Classification of Tomicus Species

Both morphological characters and a portion of of 28S rDNA sequences were used to identifying Tomicus species.The specimens were classed into groups with the following characters: 1) granules or punctures on interstria 2 on the declivity of the elytra;2) length of the elytral interstrial hairs and hairs arising from punctures;3) arrangement of pronotal punctures and hairs.These characters could be clearly examined under a binocular microscope at 30×magnification and they were applicable and valuable for the forest entomologists to identify Tomicus species.The phylogenetic tree established with difference in 28S rDNA sequence of D2 region revealed that the specimens of each group identified by morphological characters were also grouped together.The genetic distances of intra-species, inter-species and inter-genus were not overlapped. Genetic divergence of 28S rDNA was also useful for identifying Tomicus species.     

切梢小蠹属昆虫分类鉴定方法

采用形态学和分子生物学相结合的方法,建立一套快速、准确鉴定切梢小蠹的特征系统。利用鞘翅斜面第2沟间部的瘤状颗粒和刻点分布、鞘翅斜面刚毛长短和前胸背板刻点及刚毛分布3种特征,在体视显微镜放大30倍条件下可实现切梢小蠹虫的准确鉴定。通过形态鉴定为同种的小蠹虫在利用28Sr DNA序列片段构建的系统发育树上能首先聚在一起,并且切梢小蠹属昆虫种下、种间和种上的遗传距离分布在3个不重叠的范围内,利用28Sr DNA基因构建切梢小蠹属分子鉴定体系是理想的方法之一。通过系统发育树的聚类分析或遗传距离比较均可实现种类鉴定。     

叶片表皮指纹在杜鹃花属分类中的意义

本实验于2004年在东北林业大学进行。用指甲油印记法在光学显微镜下观察了杜鹃花属6个种(牛皮杜鹃 Rh.aureaum,兴安杜鹃Rh. dauricum, 照白杜鹃Rh. micranthum,迎红杜鹃Rh. mucronulatum,苞叶杜鹃 Rh. Redowskianum 和大字杜鹃Rh. schlippenbachii)的表皮指纹特征。对叶片的形态特征包括叶片下表皮气孔类型、保卫细胞和副卫细胞的特征、叶片两面的普通细胞(形状和垂周壁特征)和表皮毛进行了较详细的描述。所研究的6种杜鹃花中,有3种气孔类型,其中兴安杜鹃、照白杜鹃、和迎红杜鹃为单细胞型气孔(Pericytic 型),苞叶杜鹃为不规则型气孔(Anomocytic 型),牛皮杜鹃和大字杜鹃是平轴式气孔(Diacytic 式)。不同种间,单细胞型和平轴式气孔的副卫细胞类型在形状和表面特征上有所不同。普通表皮细胞的表面观为从四边形、六边形, 多边形或不规则型, 垂周壁呈平直或弯曲状。兴安杜鹃、照白杜鹃和迎红杜鹃3种的叶片两面均有腺鳞。所有这些叶片特点表明上述6种杜鹃花的表皮指纹具有种的特性。图4表2参29。     

Relationship between structure and function of mammalian vibrissa

MaterialsandmethodsMaterialsThevibrissaeinthisexperimentweresampledfromHarbinZooandtheSpecimenRoomofNortheastForestryUniversity.Thesesamplescover4families,Carnivora,Perissodactyla,RodentiaandPrim8ts.MethodsThewholevibrissawithhairrootwassampIedinvarioussitsofmammaIbodySuchasmouth,eyelid,face,neckandjaw.Bycomparison,theauthordidnotfindsignificantdifferencesinvibrissastruCtureofdifferentpartsofbody,SothevibrissaofcheekisusedfOrobservationandcomparison-SampIeswereobservedwithIightmicrosc…     

根瘤菌诱发合欢根毛的增生和根表层传递细胞的形成

传递细胞作为一种溶质短途运输的特殊结构最初是由Gunning等(1968)提出来的。现已在苔藓、蕨类、被子植物的生殖器官、茎、节、叶和根的维管系统中都发现了传递细胞的存在(Gunninget al.,1968;1969;Gunning,1977;Folsomet al.,1986;Pateet al.,1969;朱徵等,1999);但是在植物根表面上少有传递细胞的报道。自韩素芬等(1998)首次报道了根瘤菌可诱发刺槐根表面产生传递细胞,笔者在对合欢的研究中又发现了类似的情况,同时还发现根瘤菌不仅能诱导合欢根表面传递细胞的形成,而且在水培的情况下还能诱导合欢侧根根毛的产生。1材料与方法1·1合欢苗…     

