无人机遥感技术国内松材线虫病监测研究综述

针对国内松材线虫病发生及监测状况,阐述了无人机遥感技术和松材线虫病遥感监测研究概况,并对无人机遥感技术在松材线虫病监测应用前景做出了展望。     

遥感在松材线虫病早期监测预测上的研究进展

松材线虫病在我国不断扩展蔓延,形势紧迫,其爆发前的早期监测预测已成为当前研究的热点和难点.为了有效发现和控制松材线虫病,将遥感应用于其早期监测预测成为一种快速而且必要的方法.国内外研究进展主要集中在染松材线虫病的病株在光谱曲线上的变化,以及基于"水分含量"指示性因子研究松材线虫病早期遥感监测.结果表明,建设一套完善的、适合中国病虫害发生发展规律的森林病虫害监测预测理论、方法与技术体系是十分必要的.     

松材线虫病变色松树遥感监测研究进展

[目的]综合评述了松材线虫病变色松树遥感监测的数据和方法研究进展,并就星-机-地多源遥感数据协同监测变色松树提出展望。[方法]通过分析松材线虫病染病松树的生理生态特征和冠层光谱,综述遥感数据的获取、基于遥感数据的变色松树解译方法,讨论当前松材线虫病变色松树遥感监测存在的主要问题,并指出未来可能的研究方向。[结果]不同的遥感监测平台对于变色松树的识别各具其优势,地面调查具有高可靠性优势、卫星遥感具有多时相优势、无人机遥感具有高空间分辨率和高灵活性优势。其中以无人机遥感和高分卫星遥感为主的遥感技术的发展,伴随着遥感图像解译算法和计算机软硬件的改进,为松材线虫病疫区变色松树的快速定位和计数提供了新的手段。但新手段在变色松树监测过程中还存在着监测手段单一,定位位置偏差大、识别精度和识别效率低等问题。[结论]未来随着卫星数量的增多和无人机影像获取成本的减少,从多源遥感影像上采用人工智能算法快速定位出单株变色松树和疫区变色松树的计数将成为新的模式。     

刍议枯死松树的天空地协同监测技术体系建设

枯死松树及时精准监测是做好松材线虫病防治的基础,传统人工线路踏查难以保证全覆盖和高时效。高空间分辨率的航空和航天遥感技术可以快速采集区域级地表覆盖数据,获取单木与树丛级森林资源健康状态信息,服务于枯死松树监测;地面调查是航天和航空遥感技术应用不可或缺的组成部分,是实现对松材线虫病疫情遥感监测必不可少的工序。枯死松树的天空地协同监测技术体系的建立,以及天空地遥感技术互为补充的集成运用,是提高松材线虫病监测调查工作实时性、客观性和科学性的重要保障,不仅可为精准监管森林资源提供相应解决方案,也是完善和丰富现有松材线虫病监测普查体系、实现松材线虫病疫情早期发现以及疫情处置监管的有效途径。     

无人机遥感影像的松材线虫病危害木自动监测技术初探

针对常规松材线虫病(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)普查监测耗时长、数据实时性和真实性差的现状,作者基于无人机采集的高分辨率影像和e Cognition遥感图像处理软件,采用目视判读、模版匹配2种方法分别对疫区松材线虫病危害木进行遥感识别。根据研究区域实地踏勘结果,从识别精度和数据处理效率方面比较2种方法,发现相较于目视解译的传统信息提取方式,模版匹配方法在精度和效率方面具有明显优势,能有效提高松材线虫病危害木监测效率。     

襄阳市枯死松树天空地监测体系构建探索

针对襄阳市松材线虫病监测现状,构建了枯死松树天空地监测体系,综合运用卫星遥感监测、无人机航测、人工地面踏查等技术,采取“互联网+无人机举证+人工地面踏查”的模式,对枯死松树进行监测核查。基于GNSS、卫星遥感、互联网+等技术,研发了《襄阳市松材线虫病疫情监测核查管理信息系统》,实现枯死松树的坐标定位及身份证化管理。监测体系在襄阳市的推广使用,基本实现了疫情监测智慧化、管理信息化。     

基于多特征提取与注意力机制深度学习的高分辨率影像松材线虫病树识别

为了提高松材线虫病树的监测效率,减少其对林业生产造成的损失,提出一种基于多特征提取与注意力机制深度学习的高分辨率影像松材线虫病树识别方法.该方法首先在高分辨率遥感影像上提取松材线虫病树的光谱特征、空间特征等多特征,然后进行Relief特征选择算法,取特征权重前8个特征进行病树识别,发现选择差值植被指数DVI(diffe...     

