盐胁迫对桑树幼苗光合生理及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

试验以黄河流域和西北地区常用的桑树砧木-1年生实生桑树幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽加盐的方式模拟盐胁迫环境,通过设置1、3、5、7 g·kg.等4个盐分梯度,以不加NaCl(0 g·kg-1)为对照(CK),研究NaCl胁迫对桑树幼苗光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明:1 g·kg-1NaCl处理对桑树幼苗叶片的净光合速率(Pn)没有明显影响;而3、5、7 g·kg-1等NaCl处理则对Pn具有明显的抑制作用,5、7g·kg-1等的NaCI处理的影响显著,造成桑树幼苗Pn急剧降低,部分植株受害严重,甚至死亡.此外,1、3 g·kg-1等NaCl处理对桑树幼苗的气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用率(WUE)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)没有明显影响,而5、7 g·kg-1等NaCl处理则显著提高了桑树幼苗的Ci,降低了Gs、Tr和WUE.盐胁迫对桑树幼苗叶片的叶绿素荧光参数具有一定的影响.随NaCl处理浓度增大,初始荧光(Fo)呈下降的趋势,而非光化学荧光淬灭系数(NPQ)则先升后降,但处理之间Fo和NPQ变化差异不明显;1、3 g·kg-1等NaCl处理对桑树幼苗的最大荧光(Fm)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)和PSⅡ有效光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)没有明显影响,而5、7 g·kg-1等NaCl处理则显著降低其Fm、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和ΦPSⅡ.     

NaCl和Na_2SO_4胁迫对香樟光合特性的影响

利用NaCl和Na2SO4盐溶液模拟土壤盐胁迫,对2年生香樟叶片的光合特性进行研究。结果表明,随胁迫程度的加强和时间的延长,叶片叶绿素含量呈下降趋势,至42天显著低于对照;净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)呈下降趋势;胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)呈先降后升的趋势。短期(14天以内)盐胁迫处理,Pn下降以气孔限制因素为主;较长时间(大于14天)盐处理,Pn下降转向非气孔限制因素。高盐浓度对香樟的伤害大于低盐浓度;同浓度情况下,NaSO处理比NaCl伤害更大。     

NaCl胁迫对5个树种幼苗光合作用特性的影响

以厚叶榆、木栓榆、黄连木、醉翁榆和榉树等1年生盆栽苗为研究对象,测定其在不同浓度NaCl胁迫下的光合作用指标,结果表明:(1)NaCl胁迫初、中期,随着浓度的增大和胁迫时间的延长,各种幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cond)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均呈下降趋势。叶面水气压亏缺(Vpdl)均有增加趋势,但增幅不明显。(2)NaCl胁迫后期,随盐分浓度的增加和时间的延长,Pn、Cond和Tr呈逐渐降低的的趋势,且降幅明显高于初期和中期。(3)5个树种树幼苗Pn的下降在盐胁迫初、中期是气孔限制的结果,后期为非气孔限制和气孔限制共同作用的结果。(4)不同的NaCl浓度与Pn、Cond、Ci和Tr呈负相关,与Vpdl呈正相关。在盐胁迫不同时期,醉翁榆Vpdl与NaCl浓度均呈显著或极显著的相关性;厚叶榆和木栓榆在初期和中期与NaCl浓度的相关性不显著,但后期相关性达到显著或极显著的水平;黄连木在初期与NaCl浓度的相关性不显著,中后期相关程度达到显著,而榉树在整个盐分胁迫期间Vpdl与不同的NaCl浓度均不显著相关。     

干旱胁迫对橙红丹桂叶片光合性能的影响

采用盆栽控水法人工模拟干旱胁迫,设置土壤含水量为土壤田间持水量的15%(W1)、30%(W2)、45%(W3)、60%(W4)和充足供水(ck)5个水平,研究干旱对3年生橙红丹桂(Osmanthus fragransChenghongdangui)叶片光合性能的影响。结果表明:①干旱胁迫下,净光合速率Pn、气孔导度Gs、胞间CO2浓度Ci和蒸腾速率Tr降低,水分利用效率WUE升高;②在土壤含水量比较充足的环境条件下(W4和ck),橙红丹桂对强光(1 000~2 000μmol.m-2.s-1)有较强的耐受能力,同时对弱光(0~400μmol.m-2.s-1)也有较高的转化和利用效率;③干旱胁迫下,表观量子效率AQY、光饱和点LSP、表观羧化效率ACE降低,光补偿点LCP、CO2补偿点CCP升高。     