油橄榄野生种与栽培种叶表面微观结构的观察

油橄榄（ＯｌｅａｅｕｒｏｐａｅａＬ．）又称洋橄榄、木犀榄、棕榄树。常绿小乔木,高可达６．５ｍ,小枝四角形。叶对生,近革质,披针形至矩圆形,长１．５～５ｃｍ,顶端稍钝,有小凸尖,上面深绿色,稍有银色皮屑状鳞毛,下面密布银色皮屑状鳞毛。边缘全缘,内卷,中...     

西南林区4种易燃可燃物的质量估测方法

针对云南松、地盘松、华山松易燃的活针叶在森林防火期动态变化和紫茎泽兰分布不规律的特点,测定了云南松、地盘松、华山松有叶段枝的形态学指标和相应段易燃针叶质量及紫茎泽兰茎形态学指标和质量,拟合了易燃可燃物质量与形态学指标的关系方程。经检验,实测值与预测值的结果间差异不显著,利用枝和茎的形态学指标估测易燃可燃物质量是可行的。     

Wood friction characteristics during exposure to high pressure: influence of wood/metal tool surface finishing conditions

Friction that arises during processing for the deformation of wood under relatively high pressure levels (ca. >1 MPa) is an important factor to be taken into account when wood is processed. However, few studies on such friction have been published. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of surface finishing conditions on the nominal friction coefficient (μ) of the wood and metal tool surfaces. Sticking friction was likely to arise on a relatively coarse metal surface, and the type of metal tool surface finishing was found to have large impact on the friction mechanism. The friction characteristics during exposure to high pressure seem to be affected not only by the interface contact characteristics, but also by the deformation characteristics of wood during compressive load or measurement. The value of μ on water-saturated wood was equal or higher than that on dry wood, which suggests that the contact characteristics between these two types of wood are significantly different. The water content in wood was shown to affect both the interface contact and deformation characteristics of wood. The value of μ was not significantly affected by the wood surface finishing conditions; however, changes in μ during sliding differed slightly, depending on the finishing conditions.     

微坑型微织构硬质合金表面对木材摩擦特性的影响

【目的】探讨木材含水率、木材切面和纤维方向以及运动速度等因素对木材表面摩擦系数的影响规律,为设计更加合理的木材切削刀具表面织构形式提供参考和指导。【方法】以水曲柳和樟子松为研究对象,在具有不同微坑直径硬质合金表面条件下,研究木材含水率、木材切面和纤维方向以及运动速度等因素对木材表面摩擦系数的影响。【结果】与无微坑表面相比,当微坑直径为60μm、含水率为67%±3%时,在水曲柳表面产生的摩擦系数由0. 151降低到0. 091,降幅为39. 7%,在樟子松表面产生的摩擦系数由0. 241降低到0. 164,降幅为32. 0%。木材径切面上纤维方向差异对表面摩擦系数的影响不大,但在横切面上,微坑直径越小,其表现出的摩擦系数越高。摩擦过程中运动速度对表面摩擦系数的影响与木材中的水分有较大关系,当含水率处于生材状态时,表面摩擦系数随运动速度增大而降低,且微坑型结构表面产生的摩擦系数降幅明显高于无微坑表面,无微坑表面产生的摩擦系数由0. 160降低到0. 134,降幅为16. 3%,微坑直径为60μm时的摩擦系数由0. 124降低到0. 071,降幅为42. 7%。【结论】木材含水率状态对微坑型表面微织构与木材之间的摩擦系数影响较大,木材中自由水的存在有利于降低硬质合金与木材表面之间的摩擦系数。微织构直径越小,其接触角平均变化率越大,表面铺展速度越大,越有利于改善木材/硬质合金摩擦副的状态,使表面间的摩擦系数减小。     

