森林植被对土壤团聚体和微生物特性的影响研究进展

森林作为陆地生态系统的核心主体,具有维持生态系统平衡、保持水土、涵养水源等重要生态功能 。植被类型是 影响土壤团聚体形成和微生物特性的重要因子,研究森林植被类型对提高陆地生态系统生产力、丰富生物多样性及缓解全 球变暖等方面具有重要意义 。森林植被和土壤微生物及土壤团聚体的相互影响及交互作用,均对森林生态系统产生了 重 要影响 。本研究重点阐述了森林植被对土壤团聚体形成及稳定性、微生物生物量、微生物群落结构及功能等方面研究进 展,并提出未来森林生态系统的土壤团聚体与微生物方面的研究重点,以期为森林生态系统的植被恢复和可持续健康发展 研究提供理论依据。     

林下植被组成和功能研究进展

林下植被作为森林生态系统的一个重要组成部分, 在维护森林多样性、推动森林生态系统流程和功能中扮演着重要的角色。目前, 关于林下植被的研究已有上百年历史, 其中在森林群落分类、更新演替、养分循环及稳定生产力等方面做了大量研究。文中从林下植被的定义及其组成、演替和功能等方面综述了近年来林下植被的研究进展, 并探讨了如何综合研究演替以及干扰对林下植被组成的影响、林下植被对气候变化的可能响应以及如何将林下植被作用及功能的研究理论应用于近自然人工林建设和管理实践中。     

利用宫胁造林法恢复和重建辽宁森林植被

文章简要介绍了国际著名植被生态学家、日本横滨国立大学教授宫胁昭创造和倡导的造林法———环境保护林重建法(即生态造林法,简称宫胁造林法)。该方法的创新和重要之处就是将植被生态学理论应用于森林生态系统恢复并取得成功,依据潜在自然植被和演替理论,提倡和强调用乡土树种重建乡土森林植被,目的是能够在较短的时间内恢复当地的森林生态系统。辽宁省的森林覆盖率较低、森林恢复和造林难度大,宫胁的生态造林法对辽宁森林植被恢复和重建将会很有借鉴和帮助的。     

冶力关风景区生态系统的脆弱性与恢复重建措施初探

冶力关景区生态系统是复合生态系统,依自然景观和植被将景区生态系统分为森林、草原、水域等几大自然生态系统和农田生态系统,对于不同类型的生态系统,应采取相应的恢复与重建措施,才能达到植被和系统功能恢复的目的。     

元谋干热河谷退化生态系统现状及其植被的人工恢复研究进程

元谋干热河谷在云南干热河谷区中最具典型性。在了解元谋干热河谷退化生态系统现状的前提下,从植被物种的选择、植被物种的生理特性研究成果、植被人工恢复技术的研究成果等方面论述了元谋干热河谷退化生态系统植被人工恢复的研究进程。并对元谋干热河谷退化生态系统植被人工恢复的关键技术进行了盘点。     

科尔沁沙地植被建设方向和模式的探讨

文章论述了科尔沁沙地植被的历史变迁和原生植被类型。提出了本地区退化生态系统植被建设的方向和目标,即根据具体地形地貌、土壤特点和残存植被特征,以改善生态环境和提高土地生产力为目标,选择生态防护和经济价值高的植物种类,组建结构不同、功能各异的人工植被体系,其结构不同于原生植被,但功能优于原生植被,形成新的高效、和谐、稳定的人工-自然生态系统。同时,对本地区植被建设的基本模式也进行了论述。     

林下植被多样性、生物量及养分作用研究进展

林下植被是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,对森林生态系统的稳定性、生产力及养分循环具有重要影响,因此研究林下植被具有重要意义。但是以往由于研究方法、研究时限以及研究尺度等方面存在许多缺陷,对林下植被的认识还不统一,研究结论不够深刻。如何正确测定林下植被多样性及其生物量,合理评价林下植被对森林生态系统的作用,科学制定林下植被的管理措施,这些问题都值得进一步深入研究。文中对林下植被多样性、生物量及其养分作用3个方面的研究进行了分析总结,以期为今后林下植被研究、林下植被管理和森林可持续经营提供参考。     

森林植被碳储量研究综述

指出了森林生态系统作为整个碳循环系统的重要组成部分,贮存了陆地生态系统中大部分的有机碳,同时作为全球生物圈的重要组成部分,森林生态系统的碳储量研究就越来越重要。分析了中国森林植被情况,国内外森林植被碳储量研究进展以及森林植被固碳功能,同时提出了未来碳储量研究趋势。     