臭氧与干旱交叉胁迫对3树种幼苗光合生理的影响

将尖叶杜英(Elaeocarpus apiculatus)、米老排(Mytilaria laosensis)和藜蒴(Castanopsis fissa)幼苗置于开顶气室进行人工臭氧熏气和干旱处理,测定其0,15,30 d时的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr),并计算气孔限制值(Ls)。结果显示:(1)臭氧胁迫、干旱胁迫及臭氧和干旱交叉胁迫的影响下,3种幼苗的Pn、Gs和Tr随处理时间的延长均呈下降趋势,Ci上升或下降后上升,Ls下降或上升后下降;(2)臭氧胁迫期间,尖叶杜英的Pn下降由非气孔限制引起,而米老排和藜蒴的Pn下降由气孔限制转为非气孔限制所致;干旱胁迫期间,尖叶杜英和米老排的Pn下降由气孔限制转为非气孔限制所致,而藜蒴的Pn下降由非气孔限制引起;在臭氧与干旱交叉胁迫下,3种幼苗的Pn下降均由非气孔限制所致;(3)主成分分析表明,幼苗抗干旱胁迫及臭氧与干旱交叉胁迫的能力为米老排尖叶杜英藜蒴,幼苗抗臭氧胁迫的能力为米老排藜蒴尖叶杜英。     

NaCl胁迫对构树幼苗叶片水势、光合作用及Na^＋、K^＋吸收和分配的影响

将1年生构树幼苗置于不同NaCl浓度的土壤下,就其叶片水势、光合特性、Na+、K+在不同器官的吸收和分配对盐胁迫响应进行研究.结果显示:当土壤NaCl浓度大于3 g·kg-1,构树幼苗叶片的水势显著降低.构树幼苗净光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔导度随土壤NaCl浓度的增加而下降,净光合速率下降的主要因素是非气孔限制.在盐胁迫下构树选择Na+而排斥K+,叶片中积累的Na+大于根系,这与多数非盐生植物所具有的排钠特性不同.盐胁迫下净光合速率与叶片水势旱显著的正相关,叶片中Na+、K+含量与叶片的水势分别成显著的负相关和正相关.     

盐胁迫对中山杉无性系幼苗光响应曲线的影响

以中山杉1年生扦插苗为试验材料,采用营养液培养的方法,分析在NaCl盐分胁迫下中山杉4个无性系的光响应曲线及相关参数,进而比较无性系间及其与各自对照处理间的差异.研究表明:中山杉叶片净光合速率与光合有效辐射之间的变化关系采用叶子飘构建的光响应新模型进行拟合,模拟结果与实际观测值相关度较高,能够反映中山杉幼苗光合速率在不同光强作用下的响应特征.盐胁迫处理60天后,在125 mmol/L的盐分浓度胁迫下,中山杉4个无性系间的光响应曲线和最大净光合速率有明显差异.在对照和盐分胁迫条件下,无性系间的最大净光合作用能力排序一致,即中山杉118>146>1>302,中山杉118在盐胁迫下具有最高的光饱和点.气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)各无性系之间表现出相似的变化趋势.     

盐胁迫对2个灌木柳无性系光响应特征的影响

以2个灌木柳无性系(盐敏感型JW9-6和耐盐型JW2372)为试验材料,在温室水培条件下研究不同质量浓度盐(0,3,6 g/L)处理3 d对其光响应特征的影响。结果表明:2个无性系的最大净光合速率、饱和光强、表观量子效率和气孔导度均随盐质量浓度的升高而逐渐降低;根据气孔导度随光照度变化趋势的研究结果,认为6 g/L盐质量浓度处理引起JW2372和JW9-6光合速率下降的原因分别是气孔因素和非气孔因素;相同盐质量浓度处理条件下JW2372光响应特征参数受影响比JW9-6小,对光照强的利用能力更高。     

盐胁迫对海棠等3树种光合能力及色素变化的影响

以2年生海棠(Malus spectabilis)、石榴(Punica granatum)和桃树(Amygdalus persica)的盆栽苗为试验材料,测定它们在不同浓度NaCl胁迫下的光合能力及色素变化。结果表明,3树种的耐盐性依次为海棠石榴桃树;盐胁迫下3种非盐生树种净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)下降,胞内CO2浓度(Ci)变化没有规律,非气孔因素是导致光合下降的限制因子;盐胁迫导致3树种叶绿素含量下降,但叶绿素a/b的变化各不相同。     

不同浓度盐胁迫下闽楠和楠木光合生理研究

在3种不同盐胁迫条件下,分析了闽楠和楠木的光合生理特性。结果表明：盐胁迫对闽楠和楠木的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和气孔限制值（Ls）均有明显的抑制作用,且同一处理不同树种间的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和气孔限制值（Ls）存在差异;同一树种在不同处理条件下,净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和气孔限制值（Ls）也发生明显变化。     