百合组织培养及快繁技术的研究与探讨

百合鳞茎不同部位鳞片都可以经诱导形成小鳞茎及芽,但中层鳞片明显高于内层和外层;同一鳞片的基部段诱导能力最强;百合鳞茎中层下部及中部鳞片是优良组培苗外植体。百合鳞片组织培养适宜配方为MS NAA0.1 BA0.5;移栽基质采取透气保水保肥的腐殖质及沙、土基质有较高的成活率。     

江西大岗山连栽杉木人工林土壤性质的变化

系统研究了江西大岗山连栽杉木人工林土壤性质变化状况。结果表明：1、2代杉木人工林土壤物理性质相比，不论幼龄林还是中龄林，1代林均明显好于2代林；比较土壤酶活性，各林分也表现出相似的规律，即1代林土壤酶活性较高；而比较两代林土壤化学性质则发现，在幼龄林发育阶段各土壤因于指标变化规律不明显，土壤有机质、土壤氮素等指标反而为2代林较高；但各林分发育至中龄林阶段后则有了较强的规律性，除土壤有效铁和有效铜外，其它所有指标均为2代林较低。     

库布齐沙漠东缘沙物质特征的研究

利用沙地深层钻芯资料，分析了库布齐沙漠沙物质的特征，探讨了地质环境和丰富沙物质的关系。根据地层承压水层的分析，白垩纪以后，沙土剖面经历了由蓝变黄以及物质颗粒由细到粗等一系列变化，表明库布齐沙漠至少经历了2—3个时期才逐渐形成了具有现代地貌特征的沙漠景观。     

Significance of the leaf epidermis fingerprint for taxonomy of Genus Rhododendron

Leaf epidermal fingerprints of six species of Rhododendron （ Rh. Aureaum, Rh. dauricum, Rh. micranthum, Rh. Mucronulatum, Rh. Redowskianum, Rh. schlippenbachii） were observed by optical microscope with nail polish expression method in Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology of Ministry Education China in Northeast Forestry University in 2004. The leaf morphological features including of stomata types, characters of guard cells, subsidiary cells in lower epidermis were observed. And ordinary cells （in shape and anticlinal walls feature） as well as the trichomes in both sides of the leaves are described in detail. The results showed that there were three types of stoma in six investigated Rhododendron species, from which Pericytic stomata type exists in three species （Rh. dauricum, Rh. micranthum, and Rh. mucronulatum）, Anomocytic stomatal type in Rh. Redowskianum, Diacytic stomata type in Rh. aureaum and Rh. schlippenbachii. The subsidiary cells of the Pericytic and Diacytic stomata type are different in shape and surface feature between the species, respectively. The ordinary epidermal cells show a variety from quadrangular to hexagonal, polygonal or irregular in surface view, the anticlinal walls are straight or sinuose. Trichomes （gland scales） are present in the both of the leaf sides in three species （Rh. dauricum, Rh. micranthum, and Rh. mucronulatum）. All of these detail leaf features show specific specificity of leave finger print for 6 rhododendrons.     

Mean species cover: a harmonized indicator of shrub cover for forest inventories

Because shrub cover is related to many forest ecosystem functions, it is one of the most relevant variables for describing these communities. Nevertheless, a harmonized indicator of shrub cover for large-scale reporting is lacking. The aims of the study were threefold: to define a shrub indicator that can be used by European countries for harmonized shrub cover estimation using data from their respective national forest inventories (NFIs); to quantify the effects of using different NFI field cover scales; and to establish bridges to facilitate harmonized estimation. Data for shrub species cover from the Third Spanish NFI together with scales for cover assessment from 16 European NFIs were used. The indicator, mean species cover (MSC), was defined for each species and each European forest category. Estimates of MSC calculated using species covers recorded for field plots, with 1% interval widths (MSCobs), were compared with the MSC values that would be obtained for the same data with the different European cover scales (MSCpred). Residuals calculated as differences between MSCobs and MSCpred were analyzed, and a linear mixed model was used as bridging function to adjust predictions and thus further harmonize estimates. Scales with only two or three intervals produced the greatest residuals, while all the other analyzed scales had residuals less than 5%. Most scales, except those most similar to Braun-Blanquet, displayed a tendency to be unreliable for larger covers. The proposed mean species cover indicator provides comparable estimates for shrub communities at large scales. The linear models improved the harmonization of MSC for the scales having two and three intervals.     