森林植被碳储量研究综述

指出了森林生态系统作为整个碳循环系统的重要组成部分,贮存了陆地生态系统中大部分的有机碳,同时作为全球生物圈的重要组成部分,森林生态系统的碳储量研究就越来越重要。分析了中国森林植被情况,国内外森林植被碳储量研究进展以及森林植被固碳功能,同时提出了未来碳储量研究趋势。     

华北土石山区刺槐和栓皮栎人工林土壤微生物数量和微生物量碳、氮研究

正截止到2014年,全国水土流失面积已高达294.91万km2,占国土总面积的30.72%[1-2]。水土流失造成生态环境脆弱,植被破坏促使水土流失加剧是区域环境恶化的主要原因之一[3]。众多研究表明,植被恢复可有效地减少水土流失,是遏制生态环境恶化、改善脆弱生态系统的有效措施[4-6]。在森林生态系统中,土壤微生物对土地利用的变化、管理措施、耕作和肥力水平等外界条件的变化十分敏感,     

接种幼套球囊霉对干旱生境中构树幼苗根系形态的影响

利用WinRhizo根系分析系统,在石灰土基质上对不同土壤水分条件下接种丛枝菌根真菌幼套球囊霉对构树幼苗根系形态特征的影响进行了研究.结果表明:土壤水分状况和接种丛枝菌根真菌对构树幼苗生物量积累产生了显著的影响;构树幼苗根系干质量、总长度、表面积、体积、根节数目、根系平均直径均随着土壤含水量的降低而降低,幼套球囊霉则降低了同等水分条件下构树幼苗的比根长;土壤水分和接种幼套球囊霉同样也对根节平均长度产生了影响.     

干旱胁迫对真桦根系形态及生物量分配的影响

通过人工控水土培方法,研究了干旱胁迫对真桦的根系形态、分级特征、苗高生长以及生物量分配的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著影响真桦根系形态及构型,随着土壤含水量的降低,真桦根系质量和平均直径降低。轻度和中度干旱使真桦根系总长度、根系表面积、比根长降低;重度干旱下,直径小于0.5 mm的细根比例显著提高,根系总长度、根系表面积、比根长显著提高。随着土壤含水量的降低,真桦苗木的高生长受到抑制,生物量降低,根冠比明显提高。     

Morphological response of Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa to the combined impact of drought and shade

Light and soil moisture availability are two important abiotic factors influencing plant growth in an agroforestry system. Different soil moisture and light treatments were applied to examine the combined impact of drought and shade on the morphological plasticity of Vitex negundo var. heterophylla (Chinese chastetree) and Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa (Spine jujube). We found that the interaction of light and soil moisture was orthogonal in the two species. V. negundo captured irradiance efficiently with relatively long petiole and petiolule, while Z. jujuba maintained higher branches to absorb light than V. negundo. Compared to the seedlings under full sunlight, the palmately compound leaves of V. negundo under low light showed larger specific leaf area (SLA), lower ratio of leaflet length to width and higher leaf mass ratio (leaf biomass to total biomass); in contrast, the simple leaves of Z. jujuba under low light showed larger SLA and ratio of leaf length to petiole length. In both species, drought reduced the branch number, mean internode length of stem, and increased root mass ratio (root biomass to total biomass), but leaf morphology showed little variation to the decreased soil moisture. Between the two species, V. negundo is more shade-tolerant, while Z. jujuba is more drought-tolerant. In an alley cropping system, the spacing can be smaller in the V. negundo-crop system than the Z. jujuba-crop system when soil moisture is adequate. However, the V. negundo-crop system should be managed with more caution under the soil moisture limited conditions.     

Adaptability of birch (Betula pendula Roth) and aspen (Populus tremula L.) genotypes to different soil moisture conditions

For northern Europe’s climate, models predict an increase in periods of drought and waterlogging. Knowledge of variation between genotypes of Betula pendula (birch) and Populus tremula (aspen) to drought and excess soil moisture are unavailable but relevant for future development of forest ecosystems. We studied variation between genotypes to soil moisture in birch and aspen with plant material representing naturally regenerated populations and showed differences in acclimation to soil moisture conditions. Genotypes showing most growth and biomass accumulation across treatments maintained most leaf area, high gas exchange and water-use efficiency and grew most root mass but had the lowest root length per unit root dry mass compared to other genotypes. This indicates that these genotypes are more efficient in harvesting water from the soil under adverse conditions. We also showed that birch and aspen employ different strategies to cope with soil moisture conditions, with aspen investing more in perennial parts, while birch efficiently maintains foliar processes. When the expression of some known drought responsive genes was measured, only ACC oxidase was induced by the drought treatment at the beginning of the experiment, while surprisingly LEA5, RD22 and ADH1 did not respond to drought, but were up-regulated in prolonged wet conditions indicating oxidative stress and hypoxia and that these genes are responding to multiple stress factors. We conclude that in plants micro-propagated from naturally regenerated birch and aspen populations, there is variation between genotypes in acclimation efficiency to soil moisture conditions.     

