恒续林经营研究的3个关键问题

恒续林经营研究经过了100多年, 但至今仍然没有被广泛应用于生产实践, 其主要原因是尚没有很好地回答“什么样的林地适合经营恒续林?” “恒续林经营的理想林分是什么样的?” “恒续林经营是否更具经济效益?”这3个基本问题。在基本问题不解决的情况下开展的研究均存在局限性, 因此文中建议在构建恒续林立地综合评价指数的基础上确定恒续林经营适宜区, 以对人的效用为目标函数构建模型来规划经营目标及经营行为, 借鉴和综合现有的相关理论方法, 全面系统地开展恒续林研究, 并做准确的经济成本效益分析, 为经营单位开展森林经营和政府制定政策提供依据。     

柠条开发利用及栽培管理

该文主要介绍了防风固沙灌木柠条的开发利用方式与管理技术。柠条后续产业开发利用包括加工成饲料、作为造纸和纤维板的原料、薪炭材用途、医药用品、栽培基质,为柠条林的经营利用提供了一些思路和措施,可以提高柠条林的经营收益和提高群众对柠条林的管理维护意识,进而加强柠条林的生态防护功能。提高柠条林的生长周期,进而提高生态防护效益。     

赴日本、韩国国有林管理考察报告

通过对日本国有林管理基本情况进行的介绍,比较分析我国国有林管理与日本的差异,提出重新准确定位国有林业的建设方向和目标任务、理顺国有林场管理体制和运行机制、完善国有林场政策体系、加强森林经营、建立精干高效的国有林管理队伍、加大宣传力度,提高全民生态保护意识等建议。     

日本国有林的经营管理方法

日本的国有林具有悠久的历史,近年来随着国有林机能的转变,日本采取了与之相应的改革措施。文章简要介绍了日本国有林的分类方法、经营方针和经营理念,并系统地介绍了国有林经营管理的具体内容。日本国有林所采取的经营理念及管理方法值得我们借鉴和学习。     

国内外森林经营思想与技术的演变

对国内外森林经营思想和技术的演变过程进行了回顾,对森林的永续利用思想、多效益利用思想、恒续林经营思想、近自然经营思想、多功能经营思想、可持续经营经营思想的产生和发展过程进行了分析和阐述,指出各种森林经营思想的联系和区别以及关注的重点。同时指出森林的可持续经营概念已被广泛的接受,成为当今世界森林经营的主体思想。本文还介绍的法正林经营技术、近自然林经营技术、多功能森林经营技术和可持续森林经营技术,以期对开展我国森林经营提供借鉴,为国家实施森林经营工程提供支撑。     

泸溪县可持续森林经营措施和对策探讨

基于泸溪定位湘西北武陵山区湘西山地森林生态保护与水源涵养林区的特点,分析了其森林资源现状,从确立重新认识,创新观念,生态林业新目标;切实转变森林经营理念,走分类经营之路;加强管理,依法治林,走林业可持续发展之路等方面探索可持续森林经营措施和对策。     

木兰林区4种经营技术

介绍了河北省木兰林区针对不同树种、起源的林分,分别采用转化利用林、均质经营林、苗材兼用林、绿化苗木基地4种森林培育方向,阐述了其适用林分类型、培育目标和经营技术措施。     

纸浆林定向培育初探

文章探讨了纸浆林定向培育目标、生态稳定性、定向培育、经营措施以及试验研究等问题。认为实行林纸一体化经营是纸浆林定向培育的前提。     

芬兰国有林经营管理经验借鉴

芬兰森林资源丰富且国有林经营管理水平较高,其国有林的管理定位明确,管理体系规范,管理目标多元化,专业化经营程度高,森林多功能经营完善。文中介绍芬兰森林资源现状、林业产业发展情况,回顾国有林及其管理机构的发展历程,总结芬兰林务局的现行管理体系,分析其国有林经营管理的突出特征,并提出对我国国有林经营管理的借鉴意义。     

杉木人工林地力衰退研究概述

介绍了我国杉木人工林地力衰退的现状，从森林土壤条件、杉木人工林的营养循环特点和人为经营措施等方面分析了导致杉木人工林地力衰退的原因，提出营建人工复层林、林地施肥、适当延长轮伐期，加强植被管理和进行定位观测等措施防止地力衰退。     

