核桃—棉花间作模式下核桃果实品质及间作物光合特性

通过对比分析核桃(Juglans regia L.)—棉花间作模式和单作模式下核桃的果实品质及间作物光合生理特性,以期为南疆核桃—棉花间作模式的光能高效利用和结构优化提供理论依据。选择6年生核桃间作‘新陆中35’棉花为供试对象,以单作园核桃为对照,利用LAI-2000C植物冠层分析仪和LI-6800XT便携式光合仪分别测定不同种植模式下核桃不同时间叶面积指数以及棉花各生育时期光合生理数据,并比较其果实品质差异。在核桃生长期内,单作园内核桃叶面积指数显著高于间作园,且单作园核桃果型性状指标鲜果质量、鲜果三径均值、青皮厚、单果仁质量及果实品质指标脂肪含量、硬脂酸、蛋白质含量等均高于间作园,但干果质量、干果三径均值、壳厚、壳质量、单宁含量及各类氨基酸含量低于间作园,差异显著。整个生育期中棉花吐絮期LCP和LSP最大,花铃期LSP、A_(max)和R_d最小,且棉花不同生育期PAR与Pn、Gs和Tr呈正相关,与Ci则呈负相关;间作巷道内距离树干越近PAR值越低,并且在棉花不同生育期调查时间内冠层PAR曲线会出现双峰现象。核桃—棉花间作模式下,在棉花成熟期对核桃树进行适当修剪,或适当增加巷道内核桃的株行距,能够有效提高棉花冠层光合有效辐射截获量,使间作物获得更高产量。     

黄土丘陵区土壤水分对山桃光合及蒸腾等生理参数的影响

应用英国PPS公司生产的CIRAS-2型光合作用系统,在半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区,测定了3年生山桃苗在不同土壤水分条件下叶片光合及蒸腾等生理参数的日变化特征.结果表明:不同土壤水分条件下,光合速率、蒸腾速率及水分利用效率的日变化过程呈现不同的变化规律.土壤相对含水量为57.3%、70.1%、80.2%时,光合速率的日最大值分别出现在13:00、9:00、13:00,分别为10.51、12.52、9.25 μmol·m-2·s-1,日均值分别为6.83±4.92、6.40±4.43、5.66±3.44 μmol·m-2·s-1;在其它水分条件下,光合速率有明显午休现象.蒸腾速率的日变化过程与光合速率相似,土壤相对含水量为57.3%、70.1%、80.2%时,最大值均出现在13:00,日均值分别为1.91±1.03、3.27±2.09、2.90±1.70 μmol·mol-1.在所测水分范围内水分利用效率上午时段的最大值大部分出现在7:00或9:00,下午时段最大值出现的时间相差较大.当土壤相对含水量大于57.3%时,山桃光合速率下降的主要原因是气孔限制引起的,在其它土壤水分条件下,山桃在上午时段(13:00以前)以气孔限制为主,而下午时段(13:00以后)转变为以非气孔限制为主.依据光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率与土壤水分的定量关系,在半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区,维持山桃正常生长的适宜水分范围是土壤相对含水量为30.9W.3%,应选择阴坡或半阴坡进行栽培.     

早实核桃‘农核1号’的光合特性

【目的】了解早实核桃新品种‘农核1号’的光合特性,为该品种优质高效栽培提供参考。【方法】以早实核桃‘农核1号’为试材,采用Li 6400测定叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)、水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔限制值(L_s)及主要环境因子的日变化,分析各指标间的关系。【结果】‘农核1号’叶片P_n日变化呈单峰曲线,最高峰出现在9:00,峰值达15.67 μmol/(m^2·s)。11:00—19:00,P_n降低主要受非气孔限制因素的影响。一天当中P_n及其他光合参数在不同时段存在一定差异。相关分析结果表明,P_n与T_r在13:00—19:00呈极显著正相关;P_n与G_s在各时段均呈极显著正相关;P_n与C_i在7:00—9:00呈极显著负相关,在9:00—13:00呈不显著正相关,在13:00—19:00呈不显著负相关。光响应曲线分析结果表明,‘农核1号’叶片的LCP较低且LSP较高,分别为53.84和752.16 μmol/(m^2·s),说明‘农核1号’对弱光照较为敏感,适应性强。通径分析结果表明,7:00—9:00主要环境因子PAR对‘农核1号’叶片P_n的影响大于G_s,两者均表现正效应;9:00—13:00各指标按照对叶片P_n的影响由高到低排序依次为C_i、WUE、G_s,C_i表现负效应,G_s和WUE表现正效应;13:00—16:00主要光合参数G_s对叶片P_n的影响大于C_i,G_s表现正效应,C_i表现负效应;16:00—19:00主要光合参数WUE对叶片P_n的影响大于T_r,两者均表现正效应。【结论】在生产上引种和栽培‘农核1号’时,应注意扩大株行距,保持通风透光,从而提高光合产物的积累。     