Histology of Pinus maximinoi cones infected by Cronartium conigenum1

Apparently healthy and C. conigenum infected female strobili of Pinus maximinoi, collected in Guatemala, were histopathologically studied by light microscopy. Scales from infected cones were fused and fertile scales had aborted seeds. Infected cone scales lacked fibre cells in the cortex, which are abundant in healthy cone scales. Intercellular spaces of cortex contained abundant hyphae compared to phloem and xylem. The cell walls of infected tissues in the ovules were darkly stained, while those of comparable healthy tissue were colourless under Pianeze's IIIB stain. Infected ovules of different developmental stages with nucellus, or nucellus plus spongy tissue, were observed. The cells of each tissue type contained many haustoria and did not develop into female gametophyte and embryo. Ovule colonization by hyphae appeared after pollination and subsequently caused their early abortion.     

Succession of mosses,liverworts and ferns on coarse woody debris,in relation to forest age and log decay in Tasmanian wet eucalypt forest

In managed forest landscapes, understanding successional processes is critical to management for sustainable biodiversity. Coarse woody debris is a key substrate for forest biodiversity, particularly because it undergoes complex succession reflecting the effects of changes in both forest structure and substrate characteristics. The present study used a chronosequence approach to investigate succession of mosses, liverworts and ferns on coarse woody debris following clearfell, burn, sow native forest silviculture in wet eucalypt forest in Tasmania, focussing on discriminating between the effects of forest age and log decay. It also compared successional processes following wildfire with those following clearfell, burn, sow silviculture. Forest regenerating after the latter form of regeneration showed clear ecological succession up to 43 years (the limit of available sites), characterised by increasing diversity and cover, and clearly delineated specialisation among species with regard to successional stage. Analyses of subsets of the full data-set indicated that the effects of forest age dominated this succession, with minimal effects of substrate change independent of forest age. Analysis of within forest microenvironments were consistent with the inference that microenvironmental changes related to forest age drive major successional changes in these forests. Comparative analysis indicated similarity between successional states in post-wildfire and post- clearfell, burn, sow regeneration after 43 years for logs of the same decay stages, and continuing succession on post-wildfire sites to at least 110 years. Overall, these data suggest that management to sustain fern and bryophyte diversity should ensure that areas of forest beyond 110 years are represented in the landscape at appropriate spatial scales.     

桥面铺装常见病害分析与防治措施

本文通过对秦皇岛市公路桥梁的普查，针对桥梁的面铺装出现不规则的网裂，较规则的纵横裂缝及较严重的碎裂等病害，进行了分析，并结合自身的经验从设计和施工两方面进行分析，提出病害防治措施。     

KEY TO THE PUPARIUM OF THREE LARCH CONE FLIES IN STROBILOMYIA(DIPTERA:ANTHOMYIIDAE)

The key for puparia of the three species of larch-cone-flies(Strobilomyia)is de-veloped based on their external morphological characteristics on anal(posterior)part which in-cludes segmental protrusions and background texture.Some characteristics which are only visi-ble under scanning microscope are also included even though they are supplementary in this key.Those three commonly found larch-cone-infesting anthomgiids are strobilomyia melania,S.infrequens and S.laricicola.     

江西省森林生态体系建设对策研究

随着产权制度改革的不断深入,江西森林生态体系建设面临的压力将越来越大。本文在充分调查和深入分析江西生态建设优劣势的基础上,按照生态经济学的一般原理,本文对森林生态体系建设的内涵、公益林区划标准、规模比例提出了自己的见解,对公益林补偿标准进行了系统的框架设计,并提出了完善森林生态体系建设的若干配套政策建议。     

Avoiding edge effects in agroforestry experiments; the use of neighbour-balanced designs and guard areas

A number of different types of edge effects on experimental plots are defined, and it is shown that they are frequently important in agroforestry experiments. Methods of eliminating edge effects, either at the design or the analysis stage, are described. Computer simulations, based on uniformity data, are used to investigate the efficacy of neighbour-balanced designs, with and without neighbour terms, for reducing the problem of neighbour effects between different treatments. It is concluded that, while neighbour-balanced designs may be useful in certain situations or in combination with other methods, it is preferable to eliminate edge effects by using adequate guard rows. Recommendations are therefore made concerning the correct use of guard areas in agroforestry experimentation.