辽宁省松材线虫病监测防控对策

本文介绍了松材线虫病的常用监测方法和防控技术,结合辽宁实际提出了松材线虫病的监测防控对策,制定适合辽宁当地的松材线虫病的监测方法和防治措施.     

青岛地区松材线虫病危害特点调查初报

青岛市属松材线虫病在我国东北部沿海地区发生类型区。笔者通过连续多年在青岛市李沧区、黄岛区实施松材线虫病飞防项目的实践以及松材线虫病监测调查发现,青岛地区松材线虫病有其特有的危害特点。这一监测调查结果对青岛地区乃至山东半岛、辽东半岛沿海地区松材线虫病的监测调查有重要意义。     

松材线虫病监测技术研究进展

主要介绍了松材线虫病的危害特点、媒介昆虫松褐天牛诱捕监测、松材线虫病的传统人工地面监测和遥感技术监测手段。希望未来能达到“天空地网”一体化监测,实现对松材线虫病的精准监测与全过程动态监测。     

Simultaneous determination of Cu(II), Zn(II), Fe(II), Mn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) with a single sweep polarography

A new method of simultaneous determining Cu(II), Zn(II), Fe(II), Mn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) with a single sweep polarography was developed. The experiment condition was studied and the results show that the optimum base solution is that the residue got from evaporating 25 mL mixed solution, 2.5 mL 1.0 mol/L ethylenediamine, 3.0 mL 1.0 mol/L ammonia-ammonium chloride, 5.0 mL 10 % sodium sulfite and 0.5 mL 0.5 % gelatin were mixed and diluted to 25 mL with water. Under the condition of this base solution, the polarography wave shapes of the six cations are ideal and without overlap of the peaks. In this base solution, Cu(II), Zn(II), Fe(II), Mn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) in synthetic samples were determined with relative errors 0.4–9.4% and relative standard deviations 0.8%-12.2%. Under this experiment condition, one fold of Pb(II), Cr(VI) and Mo(VI) do not interfere with the determination for Cu(II). This method has been used to the simultaneous determination of the amount of the six cations in the samples of soil and Beiqi Tea. The relative standard deviations were 0. l%-2.1% and recoveries were 93.5%-99.0 %.     

Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks Under Plantations in Gambo District,Southern Ethiopia

The effect of six plantation species in comparison to natural forest (NF) on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks, depth-wise distribution, biomass carbon (C), and N was investigated on plantations and cultivated lands on an Andic paleudalf soil in Southern Ethiopia. The SOC, N, and bulk density were determined from samples taken in 4 replicates from 10-, 20-, 40-, 60-, and 100-cm depth under each site. Similarly, the biomass C and N of the plantation species and understory vegetation were also determined. The SOC and N were concentrated in the 0- to 10-cm depth and decreased progressively to the 1-m depth. Next to the NF, Juniperous procera accrued higher SOC and N in all depths than the corresponding plantations. No evidence of significant difference on SOC and N distribution among plantations was observed below the 10-cm depth with minor exceptions. The plantations accrue from 133.62 to 213.73 Mg ha^–1 or 59.1 to 94.5% SOC, 230.4 to 497.3 Mg ha^–1 or 6.9 to 14.9% TBC and 420.37 to 672.80 Mg ha^–1 or 12.5 to 20% total C-pool of that under the NF. The N stock under Juniperous procera was the highest, while the lowest was under Eucalyptus globulus and Cupressus lusitanica. We suggest that SOC and N sequestration can be enhanced through mixed cropping and because the performance of the native species Juniperous procera is encouraging, it should be planted to restock its habitat.     