5种丛枝菌根真菌对君迁子幼苗光合生长的影响

为了探明丛枝菌根真菌对君迁子生长及光合作用的影响,以分别接种了细凹无梗囊酶(Acaulospora scrobiculata,简称AS)、聚丛根孢囊酶(Rhizophagus aggregatus,简称RA)、扭形多样孢囊酶(Diversispora trotuosa,简称DT)、根内根孢囊酶(Rhizophagus intraradices,简称RI)、摩西斗管囊酶(Funneliformis mosseae,简称FM)等5种丛枝菌根真菌和未接种菌根真菌的君迁子幼苗为试材,对6种处理下君迁子幼苗的生长情况和叶片的主要光合指标进行了观测,并用双曲线修正模型对所测数据进行拟合,得到光合响应曲线及各处理下君迁子幼苗各光合特征参数。结果表明:1菌根化的君迁子幼苗其株高、地径、叶片数、植株鲜质量等指标值均有明显的提高,与未接种的对照组相比,接种AS、RA、DT、RI、FM使君迁子的株高分别提高了48.22%、62.01%、14.34%、14.66%、29.01%;其地径分别提高了22.81%、46.84%、21.19%、17.23%、14.72%;其植株鲜质量分别提高了93.69%、103.93%、53.98%、68.52%、84.44%;其单株叶片数比对照组多2~5片。2菌根化的君迁子幼苗其净光合速率、光饱和点均高于对照组,而其光补偿点则反之。3各接种处理的净光合速率的日变化趋势较为一致,均呈"双峰"曲线,12:00~14:00时均存在"午休"现象,但接种处理下君迁子幼苗叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用率的日均值均高于对照组。研究结果表明:接种丛枝菌根真菌能够显著提高君迁子幼苗的净光合速率,改善其对光的适应性,对植株的生长有显著的促进作用,但促进作用因菌种而异。     

干旱胁迫下保水剂对石楠苗生理生化的影响

摘要：在干旱胁迫下,对盆栽石楠苗的存活期、生长率、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、光合生理特性进行分析。结果表明,在有限水分条件下,施用保水剂延长苗木存活期3.5~38.5d;苗木生长受到抑制的时间延后0~28d;苗木的叶片中可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸开始积累时间延后,积累量减少;施用保水剂,苗木的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度分别提高了5.6~168.9%、28.6~2342.6%、0~4700%;在本实验中,保水剂用量越大,减缓水分胁迫的能力越强。     

干旱胁迫下臭椿4种源幼苗光合特性比较

设置4个土壤含水量水平W1、W2、W3、W4,分别为田间持水量的12．5％（严重干旱）、25％（中度干旱）、50％（轻度干旱）、75％（适宜含水量水平,CK）,处理盆栽4个种源臭椿苗未,在苗未速生后期,采用英国CIRAS-1型便携式光合测定系统测定幼苗的光合特性。结果表明：在盆栽土壤干旱胁迫下,山东鲁中、河南宝丰种源的臭椿幼苗的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、瞬间水分利用效率和气孔导度均较高,表现出较强的抗旱特性,而宁夏平罗、北京密云种源幼苗的相应指标较低。     

Increased photosynthesis following partial defoliation of field-grown Eucalyptus globulus seedlings is not caused by increased leaf nitrogen

Increased photosynthetic rates following partial defoliation may arise from changes in leaf biochemistry, water relations or nutrient status. Twelve-month-old field-grown Eucalyptus globulus Labill. seedlings were pruned from below to reduce the green crown depth by 50 (D50) or 70% (D70). Photosynthetic responses to light and CO2 concentration were examined before and one, three and five weeks after partial defoliation. One week after defoliation, photosynthetic rates were greater in seedlings in the D50 (21 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) and D70 (23 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) treatments than in control seedlings (15 micromol m(-2) s(-1)); however, there was little difference in photosynthetic rates between partially defoliated seedlings and control seedlings after 5 weeks. An analysis of the sensitivity of photosynthesis to biochemical parameters revealed that the transient increase in photosynthetic rate in response to partial defoliation was largely a function of the maximum rate of carboxylation (85-87%) and the maximum rate of RuBP regeneration (55-60%) rather than stomatal conductance (12-13%). Nitrogen increased in leaves following partial defoliation (increases of 0.6 and 1.2 g m(-2) for D50 and D70, respectively), but was accumulated in a non-photosynthetic form (i.e., there was no increase in nitrogen concentration of Rubisco or chlorophyll). Increased photosynthetic rates immediately following partial defoliation were primarily a result of increased activity rather than amount of photosynthetic machinery. There was no evidence that phosphorus was responsible for the increase in photosynthetic rates after partial defoliation.     

