樟树幼林叶绿素含量的高光谱遥感估算模型

高光谱遥感的快速发展使得定量估算植被叶绿素含量成为可能.采用美国ASD公司生产的野外光谱辐射仪测量樟树幼林的冠层光谱,并对观测叶片进行同步叶绿素含量的测定;采用统计相关分析法,分析樟树冠层光谱与叶绿素含量之间的相关关系,并建立相应的估算模型.结果表明:樟树幼林叶绿素含量的敏感波段位于400、556、621 nm;通过建立各敏感段与叶绿素含量之间的估算模型并进行精度检验,得出了叶绿素含量估算的高光谱模型分别为y=exp(1.191 1458.912x)和y=3.29×exp(1458.912x).说明利用高光谱遥感数据可以估测樟树幼林的叶绿素含量.     

杉木叶绿素a含量与高光谱数据相关性分析

采用美国ASD公司生产的手持式野外光谱辐射仪测量杉木冠层光谱,对观测叶片进行同步叶绿素含量测定,并利用统计学分析方法,分析杉木叶绿素a含量与高光谱数据的相关关系,结果表明:(1)杉木光谱与叶绿素含量最大相关系数位于530 nm和690 nm;(2)通过建立植被指数(PSSR和PSDN)与叶绿素a含量的估算模型,并进行精度检验,选择出最适合杉木叶绿素a含量估算的高光谱模型,利用高光谱遥感数据可以估测杉木的叶绿素a含量。     

紫叶稠李叶片色素及氮含量与其光谱反射特性的相关性

以紫叶稠李为试材,通过盆栽方式,在紫叶稠李叶片变色前进行控释肥处理,并定时测定叶片色素含量、氮含量及反射光谱。结果表明:紫叶稠李叶色由绿转紫后,其叶片的光谱反射特征发生显著变化,其反射峰明显向长波方向移动且反射率变小,叶片花色苷含量越高其反射峰向长波方向移动越明显。相关性分析表明:紫稠李叶片光谱反射率与花色苷含量在550～580nm波段呈极显著负相关,可初步作为遥感监测叶片花色苷含量变化差异的敏感波段;紫叶稠李叶片的光谱反射率与叶片氮含量、叶绿素含量相关性基本一致,其中在可见光波段(720～760nm)和近红外区(760～800nm)的相关性呈极显著正相关,可初步作为遥感监测叶片氮含量、叶绿素含量变化差异的敏感波段。     

基于红边参数与PCA的GA-BP神经网络估算叶绿素含量模型

利用便携式ASD野外光谱辐射仪对杉木冠层叶片光谱进行测定,同时以分光光度法对叶片叶绿素含量进行提取。样本经均值处理、平滑处理和微分处理后,进行红边参数提取。对11个红边参数以PCA方法进行降维,将得到的前7个主成分得分作为网络输入参数,叶绿素含量作为网络输出参数,以遗传算法(GA)优化网络初始权值阈值,建立隐含层神经元数分别为4,6,8,10,12和14的6种单隐层BP神经网络模型。以R2,RMSE和相对误差作为模型精度检验标准,结果表明:6种模型预测精度均可达到92.0%以上,其中隐含层神经元数为10时,预测精度最高,可达97.372%。说明此种模型可对杉木冠层叶片叶绿素含量进行高精度估算。     