沙棘果实生长期间维生素含量变化研究

本文对乌鞘岭地区天然分布的中国沙棘和西藏沙棘果实生长与成熟期间维生素C,PP,E等含量的动态变化进行了系统的调查和分析测定。结果表明:V_C主要存在于果肉中,且随果实发育而增加,果实变色期(花后107—110天)达到最高值,随后急速下降。但完熟后果肉中V_C减少时种子内V_C却有所增加。中国沙棘V_C水平远较西藏沙棘为高(5倍以上)。果实发育前期果肉中V_(PP)含量很高,以后逐渐下降,完熟期中国沙棘果实内V_(PP)再度升高,其变化与呼吸速率的变化表现出相同的消长规律。V_E主要存在于种子里,总趋势是随成熟而增加。种子变色期V_E上升至第一高峰值,随后下降,果实完熟后达到第二高峰值。西藏沙棘V_E含量高于中国沙棘。本文对不同维生素可能起的生理作用也进行了讨论。     

Model estimates of net primary productivity,evapotranspiration, and water use efficiency in the terrestrial ecosystems of the southern United States during 1895–2007

The effects of global change on ecosystem productivity and water resources in the southern United States (SUS), a traditionally ‘water-rich’ region and the ‘timber basket’ of the country, are not well quantified. We carried out several simulation experiments to quantify ecosystem net primary productivity (NPP), evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) (i.e., NPP/ET) in the SUS by employing an integrated process-based ecosystem model (Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model, DLEM). The results indicated that the average ET in the SUS was 710 mm during 1895–2007. As a whole, the annual ET increased and decreased slightly during the first and second half of the study period, respectively. The mean regional total NPP was 1.18 Pg C/yr (525.2 g C/m²/yr) during 1895–2007. NPP increased consistently from 1895 to 2007 with a rate of 2.5 Tg C/yr or 1.10 g C/m²/yr, representing a 27% increase. The average WUE was about 0.71 g C/kg H₂O and increased about 25% from 1895 to 2007. The rather stable ET might explain the resulting increase in WUE. The average WUE of different biomes followed an order of: forest (0.93 g C/kg H₂O) > wetland (0.75 g C/kg H₂O) > grassland (0.58 g C/kg H₂O) > cropland (0.54 g C/kg H₂O) > shrubland (0.45 g C/kg H₂O). WUE of cropland increased the fastest (by 30%), followed by shrubland (17%) and grassland (9%), while WUE of forest and wetland changed little from the period of 1895–1950 to the period of 1951–2007. NPP, ET and WUE showed substantial inter-annual and spatial variability, which was induced by the non-uniform distribution patterns and change rates of environmental factors across the SUS. We concluded that an accurate projection of the regional impact of climate change on carbon and water resources must consider the spatial variability of ecosystem water use efficiency across biomes as well as the interactions among all stresses, especially land-use and land-cover change and climate.     

两种卵蜂在舞毒蛾卵上的寄生动态

北京地区大蛾卵跳小蜂和舞毒蛾卵平腹小蜂在舞毒蛾卵上一年可以分别完成４－５代和２—３代。两种卵蜂对舞毒蛾的寄生率因采集时期不同而有差异，以８月采集的卵块寄生率最高。７月中旬至８月中旬采集的卵中大蛾卵跳小蜂的寄生率为２．２６—４．１８％。７月中下旬采集的，舞毒蛾卵平腹小蜂的寄生率为０．６４—０．６６％。大蛾卵跳小蜂当年羽化的占９９．３％，次年羽化的占０．７％。舞毒蛾卵平腹小蜂当年羽化的占８１．０％，次年羽化的为１９．０％。为保护两种卵蜂，人工采摘卵块除治舞毒蛾的最好时期是９月下旬至次年３月下旬。     

运用Cytb 和12s rRNA 基因鉴别梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)和马鹿(Cervus elaphus)的研究

