention to land ownership since management now differs widely between public and private forestland. In the late 1980s, forestland in both ownership classes was subject to high rates of harvesting, and consequently the land was a carbon source (i.e. had a negative NECB). After the policy driven reduction in the harvest level, public forestland became a large carbon sink − driven in part by increasing NEP − whereas private forestland was close to carbon neutral. In the 2003-2007 period, the trend towards carbon accumulation on public lands continued despite a moderate increase in the extent of wildfire. The NWFP was originally implemented in the context of biodiversity conservation, but its consequences in terms of carbon sequestration are also of societal interest. Ultimately, management within the NWFP socioecological system will have to consider trade-offs among these and other ecosystem services.     

森林生态系统碳储量估测方法及其研究进展

森林生态系统作为陆地生态系统最大的碳库, 其碳交换对全球碳平衡有着重要影响, 研究其碳储量具有重要的科研和社会意义。文中阐述了森林生态系统碳储量研究进展及估测方法, 并展望了未来森林生态系统碳研究的主要方面。     

不同土地利用形式下表土有机碳含量和密度特征的研究

通过对西江流域肇庆市三叉顶自然保护区典型样地调查,对比分析了林地（针阔混交林、竹林、马尾松林）、农用地（果园、稻田、旱地）与邻近荒地的0～20em土壤有机碳含量和密度特征及其影响因子。结果表明：（1）有机碳含量大小顺序为林地（20．71±5．24g·kg^-1）〉农用地（13．50±6．05g·kg^-1）〉荒地（12．87±4．20g·kg^-1）。林地比农用地、荒地表土有机碳含量分别高出53．35％和60．83％。林地表土有机碳含量极显著高于农用地和荒地,而农用地和荒地间则无显著差异。表土有机碳密度差异极显著,有机碳密度大小顺序为林地（3．09±0．88kg·m^-2）〉荒地（2．99±0．93kg·m^-2）〉农用地（2．28±1．01k·m^-2）。（2）针阔混交林、竹林、马尾松叶林3种林分类型的表土有机碳含量、密度的大小顺序均为针阔混交林〉竹林〉马尾松林;在有机碳含量方面,针阔混交林与马尾松林有显著差异;针阔混交林、竹林均与荒地有显著差异,而马尾松林与荒地则无显著差异。在有机碳密度方面,针阔混交林与马尾松林有显著差异。（3）3种农用地有机碳含量大小顺序为果园〉稻田〉旱地,果园与旱地之间有显著差异,旱地有机碳含量比果园低41．91％,旱地与水稻田之间无显著差异,三者与荒地均无显著差异。有机碳密度顺序有所变化,大小顺序为果园〉旱地〉稻田,三者之间均无显著差异,但旱地、水稻田均与荒地有显著差异。（4）土壤氮水平、电导率对林地、农用地土壤碳固定有正效应,而容重则有负效应;而受施肥和耕作等因素影响,农用地的表土有机碳含量还与石砾含量显著负相关;荒地的土壤有机碳含量则仅与容重显著负相关。     

Assessing temporal variation of primary and ecosystem production in two Mediterranean forests using a modified 3-PG model

Context

Forest ecosystem carbon uptake is heavily affected by increasing drought in the Mediterranean region.

Aims

The objectives of this study were to assess the capacity of a modified 3-PG model to capture temporal variation in gross primary productivity (GPP), and ecosystem net carbon uptake (NEE) in two Mediterranean forest types.

Methods

The model was upgraded from a monthly (3-PG) to a daily time step (3-PG_day), and a soil water balance routine was included to better represent soil water availability. The model was evaluated against seasonal GPP and NEE dynamics from eddy covariance measurements.

Results

Simulated and measured soil water content values were congruent throughout the study period for both forest types. 3-PG_day effectively described the following: GPP and NEE seasonal patterns; the transition of forest ecosystems from carbon sink to carbon source; however, the model overestimated diurnal ecosystem respiration values and failed to predict ecosystem respiration peaks.

Conclusions

The model served as a rather effective tool to represent seasonal variation in gross primary productivity, and ecosystem net carbon uptake under Mediterranean drought-prone conditions. However, its semi-empirical nature and the simplicity inherent in the original model formulation are obstacles preventing the model working well for short-term daily predictions.