遮光对野鸦椿幼苗生长和光合生理特性的影响

为了解不同光照条件下野鸦椿幼苗的生长发育状况和光合生理特性,探讨野鸦椿幼苗生长发育的最佳光照条件。采用遮光方式模拟不同光照强度(全光照,遮光30%、60%和90%),研究野鸦椿幼苗的生长、生物量、光合色素含量、生理指标和光合日变化等光合特性的响应规律。结果表明:随着遮光程度的增加,野鸦椿幼苗的生长量均高于对照,以遮光60%的苗高、地径、根长、根幅的增幅最大;遮光30%、60%处理下其生物量积累较多,植株长势良好,叶色较深;遮光处理后,野鸦椿幼苗的叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量(Chla+Chlb)的含量增加,叶绿素a/b值降低;遮光处理使野鸦椿幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白含量降低,使叶片可溶性糖含量增加;遮光30%、60%处理条件下,叶片中MDA的含量显著低于全光照和遮光90%;随着遮光程度的加强,光合速率不断下降,以遮光30%处理下光合速率较高。因此,在育苗生产中,建议有效辐射强度保持在遮光率为30%~60%的范围,可培育出优良健壮的野鸦椿苗木。     

Increasing the sink:source balance enhances photosynthetic rate of 1-year-old balsam fir foliage by increasing allocation of mineral nutrients

To determine the impact of altering the sink:source balance on gas exchange rates in 1-year-old foliage of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), seedlings were either debudded before the growing season began or left intact. To assess alternative explanations for the observed photosynthetic response, additional seedlings were variously root pruned, shaded, drought stressed or deprived of fertilizer in combination with debudding. Foliar gas exchange rates and carbohydrate concentrations, xylem water potential and current-year growth were measured on three occasions spanning the shoot extension period. In addition, growth, foliar concentrations of chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic rate at different CO2 concentrations were determined 1 month after shoot extension ceased. Debudded seedlings had higher photosynthetic rates than budded seedlings, and the difference increased as the growing season progressed. We observed no evidence that debudding increased photosynthetic rate by improving water relations or by reducing foliar carbohydrate concentrations. Debudding increased foliar concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and chlorophyll, as well as quantum yield and photochemical quenching as determined by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. Therefore, we conclude that debudding increased the photosynthetic rate by increasing the allocation of nutrients to 1-year-old foliage, thereby enhancing the amount or activity, or both, of photosynthetic enzymes, as well as increasing chlorophyll concentration.     

三峡库区岸生植物秋华柳对镉胁迫的光合响应

镉是一种植物非必需元素,以毒性强、在土壤-植物系统中移动性大等特点受到广泛关注,它在生物圈中通常给生物带来有害的生态效应。土壤中过量的镉会引起植物的许多胁迫症状,研究表明:叶镉浓度超过5～10mg·kg-1(干质量)时对大多数植物都是有害的(Whiteetal.,2010);镉能抑制叶绿素的生物合成并导致叶绿素含量的下降和不同色素     

Gas exchange and dry matter allocation responses to elevation of atmospheric CO(2) concentration in seedlings of three tree species

Photosynthetic rates of 13-month-old Pinus radiata D. Don, Nothofagus fusca (Hook f.) ?rst. and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco seedlings grown and measured at elevated atmospheric concentrations of CO(2) (~620 microl l(-1)) were 32 to 55% greater than those of seedlings grown and measured at ambient (~310 microl l(-1)) concentrations of CO(2). Seedlings grown in ambient and elevated concentrations of CO(2) had similar rates of photosynthesis when measured at ~620 microl l(-1) CO(2), but when measured at ~310 microl l(-1) CO(2), the P. radiata and N. fusca seedlings which were grown at elevated CO(2) had lower rates of photosynthesis than the seedlings grown at an ambient concentration of CO(2). Stomatal conductances in general were lower when measured at ~620 microl l(-1) CO(2) than at ~310 microl l(-1) CO(2). Stomatal conductances declined in all species grown at both CO(2) concentrations when the leaf-air water vapor concentration gradient (DeltaW) was increased from 10 to 20 mmol H(2)O mol(-1) air. The percent enhancement in photosynthesis for P. radiata and P. menziesii at elevated CO(2) was greater at 20 mmol than at 10 mmol DeltaW, suggesting that elevated CO(2) may moderate the effects of atmospheric water stress. Dry matter allocation patterns were not significantly different for plants grown in ambient or high CO(2) air.     

