大夫山森林公园大气环境中污染物浓度变化及评价

利用长期定位观测方法对大夫山森林公园的大气质量进行监测,分析了大夫山森林公园大气污染源的种类、数量、分布规律,包括NO、NO₂、NO_x和SO₂浓度的日变化规律、季节变化规律进行了探讨。在此基础上,通过分析森林公园大气污染物超标率和分担率情况来评价大夫山森林公园大气质量的影响。结果表明,大夫山森林公园的大气质量非常良好,SO₂和NO_x秋冬季对大气环境有轻微污染,污染分担率最大的SO₂,其次是NO_x,而NO和NO₂对大夫山森林公园环境不产生影响。为进一步提高森林公园的大气环境质量,建议增加冬季常绿阔叶树种。       

广州地区“青山绿地”工程生态效益

研究了广州地区城市绿地系统森林植物-土壤系统生物同化、吸储、固定C,P,K,SO₂,Pb,Cd的生态效益,结果表明:研究区域内绿地系统土壤中有机C储量最高达184t/hm2,最低为24.6t/hm2;TN储量最高达16.7t/hm2,最低为2.0t/hm2;Pb,Cd储量最高分别达837.4kg/hm2、3.9kg/hm2,最低分别为577kg/hm2、1.2kg/hm2;植物叶对SO₂的积累量以高山榕最高,海芒果最低;小叶榕叶吸收固定Pb量最高为22.6g/hm2,尾叶桉叶和白玉兰叶吸收固定Cd量最高达0.15g/hm2。       

城市绿化树种环境净化功能研究

文章研究了广州城市绿化树种生物同化、吸储、固定C,P,K,SO₂,Pb,Cd的环境净化功能,结果表明:研究区域内森林土壤中有机C储量最高达184 t/hm2,最低为24.6t/hm2;TN储量最高达16.7t/hm2,最低为2.0t/hm2;Pb,Cd储量最高分别达837.4kg/hm2、3.9kg/hm2,最低分别为577kg/hm2、1.2kg/hm2;植物叶对SO 2的积累量以高山榕最高,海芒果最低;小叶榕叶吸收固定Pb量最高为22.6g/hm2,尾叶桉叶和白玉兰叶吸收固定C d量最高达0.15g/hm2。       

福州国家森林公园绿量与生态效益

福州国家森林公园的森林绿量(叶面积)为847.6万m2,每天固定CO₂310t,放出氧气226t。可供福州市目前1/3,人口呼吸耗氧。       

硬覆盖对城市街路行道树土壤呼吸的影响

采用静态气室法测定了长春市人民大街行道树与对照林地不同深度的土壤中CO₂含量。研究发现林地土壤呼吸作用可以用土壤中CO₂含量大小及其变化规律反映出来,而街路行道树土壤中的CO₂含量不能直接反映土壤呼吸速率大小。       

濮阳市城市森林生态功能价值评估

在2006年濮阳市城市林业资源调查的基础上,借鉴有关评价森林生态效益的方法,选取对城市环境影响较大的6个方面,即吸收CO₂、释放O₂、净化环境、旅游休闲、野生动物保护和节能减排,初步估算出濮阳市城市森林生态功能效益年总价值约为29.51亿元。       

冬季校园内3种典型用地空气颗粒物浓度日变化

以福建农林大学校园为例,在师生出行时间5:00-23:00时段,对冬季校园内3种典型用地的空气颗粒物浓度进行了观测,同时测定平均风速、温度、相对湿度、氧气浓度、光照度及噪音量。结果发现:1)3种校园用地的空气颗粒物浓度均呈"双峰单谷"-"V"字型变化,为早(5:00-7:00)和晚(19:00-21:00)高,中午(15:00)低;2)3种校园用地不同环境对空气颗粒物浓度的变化规律有一定影响,水面和植物有降低颗粒物浓度的作用;3)空气颗粒物浓度受小气候因子等环境因素影响。       