不同施肥种类毛竹叶片色素含量及反射光谱相关性研究

采用UniSpec-SC光谱分析仪对毛竹叶片反射光谱进行测定,并对叶片色素含量与反射光谱参数的相关性进行分析,研究缓释肥(Tr1)、毛竹专用肥(Tr2)、混合配方肥(Tr3)对毛竹叶片色素含量的影响。结果表明:3种施肥处理对毛竹叶片色素含量均有明显的影响,其中Tr1处理叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量呈极显著增加(P<0.01),分别比对照增加15.7%、13.8%。3种施肥处理的毛竹叶片可见光区525～605 nm波长的反射光谱都明显降低,在550 nm波长处Tr1、Tr2、Tr3处理的光谱反射率分别比对照降低11.4%(P<0.01)、8.1%、7.8%,并使红边位置向长波方向移动;与对照相比3种施肥处理均使毛竹叶片PSSRb、PSSRc、PSNDb、PSNDc、CRI1、CRI2、SIPI和PRI等反射光谱参数升高;相关分析表明,毛竹叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量、类胡萝卜素含量与光谱参数PSSRc、PSNDc、NPCI、CRI1、CRI2、SIPI和PRI之间存在显著的相关性(P<0.05),其中PSSRc、PSNDb、PSNDc、NPCI、CRI、SIPI和mSR705等反射光谱参数值与施肥种类相关。说明毛竹对缓释肥的利用率更高,毛竹叶片反射光谱对毛竹叶片色素含量和营养状况有良好的估测效果。     

叶面滞尘量对大叶黄杨反射光谱的影响

【目的】树木叶片表面的滞尘在一定程度上能反映周围环境的污染情况。试验对光谱检测中叶面滞尘的干扰进行初步定量探讨,为叶面滞尘对光谱反射的影响评价及建立修正模型提供方法参考。【方法】以中国林业科学研究院内大叶黄杨叶片为研究对象,采集叶片样本保鲜并速回室内进行试验。使用0.0001 g 高精度电子分析天平称叶片除尘前后的质量,计算叶面滞尘量;采用美国 ASD 公司生产的 FieldSpec3便携式近红外光谱仪测量叶片除尘前后的反射光谱,得出其差异。分析除尘前后叶片反射率、一阶导数光谱及红边参数特征的差异,比较不同滞尘量的叶片反射光谱,建立叶面滞尘量与叶片反射光谱之间的关系模型。【结果】叶片除尘前后的光谱反射率存在差异,在520～560 nm 和760～850 nm 叶片反射率大小分别为有尘叶片＞无尘叶片、有尘叶片＜无尘叶片;不同叶面滞尘量的反射光谱也不同,大叶黄杨叶片光谱反射率在可见光波段随着叶面滞尘量的增加逐渐增大,而近红外波段区域随着叶面滞尘量的增加逐渐减小;红边和黄边的位置、蓝边斜率和面积在除尘前后无变化,有尘叶片的蓝边位置较无尘叶片增大,黄、红两边斜率和黄、红两边面积均较无尘叶片减小;在5个光谱参数中,红边指数所建的叶面滞尘量预测模型的 R 2值最大为0.716,叶面滞尘量与光谱之间存在着一定的相关关系。【结论】叶面滞尘使得叶片在可见光波段的反射率增加,在近红外光区的反射率减小,这可能与叶片自身内部结构有一定的相关性;利用红边指数(SDr)作为参数可以在一定精度范围内预测大叶黄杨叶片表面滞尘量,简单比值指数与叶面滞尘量呈正相关。     

雷竹冠层叶片反射光谱特征及其对叶片水分变化的响应

[目的]研究雷竹冠层叶片反射光谱特征及其水分敏感波段,筛选与叶片水分指标相关性较高的光谱指数,为雷竹叶片水分的非破坏性估算提供参考。[方法]以重要笋用竹种雷竹为研究对象,通过自然失水法研究叶片反射光谱对叶片水分变化的响应特征,以常用反射光谱指数对叶片水分指标进行相关性检验,对不同反射光谱指数与叶片相对含水量进行了回归方程拟合。[结果]雷竹叶片含水量与其光谱反射率在近红外区呈负相关关系;光谱反射率敏感性分析表明,在1 400～1 600、1 800～2 000 nm波段附近,光谱反射率对叶片水分变化较其他波段敏感;不同光谱指数与叶片水分指标的相关性分析及回归方程拟合结果表明,在所选光谱指数中水分胁迫指数MSI(R_(820)/R_(1600))、比值指数SRI(R_(1300)/R_(1450))与叶片相对含水量的拟合效果较好。[结论]雷竹叶片水分含量与其光谱反射率在近红外区,尤其1 400～1 600、1 800～2 000 nm波段附近呈负相关关系,水分胁迫指数MSI(R_(820)/R_(1600))、比值指数SRI(R_(1300)/R_(1450))对雷竹叶片相对含水量的估算精度较其它光谱指数更高。     