弱光桑树幼苗形态结构和光合特性对光强的适应性

为给桑树的栽培提供技术资料,以桑树品种"秋雨"为试验材料,研究了温室内弱光桑树幼苗移栽到自然光下的光转换过程中叶片、根系和光合的适应性。结果表明:桑树幼苗由弱光(光强相当于自然光强的27%)移栽到大田自然光下的光转换过程中,叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度和叶绿素a/b比值只略高于弱光叶片,显著低于自然光叶片,而叶绿素含量与弱光叶片相似,显著高于自然光叶片,单株根系干质量和根冠比明显高于弱光叶片。转换光桑树叶片的RuBP羧化效率、光饱和点、光饱和时的光合速率比弱光叶片略高,而明显低于自然光叶片,且表观量子效率较高。移栽10d后,转换光叶片实际光化学效率和热耗散随光强的变化介于弱光叶片和自然光叶片之间,光合能力较低,热耗散能力增强。说明弱光叶片在移栽后的叶片结构和光合功能没有达到自然光叶片的水平,光合能力的提高主要依赖于根系增长和状态转换耗散部分过剩光能以减轻光抑制。     

不同郁闭度对茶树净光合速率及茶园生态因子的影响

以安徽省金寨县栗茶间作园为研究对象,对不同郁闭度条件下茶树的净光合速率及茶园生态因子进行测定。结果表明:6月,露地茶园(对照)茶树的净光合速率在13∶00时出现"光合午休"现象,而有遮荫的茶园均未出现"光合午休"现象。在遮荫情况下,气温、土壤温度均低于露地茶园,且郁闭度越大温度越低;而空气湿度和土壤湿度均高于对照纯茶园,且郁闭度越大湿度越大。在郁闭度0.3的林下最有利于茶树生长和茶叶品质的提高。     

燕龙板栗光合作用及其相关因素的日变化

为了改进板栗栽培技术,提高其光合效率,以2年生板栗品种"燕龙"为试材,研究了板栗的光合作用及其相关因素的日变化。结果表明:板栗净光合速率的日变化呈双峰曲线型,有明显的午休现象,分别在10:00和15:00出现高峰,10:00的峰值较高,13:00~14:00出现"午休"现象;去雄后,板栗叶片光合速率下降;板栗叶片气孔导度日变化与光合速率的变化趋势一致,而蒸腾速率日变化呈单峰曲线型,峰值出现在13:00;胞间CO2体积分数在午休期间较高。午间随着光照强度的增加,气温和叶温升高,蒸腾速率增加,气孔导度和光合速率下降。     

黑龙江省林区坡耕地不同粮草带状间作种植模式比较

在黑龙江省林区7°坡耕地上,于2016年5月至2017年10月连续2a研究了4种不同粮草带状间作(玉米和大豆间作苜蓿)模式与粮食单作(对照处理)模式下的土壤养分含量、作物产量和单位面积纯收益变化规律,以探讨最佳的种植模式。结果表明,4种粮草间作模式单位面积纯收益均高于对照,其中以2垄苜蓿4垄粮食间作种植模式的综合增产效果最佳。     

樟树不同叶龄叶片的光合特性研究

自然条件下,采用便携式光合作用测定系统CI-340研究了春季樟树不同叶龄叶片的光合特性,结果表明:①樟树叶片的光合特性与叶龄有关,功能叶的净光合速率明显要高于老叶,最大差值出现在11∶00,为2.4μmol CO2.m-2.s-1。②不同叶龄樟树叶片的净光合速率日变化均呈"单峰"型,未出现光合"午休"现象。     

椿叶花椒幼苗施肥的生理特性响应

采用正交设计L9(34),对椿叶花椒幼苗进行盆栽施肥试验,设置氮、磷、钾3因素3水平,探讨氮、磷,钾肥配施对椿叶花椒苗木生理指标的影响.结果表明;(1)不同比例的氮、磷、钾肥配施后,光合速率、蒸腾速率均在13:00达到当天的最大值,不存在光合"午休"现象,两者日变化均呈现明显的"单峰型"趋势,处理9(N3P3K2组合)有利于苗木光合速率的提高,N素对幼苗光合速率的影响达到95%的显著性水平,P和K素的影响不显著;(2)7:00到9:00气孔导度Gs均上升,有利于提高胞间的CO2浓度(Ci),增强光合作用;(3)9种处理间的Cond和Ca(大气CO2浓度)几乎没有显著性差异,部分处理的Ci存在显著差异,但变化幅度较小;(4)有效辐射日变化呈明显的单峰线变化趋势;(5)各处理之间叶片水压亏缺日变化差异不明显.     