本研究介绍了运用细胞色素b基因和12s核糖体RNA基因部分序列的系统学和核甘酸距离分析来鉴别降解的梅花鹿和马鹿样品。采用PCR和直接测序技术获得了8份嫌疑样品402bp细胞色素b基因序列,并与来自GenBank数据库27份同源的细胞色素b基因序列进行比对。3份嫌疑样品与梅花鹿的核甘酸距离值相同(0.026±0.006),小于梅花鹿与东部马鹿间最小的核甘酸距离值(0.036)。并且梅花鹿和马鹿的系统学分析表明这些样品与梅花鹿聚为一枝,因此可以推测它们来源于梅花鹿。同样的方法得出另3份嫌疑样品来源于马鹿。该结果被387bp12s核糖体RNA基因序列的系统学和核甘酸距离分析进一步证实。该方法是有效的,花费的时间少,能帮助减少同类野生动物案件的发生。图2表1参13。     

GIS在生态土地分类中的作用

This paper depicted the physiographic landscape features and natural vegetation situation of study area (the eastern Jilin Province), and expatiates the definition, basic characters and its development of Ecological Land Classification (ELC). Based on the combination of relief map, satellite photography for study area and vegetation inventory data of 480 sample sites, a 5-class and a 15-class ecological land type map was concluded according to 4 important factors including slope, aspect, vegetation and elevation. Ecological Classification System (ECS) is a method to identify, characterize, and map ecosystems. The Ecological Land Type (ELT) was examined and applied initially in eastern Jilin Province. Foundation item: This paper was supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences “100 people” project and the Open Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystem. Biography: XIAO Bao-ying (1974-), female, postgraduate in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

松材线虫侵染对马尾松苯丙烷类代谢的影响

1.5年生马尾松植株接种松材线虫后,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性水平均高于对照,活性高峰通常出现在症状表现前夕,并在植株发病后下降.叶内PAL和POD活性高峰的出现晚于茎,与叶部病害发展一致.茎中酚类物质的含量随着线虫侵染时间的延长逐渐增加,至发病时达到高峰.酚类物质含量的变化与PAL、POD、PPO 3种酶活性的变化趋势基本一致.松材线虫的侵染明显影响寄主植物的苯丙烷类代谢,由此可知,松材线虫病的发生发展与松材线虫诱导感病寄主苯丙烷类代谢的异常变化有关.     

在生态土地分类中的作用(英文)

本文描述了研究区吉林省东部山区的地文景观特点和自然植被状况,阐述了生态土地分类的定义、基本特点及发展。根据研究区的地形图和卫片结合试点的劲松林场480个样点植被现状的调查数据,探讨了基于坡度、坡向、植被和海拔的四个分类因素下的5类和15类生态土地类型图。生态分类系统是确定、描述和绘制生态系统类型图的方法。本文研究是生态分类系统在吉林省东部针阔混交林区试验应用的一部分。图5表1参14。     

3S技术在中国湿地研究、调查与管理中的应用

This paper introduces the state of waterlands in China and discribes the applications of Remote Sensing （RS）, Geographical Information System （G1S） and Global Positioning System （GPS） in wetland research, including land-coverclassification and change detection, wetland evolutionary processes, landscape-change analyses, channel migration, flood and wetlands resource monitoring and spatial quantitative analyses/modeling, ecosystem service evaluation, ecological processes and risk assessments, disease control, water quality monitoring/modeling, pollution monitoring/modeling, wetlands hydrology, wetland information systems and WebGIS. The limitations and needs for optimal use of these technologies are discussed, such as the limited advanced technical knowledge and skills, low awareness and capacity, unclear link between GIS output and policy making, lack of supporting policies and standards, lack of a wetlands geo-information networklimite, and the use of these techniques in wetland research. It is suggested that for realising true applications of RS, GIS and GPS technologies, the availability, accessibility, reliability, homogeneity, and continuity of wetlands-related geo-information enabling environment, policies and standards, and funding are needed.