不同品种核桃叶片含水量与高光谱反射率的相关性差异分析

[目的]探究不同品种核桃(Juglans regia L.)叶片含水量与叶片高光谱反射特征的相关性,分析品种间差异,为核桃叶片水分的准确诊断提供参考。[方法]本研究以5个不同品种的核桃叶片为研究对象,测定了脱水过程中叶片水分含量及其同步反射光谱响应曲线,分析并对比了不同品种核桃叶片含水量与光谱反射率的相关关系,探讨了核桃叶片水分敏感波段的品种间差异。[结果]表明:(1)不同品种核桃叶片的构成物质与叶片结构相似,在叶绿素和水分含量上存在差异;(2)核桃叶片含水量与叶片反射率的相关关系不受水分表征量的影响,在621■703、1 244■2 500 nm范围内各品种核桃叶片含水量与反射率均呈显著相关关系(p0.05);(3)在704■1 243 nm范围内,不同品种核桃叶片具有不同的水分敏感波段,各品种间差异明显。[结论]不同品种核桃叶片含水量与高光谱反射率的相关关系在704■1 243 nm范围内具有明显的品种间差异。     

基于光谱水分指数的核桃叶片含水量估算模型

【目的】采用光谱技术定量反演果实不同生育时期叶片含水量,为新疆南疆盆地人工绿洲核桃节水灌溉与水分管理提供技术支持。【方法】以‘温185’核桃叶片为研究对象,利用Uni Spec-SC便携式光谱仪测定核桃果实不同生育时期的叶片光谱反射率,以水分指数(WI)、水分波段指数(WBI)、归一化水分指数(NDWI)、比值指数(WI/NDWI)、中心波长比值指数(Ratio975)和光化/生理反射(PRI)6种光谱水分指数为自变量,分别采用一元线性回归(MLR)、多元线性逐步回归(SMLR)、主成分回归(PCR)和偏最小二乘回归(SPLR)构建‘温185’核桃果实坐果期、速生生长期、硬核期、脂化期和近成熟期叶片含水量的光谱估算模型,并利用独立样本对模型精度进行检验和评价。【结果】在可见光波段,光谱反射率随叶片含水量的增加而增大,而在近红外波段,随叶片含水量的增加光谱反射率则呈减弱趋势,且绿光、黄光、红光、近红外光波段均是‘温185’核桃叶片水分含量的光谱敏感波段。果实不同生育时期叶片含水量与光谱水分指数的相关性虽均达极显著水平(P0.01),但相关系数绝对值的大小有较大差异。采用不同方法所构建的叶片含水量光谱估算模型中,果实坐果期、硬核期、脂化期和近成熟期以SMLR模型拟合度(R~2)最高,均在0.82以上,果实速生生长期则以PCR模型拟合度(R~2)最高,达到0.877 4,且采用独立样本对2种回归模型检验的均方根误差(0.613 7 g·kg~(-1)≤RMSE≤5.774 6 g·kg~(-1))和相对误差(0.818 2%≤RE≤2.977 5%)均较小,并均通过置信椭圆检验,模型估算值与实测值一致;而构建的果实不同生育时期叶片含水量MLR和SPLR模型拟合度(R~2)均较低,且均方根误差(1.021 0 g·kg~(-1)≤RMSE≤11.205 6 g·kg~(-1))和相对误差(1.109 7%≤RE≤3.680 8%)较大,表明模型估算效果均较差。【结论】所筛选的‘温185’核桃果实坐果期、硬核期、脂化期、近成熟期叶片含水量SMLR光谱估算模型和果实速生生长期叶片含水量PCR光谱估算模型具有很好的稳定性和较高的估算精度。可应用光谱水分指数构建叶片含水量估算模型,以用于新疆南疆盆地人工绿洲核桃果实不同生育时期叶片含水量的定量适时反演。光谱技术在核桃树体水分含量信息探测方面有较大的应用潜力。     