镉胁迫下生物炭和AM真菌对桑苗光合色素含量的影响

以桑树幼苗为研究对象,探讨了在Cd胁迫下施用生物炭(B)、接种AM真菌(M)和复合施用生物炭与接种AM真菌(BM)对桑苗光合色素含量的影响。结果表明:在4 mg·kg~(-1) Cd胁迫下,桑苗叶片中光合色素含量均下降,Cd能抑制桑苗光合色素的合成;B处理和M处理均能促进桑苗叶片光合色素的合成,且M处理对增加光合色素含量的效果优于B处理,BM处理效果最佳。     

Comparison of the growth traits of a commercial pioneer tree species,paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L. Vent.), with those of shade-tolerant tree species: investigation of the ecophysiological mechanisms underlying shade-intolerance

In rural areas of northern Laos, a commercially valuable pioneer tree species, paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L. Vent.) has been recommended for intercropping under plantations of commercial trees. However, less is understood about the growth of this pioneer tree species in the understorey and the mechanism underlying the shade intolerance. We measured growth characteristics for seedlings of paper mulberry under four light intensities. We compared the relative growth rates in aboveground biomass and standing leaf area (RGR_mass and RGR_leaf), light-capture efficiency, and seeding-level mass-based daily photosynthetic rates (A _mass) with those of field-grown seedlings of eight shade-tolerant species to identify factors potentially responsible for shade-intolerance. Most growth traits of the paper mulberry seedlings did not differ consistently from those of the shade tolerant species. The ecophysiological–architectural model software showed higher A _mass and RGR_mass capacity in paper mulberry than in shade-tolerant species. Despite their higher RGR_mass, paper mulberry seedlings had negative RGR_leaf under shaded conditions due to short leaf lifespan. The linear RGR_mass–RGR_leaf relationship for paper mulberry had a high RGR_mass intercept, indicating that a high RGR_mass was required to provide positive RGR_leaf. Progressive decreases in standing leaf area with time, and possibly photosynthesis, appear to be responsible for the shade-intolerance of paper mulberry. Although intercropping of paper mulberry has been suggested in the species’ native region, understorey cultivation of paper mulberry would only be possible with relatively open canopies.     

Nitrogen application and intercropping change microbial community diversity and physicochemical characteristics in mulberry and alfalfa rhizosphere soil

Intercropping of mulberry(Morus alba L.)and alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) is a new forestry-grass compound model in China,which can provide high forage yields with high protein.Nitrogen application is one of the important factors determining the production and quality of this system.To elucidate the advantages of intercropping and nitrogen application,we analyzed the changes of physicochemical properties,enzyme activities,and microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil.We used principal components analysis(PCA) and redundancy discriminators analysis to clarify the relationships among treatments and between treatments and environmental factors,respectively.The results showed that nitrogen application significantly increased pH value,available nitrogen content,soil water content(SWC),and urea(URE) activity in rhizosphere soil of monoculture mulberry.In contrast,intercropping and intercropping+N significantly decreased pH and SWC in mulberry treatments.Nitrogen,intercropping and intercropping+N sharply reduced soil organic matter content and SWC in alfalfa treatments.Nitrogen,intercropping,and intercropping+N increased the values of McIntosh diversity(U),Simpson diversity(D),and Shannon-Weaver diversity(H') in mulberry treatments.However,PC A scatter plots showed clustering of monoculture mulberry with nitrogen(MNE) and intercropping mulberry without nitrogen(M0).Intercropping reduced both H' and D but nitrogen application showed no effect on diversity of microbial communities in alfalfa.There were obvious differences in using the six types of carbon sources between mulberry and alfalfa treatments.Nitrogen and intercropping increased the numbers of sole carbon substrate in mulberry treatments where the relative use rate exceeded 4%.While the numbers declined in alfalfa with nitrogen and intercropping.RDA indicated that URE was positive when intercropping mulberry was treated with nitrogen,but was negative in monoculture alfalfa treated with nitrogen.Soil pH and SWC were positive with mulberry treatments but were negative with alfalfa treatments.Intercropping with alfalfa benefited mulberry in the absence of nitrogen application.Intercropping with alfalfa and nitrogen application could improve the microbial community function and diversity in rhizosphere soil of mulberry.The microbial community in rhizosphere soil of mulberry and alfalfa is strategically complementary in terms of using carbon sources.     

