木兰科濒危植物大果木莲遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术对云南省3个大果木莲天然居群进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,在物种水平上,大果木莲的多态位点百分率(PPB)为70.71%;有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.4121;Nei′s基因多样性指数(H)为0.2433;Shannon信息指数(I)为0.3651。在居群水平上,其PPB为44.1%;Ne为1.2704;H为0.1573;I为0.2343。通过Nei′s遗传多样性分析得到居群间的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.3595,由遗传一致度进行了3个居群的UPGMA聚类。     

海南岛青梅ISSR遗传多样性研究

采用ISSR分子标记检测海南岛青梅(Vatica mangachapoi Blanco)7 个自然居群192 株个体的遗传多样性及遗传结构。筛选的10 条ISSR 引物共扩增出清晰位点132 个,其中多态性位点130 个,多态性百分率(PPB)达98.48%。物种水平上,Nei's 基因多样性指数(H)为0.3391,Shannon多态性信息指数(I)为0.5095,总基因多样度(Ht)为0.3441,反映了很高的遗传多样性。AMOVA 分析显示,青梅的遗传变异主要存在于居群内个体间,但亦产生了相当程度的居群间遗传分化（Gst为0.332）,另外 Mantel 检测表明,青梅的遗传距离与地理距离间没有显著的相关性(r<0.2),地理隔离对青梅各自然居群间的基因流影响不明显。     

濒危植物永瓣藤遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术研究永瓣藤居群的遗传多样性,用 10 个ISSR引物对全分布区10个天然居群的190个单株进行扩增,得出总的多态位点百分率为39.2%.Shannon多样性指数(Ho)为0.045 ～ 0.101,居群水平上平均值(Hpop) 为0.083,物种水平上(Hsp)为0.183,表明遗传多样性均较低.用 POPGENE 计算出的遗传分化系数GST为 0.567 2,即居群间的遗传分化占居群总遗传变异的56.72%,显示永瓣藤居群间分化较强烈.地史变迁和植被破坏引起的居群片断化、小居群致使基因流受阻以及永瓣藤自交的繁殖方式都加剧了居群间的遗传分化.研究结果还表明永瓣藤居群间遗传距离与地理距离密切相关.     

不同盐度梯度下一年蓬的遗传多样性和遗传分化

利用RAPD技术对3个不同盐度梯度下入侵杂草一年蓬的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行了研究。结果表明,12个随机引物在90株个体中共检测到187个可重复位点,其中多态位点158个,总多态位点百分率为84.49%,3个种群平均多态位点百分率为70.77%。采用Shannon信息指数计算的3个种群总的遗传多样性为0.4522,平均为0.4027;采用Nei指数计算的3个种群总的基因多样性为0.3042,平均为0.2746。3个种群的多态位点百分率、Shannon信息指数、Nei指数大小顺序均为P2>P1>P3。AMOVA分子变异显示,88.54%变异来源于种群内,11.46%变异来源于种群间。一年蓬高的遗传多样性与低的遗传分化与其生物学特性有关,是其广泛入侵的重要原因。     

海南岛青梅AFLP标记的遗传多样性

采用AFLP标记检测海南岛青梅7个主要自然居群192株个体的遗传多样性及遗传结构.应用筛选出的6对引物共扩增出频率大于5.00%的位点777个,其中多态位点比例为99.61%(774).在种级水平上,Nei's基因多样性指数(H)为0.266 1,Shannon多态性信息指数(I)为0.420 4;总基因多样度(H,1)为0.268 4.居群水平的平均多态性位点数和多态性比例为617个和79.45%;H和I平均值分别为0.215 3和0.335 2.遗传分化指数(Fst)和基因流(N,m)分别为0.198 0和1.012 7.UPGMA聚类和遗传距离与空间距离相关性分析结果表明,居群间遗传亲缘关系与其地理位置关系不明显(P=0.230 0,r'2=0.232 5.综合研究结果表明,青梅具有较高的遗传多样性,居群间有一定的遗传分化.建议采取人工促进天然林下层苗木生长和人工造林等措施,促进现有青梅居群遗传多样性保育和发展.     