Measurement of the dynamic modulus of elasticity of wood panels

This study investigated the dynamic modulus of elasticity (DMOE) of wood panels of Fraxinus mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, and Juglans mandshurica using the natural frequency measurement system of fast Fourier transform (FFT). The results were compared with the static modulus of elasticity (E _S) tested by a mechanical test machine. The results show a significant correlation between E _S, transverse vibration DMOE (E _F), and longitudinal vibration DMOE (E _L). For all of these species, the correlation between E _S, E _F and E _L is more significant than the individual species, which indicated that the FFT method is universal. The correlations between E _S and sample’s density (ρ) are significant, but the correlation coefficient of E _S and ρ is lower than those between E _F, E _L and E _S. The E _S of wood is more accurately tested by the analysis based on FFT measurement than by the estimation based on density. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2005, 41(6): 126–131 [译自: 林业科学, 2005, 41(6): 126–131]     

Susceptibility of species of Juglans to pathovars of Xanthomonas campestris

Bacterial blight is considered one of the most serious diseases affecting the genus Juglans. Artificial inoculations with Xanthomonas campestris pv. Juglandis were performed in the field by spraying seedlings of Juglans cinerea, Juglans hindsii, Juglans mandshurica, Juglans nigra, Juglans regia and Juglans sieboldiana. Juglans nigra, J. cinerea ana J. sieboldiana proved to be the most resistant. The multiplication ability of Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina, X. c. pv. juglandis, and X. c. pv. campestris was evaluated by injecting 2-year-old seedling leaves of J. mandshurica, J. nigra and J. regia. The bacterial growth was monitored in the infected tissue over 12 days. Xanthomonas c. pv. juglandis exhibited a high growth rate and induced black greasy spots in J. mandshurica and J. regia; X. c. pv. campestris grew in leaf tissues without inducing symptoms, X. c. pv. corylina showed a very low growth rate. None of the tested bacterial strains multiplied in the leaves of J. nigra. This confirms the results obtained in the field tests. Juglans regia was the most susceptible among the walnut species tested.     

CONTROL TECHNIQUE OF BACTERIAL CANKER OF POPLAR

The poplar bacterial canker caused by Erwinia sp is a serious disease spreading inmost parts of Northeast China,where poplars are cultivalted.The disease seriously infects thosepoplars belonging to section Aigeiros or the intersection hybrids of section Tacamahaca and section Aigeiros and their clones.Five fine poplar cultivars resistant to the bacterial canker have been ob-tained by screening tests.They are Lz_2(Populus simonii×nigra var.italica),A_(15)(P.×sp.)613(P.×sp.),A_(102)and A_(98)(P.simonii×sp.)T following chemicals are obviously effective,such as:50％DT germicide ,40％ XF-136 and 10％ C.C.M.A.or 12.5％ ramphencol and 50,000 ppm/mlvalidamycin,with which the stems or roots can be watered.     

Theory of the shrinkage of wood

Summary The wood, composed of alternate earlywood and latewood lamellae, forms a statically indeterminate system with two redundants. The redundant forces are the shearing forces arising at the edge of the boundary between earlywood and latewood in the longitudinal and in the tangential directions of wood. By determining the redundant forces according to the theory of statically indeterminate systems, we know the state of stress and the state of detormation of the wood element and thus can determine its shrinkage and stresses in the longitudinal, tangential and radial directions.

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Zusammenfassung Holz ist aus Früh-und Spätholzlamellen aufgebaut und bildet damit ein statisch unbestimmtes System mit zwei statisch unbestimmten Größen. Diese statisch unbestimmten Größen sind die Scherkräfte, die in longitudinaler und tangentialer Richtung an den Kanten der Grenzschicht zwischen Früh-und Spätholz entstehen. Bestimmt man die statisch unbestimmten größen nach der Theorie der statisch unbestimmten Systeme, so kennt man den Spannungs-und Verformungszustand der Gefügeteile des Holzes und ist damit in der Lage, scine Schwindung und Schwindspannungen in longitudinaler, tangentialer und radialer Richtung zu berechnen.

     

Effects of flooding on growth of seedlings of woody riparian species

The effects of flooding on growth of seedlings were compared over a 7-month period (April–November) among six different woody species: Aesculus turbinata, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Fraxinus platypoda, Pterocarya rhoifolia, Pterostyrax hispida, and Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata. Flooding reduced the shoot length of F. platypoda, P. rhoifolia, C. japonicum, P. hispida, and Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata seedlings but did not affect that of A. turbinata seedlings. Among control seedlings, shoot elongation occurred once in A. turbinata and twice in F. platypoda and Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata; the other species continued to grow from April to August. Among the flooded plants of all species, shoot elongation occurred only once at the beginning of the growing season. On August 25, flooding significantly reduced the number of developed leaves as compared with control plants except for A. turbinata. In the flooded plants except for F. platypoda, leaf fall began on June 30; in controls, by contrast, the number of developed leaves increased until August 25. Flooding reduced the total dry weight increment in all species. The survival ratio of flooded plants after the experiment differed with species. All of the F. platypoda and A. turbinata seedlings survived the flooding treatment, while only 20% of P. hispida and 30% of Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata survived. Flooding seriously affected the growth of riparian pioneer species including P. rhoifolia, C. japonicum, P. hispida, and Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata. The effects of flooding on growth of the seedlings differed with the tree species because of differences in leaf-emergence pattern and physiological flood tolerance. The responses of tree seedlings to flooding reflected species habitats and growth patterns.     