东湖地区几种特征植物叶绿素的光谱特征

通过测量武汉东湖地区部分特征植物（桃树、槐树、冬青树）光谱数据及叶绿素浓度数据,在消除环境对数据的影响后进行分析,确定这些植物受叶绿素浓度影响较大的特征波段,并发现相同叶绿素浓度下桃树、槐树、冬青树光谱特征的一些差异。对所研究植物的各特征波段进行了多波段处理,建立不同波段反射率比值因子与叶绿素浓度的经验回归模型,分析各模型对叶绿素浓度的反演精度,优择出不同植物各自的最佳经验模型及几种植物共同的最佳经验模型．     

A theoretical analysis of the influence of heterogeneity in chlorophyll distribution on leaf reflectance

Attempts to determine the vitality of vegetation and to detect vegetation stress from remotely sensed data have focused on chlorophyll concentration, because it influences the reflectance of vegetation and tends to correlate with vegetation health and stress. Pollution, pathogens and pests can cause localized regions of chlorosis and necrosis across a leaf surface, but the extent to which these patches influence the overall reflectance and spectral signature of the leaf and canopy has not been tested. A conifer leaf model (LIBERTY), which simulates the influence of leaf biochemical concentrations of chlorophyll, water, lignin, cellulose and protein on the reflectance of leaves from 400 to 2500 nm, was used to determine the effect of patches of chlorosis on leaf reflectance. A fraction of the leaf f is assumed to be chlorotic with a chlorophyll concentration C(1). The remainder of the leaf has chlorophyll concentration C(2) such that mean leaf chlorophyll concentration, C(mean) = fC(1) + (1 - f)C(2), is constant for a range of f and C(1) values. LIBERTY can be used to estimate the reflectance of a leaf with a particular chlorophyll concentration at a particular wavelength R(lambda,C) (assuming other leaf properties remain constant), thus we can estimate the reflectance of the chlorotic leaf as fR(lambda,C(1))+ (1 - f)R(lambda,C(2)). The model indicated that small areas of chlorosis have a disproportionately large influence on overall leaf reflectance. For example, a leaf with 25% of its area chlorotic can have the same reflectance (400-700 nm) as a homogeneous leaf with 60% less chlorophyll. Thus, determination of chlorophyll concentration from remotely sensed data is prone to underestimation when chlorophyll is nonuniformly distributed. Hence, attempts to model leaf and canopy reflectance using radiative transfer models will need to consider how to incorporate nonuniform chlorophyll distribution.     

东湖地区几种特征植物绿素的光谱特征

通过测量武汉东湖地区部分特征植物(桃树、槐树、冬青树)光谱数据及叶绿素浓度数据,在消除环境对数据的影响后进行分析,确定这些植物受叶绿素浓度影响较大的特征波段,并发现相同叶绿素浓度下桃树、槐树、冬青树光谱特征的一些差异。对所研究植物的各特征波段进行了多波段处理,建立不同波段反射率比值因子与叶绿素浓度的经验回归模型,分析各模型对叶绿素浓度的反演精度,优择出不同植物各自的最佳经验模型及几种植物共同的最佳经验模型。     

The importance of being red when young: anthocyanins and the protection of young leaves of Quercus coccifera from insect herbivory and excess light