大花黄牡丹遗传多样性的SRAP分析

应用SRAP标记对西藏特有植物大花黄牡丹的遗传多样性进行研究。用16对引物从5个自然居群79个单株中共检测到396个有效位点,其中多态性位点357个。在物种水平上,多态位点百分率(Ppl)为90.15%,Shannon表型多样性指数(Ηsp)平均为0.2521;居群水平上的Ppl为31.82%,Shannon表型多样性指数(Ho)为0.0694～0.3428,平均值(Ηpop)为0.1307。上述遗传参数表明,大花黄牡丹具有丰富的物种遗传多样性,5个居群中自然居群C的遗传多样性最高(Ppl=82.32%,Ho=0.3428)。据AMOVA分析结果,总的变异中有41.58%的变异存在于居群间,58.42%的变异存在于居群内,居群分化较显著(ΦST=0.4158,P<0.001),由POPGENE1.32得到的居群间遗传分化系数GST(0.4309)和Shannon表型多样性指数计算的居群间遗传多样性所占比例(0.4816)也表明了类似的遗传结构。Mantel检测表明地理距离和Nei’s遗传距离间相关不显著(P>0.05)。利用NTSYSPC(2.1)软件构建大花黄牡丹5个居群79个个体的UPGMA聚类图,遗传相似系数变幅在0.47～0.99,大多数居群内的个体表现出较为密切的亲缘关系(如居群B,D,E),但也有一些居群的个体未聚在一起(如居群C)。依据大花黄牡丹居群遗传变异特点,初步探讨其保护和利用策略。     

石蒜和忽地笑ISSR分子鉴别及其遗传多样性研究

本文应用6条ISSR引物对石蒜和忽地笑11个种群共279个样本进行试验,欲从分子水平上研究其遗传差异,并对其遗传多样性和遗传结构等方面进行研究。6条引物共扩增出62个条带,其中多样性条带为60条,多态性可达96.8%。其中有5条引物可以扩增出鉴别石蒜和忽地笑的特异性扩增条带,共计11条,其中4条为石蒜种群特有,7条为忽地笑种群特有,从而将二者鉴别出来。另外石蒜和忽地笑种群多态位点百分率(PPB)分别为95.2%和58.1%,Nei’s基因多样性(H)分别为0.297和0.157,Shannon多样性指数(I)分别为0.454和0.248。石蒜和忽地笑种群的基因分化系数Gst分别为0.374和0.457,说明其天然种群的大部分变异(62.6%和54.3%)存在于种群内。石蒜和忽地笑种群的基因流Nm分别为0.836和0.593,比较小。UPGMA聚类结果显示,8个石蒜种群聚为一类,然后与3个忽地笑种群最后聚在一起。     

花吊丝竹居群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

[目的]研究花吊丝竹居群遗传多样性和遗传结构,为种质资源有效利用和良种选育提供理论指导。[方法]利用12条ISSR引物对48份种质(共3个居群)花吊丝竹居群进行遗传多样性和遗传距离分析。[结果]共检测到124个位点,其中,多态性位点为102个,种质和居群水平上的多态位点百分比(PPB)分别为82. 26%和50. 27%,Ne’基因多样性指数(He)分别为0. 220 4和0. 206 6,Shannon’s信息指数(I)分别为0. 349 4和0. 300 5,表明花吊丝竹居群间存在中等水平的遗传变异。根据Nei’s遗传多样性计算出不同居群间分化水平(Gst)=0. 163 3,表明16. 33%的遗传变异存在于居群间,居群内的遗传变异为83. 67%。居群间的基因流Nm为2. 562 1,表明花吊丝竹居群间存在较大基因流,很大程度减少居群间遗传差异。基于遗传距离的UPGMA聚类结果表明,48份种质可分为3组,3个居群可分为2组,居群间地理距离与亲缘关系无显著相关性。[结论]虽然花吊丝竹主要靠营养生殖来繁衍后代,其居群遗传多样性较丰富,且居群内遗传多样性大于居群间。此外,福建居群遗传多样性明显高于广西和广东地区居群。     