东部白松叶片光合作用日变化特征的研究

利用LI-6400便携式光合仪观测了东部白松自然状态的叶片光合作用日变化规律。结果表明:东部白松叶片的净光合速率日变化呈典型双峰曲线,表现出明显的光合"午睡"现象,光合效率午间明显降低;蒸腾速率日变化趋势与净光合速率相似,但两者最大值出现的时间不相同。气孔导度日变化与净光合速率日变化相似,但并不完全同步,气孔导度最大值出现的时间较净光合速率提前约2h。     

Effects of intercropping systems of trees with soybean on soil physicochemical properties in juvenile plantations

The intercropping system of tree with soybean in juvenile plantations, as a short-term practice, was applied at Lao Shan Experimental Station in Mao’er Shan Forest of Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China. The larch (Larix gmelinii)/soybean (Glycine max.) and ash (Fraxinus mandshurica) intercropping systems were studied in the field to assess the effects of the intercropping on soil physicochemical properties. The results showed that soil physical properties were improved after soybean intercropping with larch and ash in one growing season. The soil bulk density in larch/soybean and ash/soybean systems was 1.112 g·cm⁻³ and 1.058 g·cm⁻³, respectively, which was lower than that in the pure larch or ash plantation without intercropping. The total soil porosity also increased after intercropping. The organic matter amount in larch/soybean system was 1.77 times higher than that in the pure larch plantation, and it was 1.09 times higher in ash/soybean system than that in the pure ash plantation. Contents of total nitrogen and hydrolyzable nitrogen in larch/soybean system were 4.2% and 53.0% higher than those in the pure larch stand. Total nitrogen and hydrolyzable nitrogen contents in ash/soybean system were 75.5% and 3.3% higher than those in the pure ash plantation. Total phosphorus content decreased after intercropping, while change of available phosphorus showed an increasing trend. Total potassium and available potassium contents in the larch/soybean system were 0.6% and 17.5% higher than those in the pure larch stand. Total potassium and available potassium contents in the ash/soybean system were 56.4% and 21.8% higher than those in the pure ash plantation. Biography: FAN A-nan (1972–), female, Ph. Doctor in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China.     

林药间作系统中药用植物光合生理适应性规律研究

通过设置不同毛白杨行距梯度,观测了不同毛白杨行距以及同一行距下的不同林地位置间作的甘草,桔梗,天南星3种耐荫性不同的药用植物的叶绿素荧光参数的差异,分析了3种药用植物的光合日进程和日平均净光合速率的变化规律,从而得出了不同药用植物对间作环境适应的生理生态学机制,为林区开展多种经营以及我国西部退耕还林还草工程区发展林药间作模式提供必要的理论依据。     

胶东卫矛光合速率日变化及其影响因子研究

以胶东卫矛为材料,在晴天少云的适宜条件下测定其叶片的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度等的日变化.结果表明: 胶东卫矛在向阳条件下光合日变化曲线为双峰型,有明显的光合午休现象.胶东卫矛的光合速率与光合有效辐射、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度密切相关,同时受大气温度和湿度的影响.     

温度周年变化与桑树植原体消长的关系

通过聚合酶链反应检测了植原体在桑树体内的分布及其相对含量的周年变化。结果显示,茎部中植原体的含量在生长季节逐渐升高,７月达到最大,而冬季检测不到,叶部与茎部相似但植原体的含量在８月达到最大;根部全年均含有植原体,含量较低。     

间种对油茶幼林生长的影响及效益分析

选用黄豆、花生、红薯和烟叶4种农作物于油茶幼林内进行间作,研究不同间种模式对油茶幼树树体生长的影响,并对间种不同经济作物的油茶幼林林地经济效益进行分析。结果表明:间种可促进油茶幼林的生长,其中间种黄豆效果最好,树高增加了0.11 m,地径增加了0.04 cm,冠幅增加了0.21 m~2,花芽数增加了20个/枝。间种可增加油茶幼林的经济效益,其中间种烟叶效益最高,经济产出为48 960元/hm~2。综合来看,油茶幼林间种的经济作物宜选择较矮小、具根瘤固氮菌的花生、黄豆。     

林下种养对油茶林地土壤磷素形态及含量的影响

为了探究不同种养模式对油茶林地土壤磷素含量的影响,对油茶林下养鸡、林下种草、间种花生和间种大豆4种林下种养模式下林地土壤磷素形态变化和含量进行研究。结果表明:不同模式下油茶林地根际土壤中有效磷含量显著高于非根际土壤,显著提高0~20 cm土层中有效磷含量,其中间种大豆的效果最显著;林下养鸡和林下种草显著提高油茶林地根际土壤和非根际土壤中全磷含量,间种花生和间种大豆对其影响不显著;不同模式下Al-P和Fe-P的含量均显著高于O-P和Ca-P,其中林下种草能显著提高根际Ca-P含量。     

茶树光合“午休”的原因分析

初夏晴天茶树光合作用日进程测试表明，茶树净光合速率日进程曲线为双峰型，有明显的光合“午休”现象。光响应及CO2响应测试进一步证明，强光下光抑制的发生是引起茶树光合“午休”的重要原因。