土壤温度和水分变化对川西云杉幼苗氮和磷含量的影响

【目的】研究不同梯度的土壤温度和水分对川西云杉幼苗生长性状和各器官氮和磷含量的影响,以期为全球气候变暖背景下解释川西云杉树线形成的原因提供参考和数据积累。【方法】以5年生川西云杉幼苗为试验材料,采用人工气候室结合嵌套设计,设置5个土壤温度梯度(2、7、12、17、22℃)和3个土壤水分梯度(干旱处理、正常水分含量处理、饱和水分含量处理)。每处理9株幼苗,共135株幼苗。实验处理4个月后,测定并比较分析不同梯度的土壤温度和水分对幼苗的生长性状、各器官干物质含量、各器官全氮、全磷浓度和含量以及土壤全氮和全磷浓度的影响。【结果】土壤温度处理对幼苗基径和株高生长量均无显著影响,而土壤水分处理对幼苗株高生长量有显著影响;在2℃和7℃土壤温度干旱处理下显著降低了幼苗的株高生长量,但随着土壤温度的升高其影响效应不显著。土壤温度处理对土壤氮和磷浓度无显著影响,而干旱处理显著升高了土壤氮和磷浓度。川西云杉幼苗各器官的氮和磷浓度以及当年生叶氮含量随土壤温度降低显著降低;干旱和饱和水分处理显著降低了当年生叶和当年生枝的氮浓度,饱和水分处理显著降低了当年生叶的磷浓度,干旱处理显著降低了当年生枝、茎和根的磷浓度,干旱和饱和水分处理显著降低了当年生叶和根的氮和磷含量,且随着土壤温度升高影响效应更显著。【结论】在短期内,土壤低温对川西云杉幼苗的生长性状没有明显的制约作用,但对川西云杉幼苗各器官的氮和磷浓度及含量影响显著,尤其是当年生叶和根的氮和磷浓度及含量。在川西地区,低温、干旱等极端气候胁迫导致的云杉幼苗氮、磷含量的不足很可能是限制川西云杉垂直分布的重要因素。此外,土壤温度和水分处理存在显著的交互作用,随着土壤温度的降低,水分胁迫对幼苗各器官氮和磷含量的影响由显著变得不再显著,说明随着海拔升高,与水分因子相比,土壤低温成为造成云杉各器官营养元素亏缺的主导因子。     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on leaf solutes and root absorption areas of trifoliate orange seedlings under water stress conditions

The effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae on plant growth, leaf solutes and root absorption area of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) seedlings were studied in potted culture under water stress conditions. Inoculation with G. mosseae increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and plant dry weight, when the soil water content was 20%, 16% and 12%. AM inoculation also promoted the active and total absorption area of root system and absorption of phosphorus from the rhizosphere, enhanced the content of soluble sugar in leaves and roots, and reduced proline content in leaves. AM seedings had higher plant water use efficiency and higher drought tolerance than non-AM seedlings. Effects of G. mosseae inoculation on trifoliate orange seedlings under 20% and 16% soil water content were more significant than under 12% soil water content. AM infection was severely restrained by 12% soil water content. Thus, effects of AM fungi on plants were probably positively related to the extent of root colonization by AM fungi. The mechanism of AM fungi in enhancing drought resistance of host plants ascribed to greater osmotic adjustment and greater absorption area of root system by AM colonization. __________ Translated from Journal of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, 2005, 30(5): 583–588 [译自: 植物生理与分子生物学报, 2005, 30(5): 583–588]     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal induced changes to plant growth and root system morphology in Prunus cerasifera