地理隔离对西南藏区山杨居群遗传结构影响的SRAP分析

采用SRAP分子标记技术,对分布于我国西南3个藏族地区山杨9个居群130个个体进行了遗传结构分析。结果表明,筛选出的7对引物组合共检测到多态性条带(AP)99条,多态性条带百分比(PPB)为59.28%。采用POPGENE软件分析,山杨9个居群平均多态位点百分率(PPB)为33.80%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon’s信息指数(I)分别为0.130 9和0.213 7,较东北地区山杨具有偏低的遗传多样性。遗传分化系数Gst=0.325 5,表明遗传变异主要存在于居群内个体间。地理距离与遗传距离之间具有弱相关关系(r=0.349,P=94.5%),山脉阻隔效应是导致西南藏族地区山杨居群间遗传分化的主要因素。UPGMA聚类表明,甘孜地区4个居群与迪庆地区的维西居群具有较近的亲缘关系,迪庆地区的德钦、香格里拉居群和昌都地区2个居群的遗传相似度较高。基于西南藏族地区山杨遗传结构分析,建议实施就地保护的同时,建立山杨种质资源库,促进不同居群间的基因交流。     

马缨杜鹃不同完整性居群遗传多样性的AFLP分析

采用选择性扩增片段多态性(AFLP)技术对马缨杜鹃5个不同完整性居群的遗传多样性进行检测和分析。结果表明:筛选出的7对引物组合共扩增出527条带,其中多态带382条,多态带百分率为72.49%;5个居群间的多态性百分率在52.23%~69.64%之间,居群平均多态性百分率为57.80%;Nei’s基因多样性变化范围在0.113 9~0.173 8之间,Shannon信息指数为0.186 8~0.277 7;居群间遗传分化系数Gst为0.168 8,表明83.12%遗传变异发生在居群内,居群间基因流为2.462 4,足以维持居群间现有的遗传结构;AMOVA分析结果表明,18.34%的遗传变异存在于居群间,81.66%的遗传变异存在于居群内;基于UPGMA聚类结果,可将5个马缨杜鹃居群分为3组,紫溪山和板凳山居群、马雄山和小营地居群之间各为一组,老湾地居群独自一组。研究表明,该物种有些居群虽遭受严重的人为破坏,但居群的遗传多样性仍然较高。     

江西毛红椿天然群体的遗传多样性分析

以江西境内的5个毛红椿天然群体为研究对象,开展基于ISSR与SSR分子标记的群体遗传多样性研究。结果显示,5个群体总体表现为杂合子过剩,纯合子不足,总的遗传多样性偏低;物种水平的基因多样度（h）为0.2524,各群体基因多样度按大小排序为：九连山>官山>井冈山>马头山>岩泉。毛红椿群体规模小且林龄结构单一,推测这是造成其杂合子过剩但是基因多样性低下的主要原因。遗传分化指标（GST）显示受检测的毛红椿各群体间已发生显著分化,但群体内的遗传变异约占总变异的70%,仍是变异的主要来源;群体间基因流值（Nm）仅为0.596,多世代后的随机遗传漂变会逐渐加剧毛红椿群体遗传分化。为保证遗传完整性及保持群体的多样性水平,在江西境内可仅选择遗传多样性水平较高的九连山与官山两个群体来开展毛红椿的资源保存以及迁地保护。     

Genetic diversity of Betula luminifera populations at different elevations in Wuyi Mountain and its association with ecological factors

The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure of 91 genets from four wild populations of Betula luminifera at different elevations in the National Nature Reserve of theWuyi Mountain, Fujian Province, China. Eighteen random primers (from 139 primers) produced a total of 199 scorable amplified fragments, of which 174 (87.44%) were polymorphic across all individuals. The genetic diversities of B. luminifera at the population level and species level were PPL = 60.05%, h = 0.2242, I = 0.3181 and PPL = 87.44%, h = 0.3442, I = 0.4899, respectively. The value of differentiation (G _st= 0.3486) and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that there was a relatively high genetic differentiation among populations, and about one-third of the genetic variation occurred among populations. Pearson correlation analysis further revealed that the genetic diversity within populations had significant or very significant correlation with the elevation, climatic factors (annual average temperature and annual precipitation) and soil nutrient factors (total nitrogen, C/N ratio and organic matter). Mantel tests show that there was a significant correlation between the genetic distances among populations and the distance of elevation, and the divergence of soil nutrient factors. The results of the present study suggested that the relatively high genetic differentiation among populations of B. luminifera at different elevations might be caused by ecological factors and gene flow. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2008, 44(3): 50–55 [译自: 林业科学]     