Characterization of strength properties of branchwood and stemwood of some tropical hardwood species

The mechanical strength properties of the branchwood of Aningeria robusta and Terminalia ivorensis with diameters ranging from 10 to 25 cm were examined to determine the suitability of branchwood as raw material for downstream processing. The study precisely assessed the static bending strengths, compression strengths and shear strengths parallel to the grain of the branchwood and stemwood of T. ivorensis and A. robusta. It was observed that under static bending, the overall (sapwood and heartwood combined) modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity of the branchwood of A. robusta and T. ivorensis were lower than that of their corresponding stemwood. The results further show that the overall compression and shear strengths parallel to the grain of the branchwood of A. robusta and T. ivorensis were higher than that of their corresponding stemwood. Under static bending, compression parallel to the grain, and shear parallel to the grain, the experimental results indicate that the sapwood of the branchwood from both T. ivorensis and A. robusta had lower strength values than that of their corresponding heartwood. Similar results were recorded for the stemwood of T. ivorensis where the heartwood had higher strength values than the sapwood. However, in the case of the stemwood of A. robusta, the sapwood had higher strength values than the corresponding heartwood.     

3种落叶松苗期光能利用效率的比较

正林木90%以上的干物质来自光合作用,单位时间内光能利用效率(包括光能截获能力和光能转化效率)是衡量林木生长潜力的重要指标。光能截获能力主要与叶面积大小及其发展有关,光能转化效率主要与单叶光合速率有关。自发现光合速率在不同个体间存在明显差异后,以提高光能利用效率为目标的"高光效育种"受到育种学家的重视[1-3],而通过选配高光效种质进行有目的杂交已成为高光效育种的重要手段[4]。落叶松(Larix spp.)种间杂交     

晚松悬浮细胞系的建立和原生质体的分离

植物悬浮细胞系的建立和原生质体的分离已被广泛地应用于生理学、生物化学、细胞学、遗传学及分子生物学的研究 ,它是生物技术中进行原生质体培养、杂交、基因转移、突变系筛选等项研究的较理想手段[1] 。针叶树在这方面的研究起步虽晚 ,但至今已取得令人瞩目的进展[2 ] 。晚松     

Possibility of grouping of Cyclobalanopsis species (Fagaceae) grown in Japan based on an analysis of several regions of chloroplast DNA

Four regions of chloroplast DNA were sequenced as a prospective genetic marker to identify Japanese representatives of Cyclobalanopsis: Quercus acuta, Q. sessilifolia, Q. salicina, Q. myrsinaefolia, Q. glauca, and Q. gilva. We found that Q. gilva was distinguished from other species based on both the trnL-trnF and trnT-trnL intergenic spacers. The evidence shows good coincidence with the fact that Q. gilva has several peculiar morphological features distinguishable from those of other species. There was no difference in trnL intron and matK. Both trnT-trnL and trnL-trnF intergenic spacers are capable of being used as genetic markers to identify Q. gilva among Cyclobalanopsis species.Part of this paper was presented at the 48th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Shizuoka, April 3–5, 1998     

Micromorphology of the bacterial attack of wood

Summary This paper describes fully the various patterns of bacterial attack to be observed in wood. It is based on many observations made with bacterially infected wood, both in pure laboratory cultures and in naturally attacked wood from diverse environments. Patterns of attack are described for tracheids, fibres, vessles and rays and three types of pit border decay are figured, together with attack of the pit margo and torus. A brief section also deals with the macroscopic appearances of wood subject to bacterial attack.

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Zusammenfassung Auf Grund zahlreicher Versuche und Beobachtungen werden die verschiedenen Formen bakteriellen Befalles von Holz, sowohl bei inokulierten Laborkulturen als auch bei natürlich infizierten Hölzern von verschiedenen Waldstandorten, eingehend beschrieben.Im einzelnen umfassen die geschilderten Befallsformen diejenigen, von denen Tracheiden, Fasern, Gefäße und markstrahlen betroffen werden; außerdem werden drei Typen von Tüpfelwulstfäule, sowie je ein Fall von Bakterienbefall eines Tüpfelhofes und einer Tüpfelschließhaut dargestellt.Dem makroskopischen Aussehen bakterienbefallener Hölzer wird ein kurzer Abschnitt gewidmet.