We compared root system morphogenesis of micropropogated transplants of Prunus cerasifera L. inoculated with either of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus mosseae or Glomus intraradices or with the ericoid mycorrhizal species Hymenoscyphus ericae. All plants were grown in sand culture, irrigated with a nutrient solution that included a soluble source of phosphorus, for 75 days after transplanting. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization increased both the survival and growth (by over 100%) of transplants compared with either uninoculated controls or transplants inoculated with H. ericae. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization increased root, stem and leaf weights, leaf area, root length and specific leaf area, and it decreased root length/leaf area ratio, root/shoot weight ratio and specific root length. Both uptake of phosphorus and its concentration in leaves were increased by AM infection, although the time course of the relationships between intensity of AM infection and P nutrition were complex and suggested a role for factors other than nutrition. The time course for the development of infection varied. It was most rapid with G. mosseae, but it was ultimately higher with G. intraradices. None of the treatments significantly affected the lengths of adventitious roots or the first-, second- or third-order laterals that developed from them. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization increased the intensity of branching in all root orders with the effect being most obvious on first-order lateral roots where the number of branches increased from under 100 to over 300 brances m(-1). As a result, although first-order laterals made up 55% of the root systems of control plants, the comparable value was 36% in AM-infected plants. In contrast, second-order laterals represented 25% of control root systems, but 50% of AM-colonized root systems. Glomus intraradices but not G. mosseae increased root diameter. Anatomical studies revealed no changes in the overall form of the root tip, although there were changes in the diameter of the root cap, cell numbers and cell size. Hymenoscyphus ericae increased the duration of the metaphase index. Both AM fungal treatments increased the concentrations of soluble proteins in root extracts and modified the protein profiles by the elimination and addition of protein bands detected by PAGE analysis. We conclude that AM fungal inoculation influenced processes in the root system at different levels, but not all effects were due to improved P nutrition or increased physiological age.     

干旱胁迫对真桦光合特性及渗透调节物质含量的影响

以真桦盆栽幼苗为试材,研究干旱胁迫对真桦叶片光合作用和渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫使真桦幼苗净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度显著降低,降低幅度随胁迫程度的加剧而加大。胁迫初期,轻度和中度干旱胁迫组真桦幼苗净光合速率降低的同时气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度同时降低,光合速率降低的主要原因是气孔因素;胁迫中期和后期,各干旱处理组光合速率降低的同时胞间CO2浓度均显著升高,非气孔限制是净光合速率降低的主要原因。真桦在干旱胁迫过程中,可溶性蛋白变化不显著,可溶性糖含量增加,为主要的渗透调节物质。     

成年马尾松针叶水势和形态对隔离降雨的响应

通过在福建省长汀县红壤严重侵蚀区以持续100%隔离降雨模拟水分亏缺环境,研究土壤含水量变化对先锋造林树种马尾松针叶水势、针叶形态的影响,评价马尾松在水分胁迫下的生态适应性及生理调节机制。结果表明:(1)研究期内,处理组20 cm和80 cm土层土壤含水量持续下降并显著低于对照组(P<0.05),差异达10.93%和12.17%,表明土壤环境已出现水分亏缺;(2)处理组针叶水势(Ψd)持续下降,平均值为-3.73 MPa,显著低于对照组-2.80 MPa(P<0.05),证明处理组土壤含水量下降已对马尾松针叶水势产生了显著的影响,且通过拟合土壤含水量与针叶水势关系得出先锋造林树种马尾松具有较强的抗旱能力;(3)马尾松针叶形态相关指标分析表明,隔离降雨第2 a内对照组与处理组间叶长、叶宽、叶面积的差值均明显大于第1 a内,说明生长减缓是该地区马尾松应对土壤水分亏缺的重要途径。     

江南油杉细根生物量空间分布及其对土壤水分的响应

【目的】探明广西不同栽培区江南油杉细根生物量的空间分布共性及其对土壤水分的响应机制。【方法】以广西3个栽培区江南油杉人工幼林为研究对象,采用根系全株分层挖掘和根系形态结构分析法,定量分析江南油杉幼树不同径级细根生物量密度、根长密度和表面积密度的空间分布特征。【结果】1)江南油杉幼林期细根生物量在垂直方向上主要分布在0~90 cm土层中,且0~60 cm范围内的细根生物量占总量的81.83%,细根生物量随土层深度的增加呈升高—降低—再升高的趋势。细根生物量在水平方向上主要分布在距树干0~100 cm范围内,其中0~50 cm细根生物量占总量的87.40%。综合不同径级根长密度和根表面积密度分析结果表明,d <5 mm径级细根是江南油杉幼树占主导地位的吸收根系,其中0.5 mm≤d <2 mm径级细根在不同样地以及不同土层中的根长密度值最大,是决定江南油杉幼树根长密度分布特征的主要根系。2)江南油杉细根总生物量、根系长度、根表面积与土壤水分含量呈显著的相关性,表明江南油杉细根分布对土壤水分含量的响应敏感。【结论】江南油杉细根生物量垂直分布的"双峰"特征有利于根系对表层土壤水分在下渗过程中的二次吸收利用。0~60 cm土层是江南油杉幼树根系发挥生理功能的主要土层,可作为该树种水肥管理的重要区域。