Young leaves of many plants are transiently red because of the accumulation of anthocyanins, with the redness disappearing as leaves mature. Among the many hypothetical functions of foliar anthocyanins, two are tested in this field study: the sunscreen photoprotective function against excess visible light and the handicap signal against herbivory. We took advantage of intraspecies variation in anthocyanin concentrations of young leaves of Quercus coccifera L. to compare in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, reflectance spectra, total phenolics and the extent of herbivory of leaves of red- and green-leaved phenotypes occupying the same habitat. Photosystem II (PSII) photochemical efficiencies obtained at various photon fluence rates of red light were similar in green and red leaves. In white light, PSII efficiencies were slightly higher in red leaves than in green leaves, indicating a slight photoprotective role of anthocyanins in the field. However, compared with red phenotypes, green phenotypes suffered greater herbivore damage, as judged by the number of leaves attacked and the area lost to herbivory. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the concentrations of anthocyanins and total phenolics. We suggest that the importance of a photoprotective anthocyanic screen is low in thin, young leaves with low chlorophyll concentrations because the green light attenuated by anthocyanins is less significant for chlorophyll excitation. However, the decreased reflectance in the green spectral band and the concomitant leveling of reflectance throughout the 400-570 nm spectral range may either make red leaves less discernible to some insect herbivores or make insect herbivores more discernible to predators, or both. Moreover, excessive herbivory may be additionally discouraged by the high phenolic concentrations in red leaves.     

基于反射光谱指数的锐齿栎叶片色素含量估算

[目的]探讨锐齿栎叶片色素含量和光谱反射率之间的关系,确定无损、快速估算锐齿栎叶片色素含量的敏感反射光谱波段和光谱指数。[方法]在2个样地进行了2年的野外观测试验,于生长季内同步测定了锐齿栎叶片的光谱反射率和不同光合色素含量,分析了350 2 500 nm范围内光谱反射率和敏感光谱指数与叶片色素含量及比率之间的定量关系。[结果]锐齿栎叶片的光谱反射率随叶片色素含量呈明显的规律性变化,与Chl a、Chl b、Chl和Car的含量在可见光的绿光黄光及红边区域表现为显著或极显著的负相关性,与Car/Chl表现为极显著的正相关性;在近红外和短波红外区域,光谱反射率与色素的相关性不及可见光区。本文构建的色素敏感光谱指数ND(705,350)、ND(800,705)、m ND(800,705)和m PRI可以准确地估算锐齿栎叶片的Chl a、Chl b、Chl含量和Car/Chl比率。独立的试验数据检验表明估算值和实测值的拟合关系较好。[结论]ND(705,350)、ND(800,705)、mND(800,705)和mPRI可有效地估算锐齿栎叶片的色素含量及比率。     

Chlorophyll content in eucalypt vegetation at the leaf and canopy scales as derived from high resolution spectral data

The physiological status of forest canopy foliage is influenced by a range of factors that affect leaf pigment content and function. Recently, several indices have been developed from remotely sensed data that attempt to provide robust estimates of leaf chlorophyll content. These indices have been developed from either hand-held spectroradiometer spectra or high spectral resolution (or hyperspectral) imagery. We determined if two previously published indices (Datt 1999), which were specifically developed to predict chlorophyll content in eucalypt vegetation by remote sensing at the leaf scale, can be extrapolated accurately to the canopy. We derived the two indices from hand-held spectroradiometer data of eucalypt leaves exhibiting a range of insect damage symptoms. We also derived the indices from spectra obtained from high spectral and spatial resolution Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager 2 (CASI-2) imagery to determine if reasonable estimates at a scale of < 1 m can be achieved. One of the indices (R 850/R 710 index, where R is reflectance) derived from hand-held spectroradiometer data showed a moderate correlation with relative leaf chlorophyll content (r = 0.59, P < 0.05) for all dominant eucalypt species in the study area. The R (850)/R (710) index derived from CASI-2 imagery yielded slightly lower correlations over the entire data set (r = 0.42, P < 0.05), but correlations for individual species were high (r = 0.77, P < 0.05). A scaling analysis indicated that the R (850)/R (710) index was strongly affected by soil and water cover types when pixels were mixed, but appeared to be invariant to changes in proportions of understory, which may limit its application.     