珙桐天然种群遗传多样性的ISSR标记分析

利用ISSR分子标记分析来自11个天然珙桐种群的遗传多样性。从100条引物中筛选出5条引物能扩增出稳定、清晰且具多态性的条带,共扩增出77个条带。其中74个为多态,多态条带百分率(PPB)为96.10%;各种群PPB值为37.66%～63.64%,平均为54.07%。种内Shannon多样性指数(HSP)为0.4849,种群内Shannon多样性指数(HPOP)为0.1886～0.3274,平均为0.2774。这表明珙桐在物种和种群水平上均维持较高的遗传多样性。分子方差分析显示,种群间与种群内遗传变异分别占总遗传变异的46.22%,53.78%,种群间呈高度遗传分化。种群间遗传距离与对应的地理距离呈显著正相关(r=0.546,P<0.01)。UPGMA法聚类分析将11个珙桐种群分为3组。研究结果为珙桐遗传资源保护策略制定提供有价值的种群遗传学信息。     

Genetic Variation among 11 Abies concolor Populations Based on Allozyme Analysis

In order to obtain information on the genetic structure of Abies concolor and the genetic variation among 11 popula- tions introduced from America to China, allozyme analysis based on starch gel electrophoresis technology was used. 24 loci of 10 allozyme systems were mensurated, and the genetic structure and genetic diversity of the 11 populations of A. concolor evaluated. The results show that the genetic variation among is significant, and the genetic variation within A. concolor populations is more important. In contrast with other conifers, the variation of A. concolor is above the average level of conifers, and higher than the same level of Abies. The percentage of polymorphic loci (P) was 62.5%, the number of alleles per locus (A) 2.08, the number of ef- fective alleles per locus (Ae) was 1.37, the expected heterozygosity (H) 0.204, and the Shannon information index (I) 0.351 7. There is a short genetic distance (D=0.061) and a low gene flow (Nm=0.839 4) among the 11 introduced populations of A. concolor with high genetic variation. The genetic differentiation coefficient (Gst) was 0.229 5, which is higher than that of the mean in Abies or Pinus.     

Genetic diversity of natural Hepatacodium miconioides populations in Zhejiang Province

Hepatacodium miconioides is the Class II protected plant species in China. This paper studies the genetic diversity and differentiation of its nine natural populations in Zhejiang Province by using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Twelve random primers were selected in the amplification, and 164 repetitive loci were produced. The percentage of polymorphic loci in each H. miconioides population ranged from 14.60% to 27.44%, with an average of 20.73%. Among the test populations, Kuochangshan had the highest percentage of polymorphic loci, Simingshan took the second place, and Guanyinping had the lowest percentage. As estimated by Shannon index, the genetic diversity within H. miconioides populations accounted for 27.28% of the total genetic diversity, while that among H. miconioides populations accounted for 72.72%. The genetic differentiation among H. miconioides populations as estimated by Nei index was 0.715,7. This figure was generally consistent with that estimated by Shannon index, i.e., the genetic differentiation among populations was relatively high, but that within populations was relatively low. The gene flow among H. miconioides populations was relatively low (0.198,7), and the genetic similarity ranged from 0.655,7 to 0.811,9, with an average of 0.730,6. The highest genetic distance among populations was 0.422,9, while the lowest was 0.208,3. All the results showed that there was a distinct genetic differentiation among H. miconioides populations. The genetic distance matrix of nine test populations was calculated using this method, and the clustering analysis was made using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). The cluster analysis suggested that the nine populations of H. miconioides in Zhejiang Province could be divided into two groups, the eastern Zhejiang group and the western Zhejiang group. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(5): 795–800 [译自: 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(5): 795–800]     

