无（微）损检测技术在木结构古建筑中的应用及发展

介绍了古建筑木构件勘查中常用的无（微）损检测技术,阐述了各种仪器工作原理、检测方法及其优缺点,其中包括皮罗钉、阻力仪、应力波和超声波检测设备。基于以上技术,结合古建筑木构件特点,提出仪器结合使用、构件分类检测、设备便携化以及以树种鉴定为基础的木结构古建筑无损评估体系。

Abstract：

Commonly used nondestructive inspection technologies involved in the survey of the wood structures of ancient buildings are introduced and the inspection methods,working principle,advantages and disadvantages of various instruments,including of pilodyn,re     

古建筑修缮用原木的贮存保管技术

古建筑木构件的修补和更新成为古建筑修缮中主要任务之一.其间,所用原木在贮存期的保管是亟待解决的课题.通过故宫百年大修中对所备原木保管的实践,提出在备料的同时,需对原木采取防腐防虫处理和进行规范的保护工艺.鉴于我国南北方气候条件复杂,危害生物的种类区别较大,采用保护防治处理的工艺也应因地制宜、有所不同.     

国内外木结构建筑耐火性能的研究进展

为推动现代木结构建筑在国内的发展,分析了木结构建筑耐火的关键性,重点介绍了近二十年来国内外在木结构建筑耐火模拟测试、建筑及其结构耐火极限试验、防火材料应用和软木制品的保温隔热检测与耐火应用等方面的研究进展及成果。在学习和借鉴的基础上,通过总结国外研究成果和经验,提出目前国内在木结构建筑耐火研究方面尚存在的一些问题,与国外相比研究工作的薄弱环节。建议在国内外已有的木结构建筑相关标准规范基础上,加强国内在木结构建筑防火研究的理论基础工作,尤其是模拟试验研究,为木结构建筑的耐火性能评估奠定基础。同时,强调软木材料自身特性,提出在木结构建筑构件及其连接节点处使用软木材料覆面,在保证实用性的基础上,还起到绝缘、隔热、装饰的作用,进一步提高木构件的防火性能,从而提高建筑整体的耐火性。通过上述分析,以期为我国现代木结构建筑防火优化设计提供有益参考。     

含LT型裂纹木梁起裂载荷确定方法的试验研究

木材裂纹萌生的准确判定对木材损伤断裂的评估具有重要的意义,起裂载荷是标定裂纹萌生的关键参数。本试验以杉木为研究对象,利用声发射技术(AE)、数字图像相关法(DIC)和电测法(EM),对含LT型裂纹木梁的损伤断裂特性进行了试验研究。通过研究木梁在加载过程中声发射参数变化规律以及裂尖区域的表面应变信息的演变,分析木梁裂纹萌生规律并确定起裂载荷Pini。结果表明:声发射累计振铃计数、幅度可有效反映木梁内部损伤的产生和演化,利用声发射参数的变化规律能准确确定含LT型裂纹木梁的起裂载荷Pini;数字图像相关法、电测法可以实时监测木梁表面裂缝尖端区域的应变变化,根据应变演变特征可以有效监测木梁表面裂纹的萌生和扩展。声发射技术、数字图像相关法、电测法在确定木梁起裂载荷Pini方面有较好的适用性,所确定的起裂载荷大小为:电测法>数字图像相关法>声发射。试验结果为研究监测含LT型裂纹木材裂纹萌生的试验方法提供了依据,应用时可结合实际工况选择合适的测量方法。     

Structural mechanics of wood composite materials 11: Ultrasonic propagation mechanism and internal bonding of particleboard

Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods have been successfully applied for grading lumber and veneer at the in-plant level. To expand this application in wood composite production, further research is needed to elucidate the effect of differences of component elements within wood composite panels on the behavior of ultrasonic waves traveling through them. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the internal bonding of particleboard specimens containing component chips of different geometry on ultrasonic velocity. Commercial chips screened at four sizes were used to produce particleboard specimens with different internal bonding by controlling their out-of-press thickness at (a) a constant thickness for boards made of each chip size, and (b) four different thicknesses for boards made of the same chip size. Twenty-four boards were made with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin at 8% solid resin content in our laboratory. After the velocities of the waves traveling through the thickness of the boards were recorded, the internal bond strengths were tested. Results showed the density, internal bond state, and constituted chip geometry were the main factors influencing the velocity. NDE using ultrasonic waves is an available method to evaluate the internal bonding of particleboard with a density less than about 0.75g/cm³. With densities over that value, no significant changes of the velocity were found.Part of this paper was presented at the 48th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kochi, April 1998     

基于小波神经网络的木材内部缺陷类型识别的研究

利用榆木标准试件,在实验室内用超声波检测仪器对试件进行缺陷分类检测,检测信号作为原始信息.各类试件的原始信号用小波包分解,计算缺陷试件与完好试件在小波包第5层各结点的信号能量变化值.试验发现:木材缺陷引起能量的变化值主要由木材缺陷的大小或严重程度来决定,亦即木材的缺陷程度越严重,能量的变化幅度就越大;对小波包5层分解后各信号结点的能量变化值进行分析,发现在32个结点中,(5,0)结点在各类缺陷试件中能量值变化最大;使用经小波压缩后的信号作为神经网络的输入,形成应用频带能量变化值和应用(5,0)结点小波包系数的2个不同输入特征的人工神经网络.对比分析2个网络识别木材缺陷类型的能力,(5,0)结点小波包系数作为特征训练得到的神经网络检测精度更高.     

应力波技术在古建筑木构件腐朽探测中的应用

采用应力波测定仪对西藏古建筑上的腐朽与虫蛀木构件进行无损检测和目测腐朽观察,并将两种结果进行比较.结果表明:应力波无损检测技术可以准确的判定木构件的内部腐朽与虫蛀;表层腐朽分级与无损检测结果基本一致;在古建筑维护中,可在目测基础上,再采用应力波技术检测确认,为准确更换木构件提供定量评价依据.     

Use of wood products in multi-storey residential buildings: views of Swedish actors and suggested measures for an increased use

ABSTRACT

Many studies have shown that wooden buildings in general have a lower climate impact than buildings built of conventional materials such as concrete and steel. In Sweden, however, only about 10% of the multi-dwelling buildings are built with timber frames. The goal of this empirical study is to provide a broad picture of the views of Swedish actors regarding the use of wood products in multi-storey residential buildings and suggest measures for an increased use. A questionnaire concerning the use of wood products in construction was sent out to Swedish developers, main contractors, and architects and 100 answers were received. The study shows that the views of the groups of actors differ in some respects and factors that may either facilitate or be obstacles to an increased use of wood products were identified and discussed.     

近红外光谱技术在木材性质预测中的应用研究进展

林木定向培育和木材资源的优化利用, 都需要对大量木材样本的性质进行快速测试.然而, 传统的测试方法成本高、效率低, 不能满足生产和科研的需要.近红外光谱技术是一种新的无损评价方法, 能够迅速、准确地对木材试样的性质进行预测.文中主要介绍了近红外分析技术的基本原理、特点以及在预测木材化学组成、物理力学性质、解剖性质等方面的研究进展.     

Determining Young’s modulus of timber on the basis of a strength database and stress wave propagation velocity I: an estimation method for Young’s modulus employing Monte Carlo simulation

In this article, we report on an estimation method for Young’s modulus that entails measuring only the stress wave propagation velocity of timber built into structures such as wooden buildings. Methods of estimating Young’s modulus that use the stress wave propagation velocity and characteristic frequency of timber in conjunction with timber density have long been used. In this article, we propose a method of easily and accurately estimating Young’s modulus from the stress wave propagation velocity without knowing the timber density. This method is based on a database of wood strength performance and density accumulated from a variety of research data and the method estimates Young’s modulus by a simulation method. We compared the Young’s moduli estimated by this method with those obtained by the bending test and by the measurement of the stress wave propagation velocity and density, and found similar results. This coincidence suggests that the method of estimating Young’s modulus presented in this article is valid. For example, the method is effective for convenient evaluation on site when determining whether a wooden building’s structural components should be reused or replaced when repairing or remodeling a building.     