Leaf morphological and physiological adjustments to the spectrally selective shade imposed by anthocyanins in Prunus cerasifera

Prunus domestica L. has green leaves, whereas Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. var. atropurpurea has red leaves due to the presence of mesophyll anthocyanins. We compared morphological and photosynthetic characteristics of leaves of these species, which were sampled from shoots grafted in pairs on P. domestica rootstocks, each pair comprising one shoot of each species. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) anthocyanins protect red leaves against photoinhibition; and (2) red leaves display shade characteristics because of light attenuation by anthocyanins. Parameters were measured seasonally, during a period of increasing water stress, which caused a similar drop in shoot water potential in each species. As judged by predawn measurements of maximum PSII yield, chronic photoinhibition did not develop in either species and, despite the anthocyanic screen, the red leaves of P. cerasifera displayed lower light-adapted PSII yields and higher non-photochemical quenching than the green leaves of P. domestica. Thus, it appears that, in this system, anthocyanins afford little photoprotection. As predicted by the shade acclimation hypothesis, red leaves were thinner and had a lower stomatal frequency, area- based CO2 assimilation rate, apparent carboxylation efficiency and chlorophyll a:b ratio than green leaves. However, red leaves were similar to green leaves in conductivity to water vapor diffusion, dry-mass-based chlorophyll concentrations and carotenoid:chlorophyll ratios. The data for red leaves indicate adaptations to a green-depleted, red-enriched shade, rather than a neutral or canopy-like shade. Thus, green light attenuation by anthocyanins may impose a limitation on leaf thickness. Moreover, the selective depletion of light at wavelengths that are preferentially absorbed by PSII and chlorophyll b may lead to adjustments in chlorophyll pigment ratios to compensate for the uneven spectral distribution of internal light. The apparent photosynthetic cost associated with lost photons and reduced leaf thickness, and the absence of a photoprotective advantage, suggest that there are other, yet to be identified, benefits for permanently anthocyanic leaves of P. cerasifera.     

行道树叶绿素变化的高光谱监测研究

采样分析了城市行道树与对比区相应树种的叶绿素变化,并对由叶绿素变化引起的高光谱响应进行了分析,结果表明:(1)城市环境对行道树叶绿素有重要影响,其中,对针叶树种叶绿素的影响较小,对阔叶树种叶绿素的影响较大;(2)导数光谱与测试树种叶绿素含量关系密切,在740～760 nm附近相关系数达0.83以上;(3)PSSR植被指数与测试树种的叶绿素含量关系密切,幂函数回归的确定性系数达80%左右.以上结论说明:高光谱遥感可以用来监测因城市环境引起的植被叶绿素变化.     

3种木兰科植物叶片SPAD值的分布特征及其与叶绿素含量的关系

为探讨3种木兰科植物灰木莲Manglietia glauca、醉香含笑Michelia macclurei和乐昌含笑Michelia chapensis叶片SPAD值的分布特征及其与叶绿素含量之间的关系,采用SPAD叶绿素计和分光光度法分别测定了三者叶片SPAD值和叶绿素含量.结果表明:3种植物叶片SPAD值的差异主要...     

SPAD-502型叶绿素计在估测大面积区域叶绿素含量中的应用

在每株树木中摘取其上、中、下三部分的叶片,每部分选取5～10片叶子进行测定,对每片叶子的6处不同部位进行SPAD值测定,然后取其平均值作为此片叶子的最终SPAD值,再对所有叶片SPAD值取平均值作为树木的SPAD值。利用GPS技术使树木有了空间信息,并于遥感图像能够结合起来进行分析,为估测大面积区域叶绿素含量创造可能性。结果表明,SPAD-502型手持式测定仪携带方便,测定简单迅速,不损害植被,与GPS技术及遥感反演技术相结合,能简便估测大面积区域叶绿素含量。