濒危小灌木长叶红砂种群的遗传多样性

采用RAPD和ISSR2种分子标记对濒危小灌木长叶红砂5个种群的遗传多样性进行检测。18个RAPD引物和14个ISSR引物分别扩增出118和114个位点,多态位点比率(P)分别为88.98%和89.47%。在物种水平上,RAPD标记的结果为:Shannon’s信息多样性指数(I)为0.4656,Nei’s指数(H)为0.3303;ISSR检测的结果:I=0.4688,H=0.3083。2种分子标记均表明濒危小灌木长叶红砂具有较高的遗传多样性水平。Nei基因多样性指数表明,大部分遗传变异存在于种群内。RAPD分析发现86.22%的遗传变异发生在种群内;ISSR分析发现89.29%的遗传变异发生在种群内。种群间遗传变异低的主要原因是种群间存在较强的基因流(Nm)分别为3.0097和4.1787)。长叶红砂较高的遗传多样性水平与物种特性和对高胁迫环境的长期适应有关,濒危植物并不一定表现为遗传变异水平的降低。     

4个滇牡丹天然居群遗传多样性的 ISSR 分析

以云南省香格里拉县4个滇牡丹天然居群为研究对象,采用ISSR分子标记技术,对98份材料进行遗传多样性分析,用多态性高、稳定性强的10条引物进行扩增,共获得96条扩增产物,其中多态性条带有82条,多态性百分比为85.42％;滇牡丹总体基因多样性为0.3438, Shannon 指数为0.5009;通过Nei’ s和聚类分析,居群间的遗传分化系数为0.7973,居群间的遗传变异占总遗传变异的79.73％,而居群内的遗传变异只有20.27％,表明滇牡丹居群间的遗传分化较大,遗传变异主要存在于居群间。因此,滇牡丹虽然为分布区狭窄的特有种,但是与一些典型稀有和濒危的物种相比,遗传多样性并不低,滇牡丹的分布区域和种群数量呈现狭窄化、缩小化的趋势,主要原因是受人为过度采挖,生境受到破坏所致。     

白皮松天然群体遗传多样性的EST-SSR分析

为探讨白皮松群体间遗传变异规律,使用7对EST-SSR引物对分布区内21个白皮松天然群体的遗传多样性及遗传分化水平进行了研究。结果表明:7对引物在21个白皮松天然群体的663个单株中共检测到14个多态性位点。各群体间有效等位基因数(Ne)、Shannon’s信息指数(I)、观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、Nei’s期望杂合度(Nei’s)分别为1.156 5 1.601 9、0.133 5 0.492 5、0.138 4 0.397 3、0.0860 0.342 8、0.084 6 0.337 4。白皮松群体间遗传分化系数(Fst)平均为0.215 2,基因流(Nm)值平均为0.911 9,群体间基因交流总体较少,遗传分化较大。白皮松多样性水平在分布区内呈规律性变化,多样性分布的中心区域主要在西部、南部,具有从西向东,从南向北依次减少的趋势。     

Genetic diversity in Tunisian Crataegus azarolus L. var. aronia L. populations assessed using RAPD markers

? The genetic diversity of nine wild Tunisian Crataegus azarolus var. aronia L. populations from different bioclimates was assessed using RAPD markers.

? Eight selected primers generated a total of 105 bands, 81 of which were polymorphic. Shannon’s index (H′) ranged from 0.222 to 0.278 according to a population with an average of 0.245. The genetic variation within the species (H _SP = 0.423) was relatively low. A high differentiation (G _ST = 0.421) among populations coupled with a low level of gene flow (N _m = 0.472) were observed. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed also significant differentiation among populations (Φ_ST = 0.371), even at a low scale space. The majority of variation occurred within populations (63.31%). The Mantel test performed on genetic (Φ_ST) and geographic distance matrices among population pairs did not reveal an isolation by distance.

? Interpretation of Neighbour-joining tree based on Nei’s and Li’s genetic distance among individuals showed distinct population groupings. The UPGMA dendrogram based on Φ_ST values revealed two population sub-clusters, each including populations from different bioclimates and/or geographic regions.

? The low level of genetic diversity and the high genetic structure of populations resulted from genetic drift caused both by habitat fragmentation and the low size of populations.

? The high differentiation among populations and the similar low level of diversity within populations suggest that in situ conservation should interest all populations. The ex situ conservation should be based on the collection of seeds rather within than among populations because of the maximum of variation was revealed within populations.