High-resolution ultrasonic imaging of wood

Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation holds the promise of significantly improving predictions of the load bearing capacity of wood. The inhomogeneity, anisotropy and natural variability of wood pose a formidable challenge to the realization of that promise. As a first, qualitative step in correlating known wood mechanical properties and their natural patterns of variability with parameters of ultrasonic wave propagation, high resolution ultrasonic images of transmitted and reflected energy are presented. The experiments were carefully designed to observe only bulk waves. The results show that surface echoes and backscatter from subsurface features contain useful and as yet untapped information on local wood properties and structure. Transmitted signals were found to always contain more than one image of the outgoing pulse, indicating another source of information so far overlooked. The high spatial sampling density used here allows the generation of images in which the human eye can distinguish familiar features even in the presence of significant noise. Combining qualitative information on wood properties and their distribution with high resolution imaging can be used to remove noise and extract image features one knows to be present by appropriate application of image processing. Received 23 October 1996     

溶胶-凝胶法功能性改良木材研究进展

基于木材天然的双重毛细管系统结构,金属醇盐可在木材"微/纳米容器"内进行溶胶-凝胶反应最终制备木材-无机复合材料。在溶胶-凝胶改良木材过程中,以金属醇盐为主要组分的前驱体溶液可通过涂覆、浸渍/真空加压浸渍、微波/超声波辅助等方式对木材进行改性,且木材密度、基材初始含水率、溶胶反应体系、溶胶粒径、溶胶pH值等对木材溶胶-凝胶改性效果都会有一定的影响。文中主要从制备方法和影响因素2个方面对溶胶-凝胶法功能性改良木材的研究现状进行归纳总结,并提出溶胶-凝胶功能性改良木材的应用前景和发展方向。     

徐州出土汉代棺木用材树种鉴定及其化学性质

木材是人类日常生活的常见材料,也是从古至今人类文明与民族文化的重要载体。伴随着考古发掘工作的进行,来自不同地区、不同朝代的大量木质文物出土并需要持续保护,因此掌握出土木质文物所用的木材树种情况,并研究其化学组分的降解状态,可为制定合理的木质文物修复和保护方案提供科学依据。通过对徐州万达汉墓墓群中1号与4号墓出土棺木进行取样和对标准三切面的切片进行观察,根据三切面显微构造特征对棺木所用木材树种进行鉴定,经与标准切片比对,结果表明M1c、M1oc、M4c、M4oc棺木树种分别为楠木(Phoebe sp.)、硬木松(Pinus sp.)、梓木(Catalpa sp.)、榉木(Zelkova sp.)。进一步采用荧光显微镜与傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射相结合的方法,分析棺木的主要化学组分降解情况。结果表明:与现代健康材相比,古木在长期埋藏过程中,木材的主要多糖类化学组分纤维素和半纤维素降解严重,纤维素结晶度降低;古木各类型细胞中木质素的自发荧光效应均减弱,且红外光谱分析表明木质素化学结构发生改变;古木在埋藏过程中木材的整体构造保存较好,但主要化学组分发生了降解,这与其地下饱水低氧的埋藏环境有很大关系。     

Estimating Strength of Finger-jointed Dimension Lumber by Nondestructive Methods

Structural finger-jointed (FJ) lumber was used mainly in structural applications including glue-laminated beams and wooden I-joists and more recently in parallel chord wood trusses. The paper evaluated strength properties of structural FJ lumber by three nondestructive methods (edge-wise bending, longitudinal and transversal vibration) in order to find an alternative to traditional evaluation methods. Lumber was sawn from the logs following a pattern typically used in China to maximize the volume of recover...     