Effect of elevated [CO(2)] and varying nutrient application rates on physiology and biomass accumulation of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)

Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) seedlings were supplied with solutions containing nitrogen (N) at 0.1 x or 2 x the optimum rate (low-N and high-N supply, respectively) and grown either outside in a control plot or inside open-top chambers and exposed to ambient (355 &mgr;mol mol(-1)) or elevated (700 &mgr;mol mol(-1)) CO(2) concentration ([CO(2)]). Gas exchange measurements, chlorophyll determinations and nutrient analysis were made on current-year (< 1-year-old) shoots of the upper whorl after the seedlings had been growing in the [CO(2)] treatments for 17 months and the nutrient treatments for 6 months. Total seedling biomass and biomass allocation were assessed at the end of the experiment. Nutrient treatment had a significant effect on the light response curves, irrespective of [CO(2)] or chamber treatment; seedlings supplied with high-N rates had higher net photosynthetic rates than seedlings supplied with low-N rates. The degree of photosynthetic stimulation in response to elevated [CO(2)] was larger in seedlings receiving high-N rates than in seedlings receiving low-N rates. Light-saturated net photosynthesis of seedlings grown and measured in elevated [CO(2)] was 26% higher than that of seedlings grown and measured in ambient [CO(2)]. There was no significant effect of [CO(2)] or chamber treatment on the CO(2) response curves of seedlings receiving High-N supply rates. In contrast, analysis of the CO(2) response curves of seedlings receiving Low-N supply rates showed acclimation to elevated [CO(2)]. Both maximum rate of carboxylation (V(cmax)) and maximum electron transport capacity (J(max)) were lower and J(max)/V(cmax) higher in seedlings in the elevated [CO(2)] treatment. There was no effect of elevated [CO(2)] on stomatal conductance, although it was highly dependent on foliar [N], ranging from ~60 mmol m(-2) s(-1) at ~1.5 g N m(-2) to 200 mmol m(-2) s(-1) at ~5 g N m(-2). In the high-N and low-N treatments, foliar N concentration was 10 and 28% lower in seedlings grown in elevated [CO(2)] than in seedlings grown in ambient [CO(2)], respectively. There was no [CO(2)] effect on foliar phosphorus concentration ([P]). Chlorophyll concentration increased with increasing N supply in all treatments. There was no significant effect of elevated [CO(2)] on specific leaf area. Chlorophyll concentration expressed either on an area or dry mass basis for a given foliar [N] was higher in seedlings grown in elevated [CO(2)] than in seedings grown in ambient [CO(2)]. Elevated [CO(2)] increased total biomass accumulation by 37% in seedlings in the high-N treatment but had no effect in seedlings in the low-N treatment. There was a proportionally bigger allocation of biomass to roots of seedlings in the elevated [CO(2)] + low-N supply rate treatment compared with seedlings in other treatments. This resulted in a reduction in aboveground biomass compared with corresponding seedlings grown in ambient [CO(2)].     

减压耦合超声法提取桑叶脱氧野尻霉素及降血糖活性研究

【目的】为高效制备桑叶中的一种多羟基生物碱—脱氧野尻霉素(Deoxynojirimycin,DNJ),以期为建立桑叶DNJ提取新技术及其营养价值的开发提供参照。【方法】以桑叶为原料,采用响应面优化法建立基于减压耦合超声法提取桑叶DNJ的工艺条件优化,并以其对α-葡萄糖苷酶与蔗糖酶的综合抑制率为指标,考察其与降血糖活性间的相关性。以阿卡波糖为阳性对照,分别测定了DNJ对α-葡萄糖苷酶、蔗糖酶抑制率的IC50值。【结果】最佳提取工艺条件为料液比1∶40(g∶mL)、超声温度65℃、超声时间24 min、超声功率480 W、乙醇体积分数69%、真空度0.08~0.1 MPa,在此条件下DNJ得率为(1.10±0.02)mg·g-1。与单一超声波法相比提高了64.18%(P <0.01),且桑叶DNJ与降血糖活性之间具有显著相关性r=0.738(P <0.05),以阿卡波糖作为阳性对照,测定桑叶DNJ对α-葡萄糖苷酶和蔗糖酶抑制率的IC50值分别为:0.770、1.772 mg·mL-1。【结论】减压耦合超声波法能高效制备桑叶中的DNJ,使其最终得率明显提升,且桑叶DNJ具有显著的降血糖活性,可作为降血糖功能食品中重要的组成部分。减压耦合超声法使提取容器内空气变稀薄,提取物受到的外力减小,分子链变大,需要打破分子链的能量降低,从而缩短了提取时间,降低了提取温度,减少了能耗。