木竹材声学振动特性研究进展

木材声学振动特性科学机理与评价方法的研究正逐渐兴起,而针对竹材声学振动特性的相关研究则少有报道。文中重点围绕木竹材声学振动特性,从声振动效率、音色和发音效果稳定性3个方面介绍了木竹材声学振动特性的定量评价方法;从不同尺度（宏观—微观）、不同层次（化学组分—物理性质）和不同方式（选材—加工）系统阐述其主要影响因素;在此基础上,总结了木竹材声学特性功能性改良的主要方法,并提出今后科学研究的具体建议。     

Volatile organic compounds from wood and their influences on museum artifact materials II: Inference of causal substances of deterioration based on intercomparison of laser Raman spectra of deteriorated products

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wood and their effects on artifacts are of intense interest to museum staff who must strictly manage the preservation environment. In this study, the causal substances of deterioration were inferred by comparison with laser Raman (LR) spectra of deterioration products. The artifact samples were deteriorated using VOCs from woods (WV test), and using specific substances that occur in wood VOCs (SV test). The deteriorated samples were analyzed by LR spectroscopy and the results of the WV and SV tests were compared. Hinokitiol and acetic acid were found to be two of the main causal substances of deterioration in western red cedar. Deterioration of iron and copper by spruce did not appear to be caused by acetic acid, as is generally assumed, but by some other unknown compound(s). Sensitivity to wood-based VOC components depended on the type of artifact. In western red cedar, mitsudasou (litharge) was very sensitive to acetic acid, while other artifacts were sensitive to hinokitiol. The LR method used in this study is very useful for the inference of causal substances of deterioration based on the detection of small amounts of deteriorated products such as those generated by deterioration due to wood VOCs. Part of this article was presented at the 25th Annual Meeting of the Japan Society for the Conservation of Cultural Property, Kyoto, June 2003     

超声波在原木内部传播理论研究

超声波技术在木材无损检测中已有广泛的应用,尤其是一些研究表明超声波在原木内部的传播规律对无损检测效果产生重要影响.根据弹性波在固体介质中的传播理论,通过对微小单元体的受力分析,得出弹性动力学运动微分方程,并在此基础上,根据正交各向异性介质的弹性常数,应力与应变之间的相互关系,几何方程（应变和位移的关系）以及超声波传播（无旋波）的方向向量,最终得出以位移表示的运动微分方程;然后利用分离变量法,建立超声波在原木内部传播过程中的位移方程和速度方程.     

美式家具仿古涂饰工艺技术

研究美式家具仿古涂装中的木材着色剂和涂装工艺技术.通过对着色材料成分、着色方法和机理的分析,说明不同的着色剂的作用和适用环境,并介绍仿古做旧的具体工艺程序和操作要点.     

Quantitative estimation of carbon removal effects due to wood utilization up to 2050 in Japan: effects from carbon storage and substitution of fossil fuels by harvested wood products

Carbon absorbed by forests remains stored in the timber used for wood products, and a change in wood product stock can be evaluated as substantial removal/emission of atmospheric carbon. Since the carbon storage effect due to harvested wood products (HWP) might be taken into account in the future framework of carbon mitigation, it is crucial to estimate the carbon fl ow and stock concerning HWP for the next commitment period. In the present study, we developed a model for estimating the fl ow and stock of wood products in Japan’s building, furniture, and paper sectors. The HWP carbon storage effect and substitution effect (carbon reduction by substituting fossil fuels and energy-intensive materials with HWP) up to 2050 were quantitatively estimated by lifetime analysis. Our model simulation revealed that (i) the carbon stock change in Japan due to HWP would be evaluated as a large emission if the atmospheric-fl ow approach is adopted, (ii) carbon removal would not significantly increase if the ratio of newly constructed wooden buildings/furniture remains stable, and (iii) the carbon storage effect together with the substitution effect would have a significant impact on climate change mitigation if the ratio of newly constructed wooden buildings/furniture is gradually improved to 70% by 2050.     

木质生物质的生物分解及生物转化研究进展

木材作为一种木质生物质资源目前存在着严重浪费,如何有效利用这些资源造福于人类是目前科研工作者面临的课题.本文综述自然界中木材各成分的生物分解过程,以及木材剩余物的生物转化技术,包括生物转化乙醇、单细胞蛋白、木糖醇、乳酸等的研究现状、存在问题及发展趋势,为木材剩余物的应用研究提供理论基础.