广州市周边森林群落吸储功能测定

基于广州市森林生物资源清查,采用森林生物量法及森林器官化学试验监测方法,对广州市周边5个行政区的森林生物年均增长量及吸储C、N、S、P_b、C_d进行了计量估算,结果表明:广州市周边5区的森林年均固碳量达到12.534万t,年均吸储N、S量分别为651t、264t,年均吸储污染重金属元素P_b、C_d分别为931.9kg和13.3kg、且均以白云区为最高,由此揭示出广州市区域森林资源吸储功能特点、森林群落质量的差异,为城市森林可持续经营提供依据。       

不同类型城市绿地空气质量研究

为合理规划城市绿地,有益于人们户外活动,研究了不同类型城市绿地空气负离子浓度的日变化,不同类型城市绿地空气负离子浓度、温度、湿度、可吸入颗粒物、氮氧化物、二氧化硫、噪声的差异。结果表明:空气负离子浓度日变化均较明显,不同类型绿地空气负离子浓度、温度、湿度存在显著差异,生物群落越丰富、树龄越大、植被郁闭度越高则空气负离子浓度、湿度越高,温度越低;由枝叶茂盛的高大乔木组成的林地,其空气负离子水平和空气质量较好。空气可吸入颗粒物、氮氧化物、二氧化硫及噪声污染与植被有一定的相关性,相关关系不显著。       

土壤钻孔通气法对行道树生长的改善

硬覆盖路面下绿化树根际土壤环境是影响树体生长势衰弱的主要原因。以改良土壤透气性、调节土壤含水量、增加土壤养分为目的,对绿化树根际土壤实施钻孔通气,补充养料。研究结果表明,治理后的植物叶片增厚、颜色加深、叶中保持相对较高含水量,新梢生长旺盛,病斑恢复较快;但是钻孔不是导致土壤气体浓度变化的主要因素。       

Satellite monitoring of land-use and land-cover changes in northern Togo protected areas

Remote-sensing data for protected areas in northern Togo, obtained in three different years （2007, 2000, and 1987）, were used to assess and map changes in land cover and land use for this drought prone zone. The normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） was applied to the images to map changes in vegetation. An unsupervised classification, followed by classes recoding, filtering, identifications, area computing and post-classification process were applied to the composite of the three years of NDVI images. Maximum likelihood classification was applied to the 2007 image （ETM＋2007） using a supervised classification process. Seven vegetation classes were defined from training data sets. The seven classes included the following biomes： riparian forest, dry forest, flooded vegetation, wooded savanna, fallows, parkland, and water. For these classes, the overall accuracy and the overall kappa statistic for the classi- fied map were 72.5% and 0.67, respectively. Data analyses indicated a great change in land resources; especially between 1987 and 2000 proba- bly due to the impact of democratization process social, economic, and political disorder from 1990. Wide-scale loss of vegetation occurred during this period. However, areas of vegetation clearing and regrowth were more visible between 2000 and 2007. The main source of confusion in the contingency matrix was due to heterogeneity within certain classes. It could also be due to spectral homogeneity among the classes. This research provides a baseline for future ecological landscape research and for the next management program in the area.     

Landscape pattern changes over 25 years across a hotspot zone in southern Brazil

Forest fragmentation caused by human activities has many implications for natural landscapes, such as habitat reduction and the loss of biodiversity. This study investigated the temporal fragmentation process of forest remnants in a strongly agro-industrialised region in southern Brazil over 25 years. The studied watershed area hosts two important typologies of the Atlantic Forest biome as well as Quaternary remnants of the Brazilian Savanna biome, which are considered hotspots of biodiversity and reflect the intense process of forest fragmentation caused by Brazilian urban and agro-industrial development. Thus, studies encompassing multitemporal scales are paramount to understanding changes in forest patterns and are fundamental for trend predictions of landscape dynamics. To perform the calculation of the mean normalised difference vegetation index, Landsat satellite images from 1991 to 2016 were processed using SPRING® software. Subsequently, FRAGSTATS® software was used to calculate landscape metrics. A reduction in the number of forest fragments since 1991 was observed, with a maximum amount of 5 243 fragments in 1993 that declined to 4 015 fragments in 2016. Although the number of fragments in the watershed decreased, the mean area increased by 72.9% and the mean of the shape index increased from 1.3 in 1991 to 1.5 in 2016. In addition, there was a 64.7% increase in the edge density and a reduction of 35.6 m in the isolation between the nearest neighbours. The degree of isolation of the fragments underwent a process of expansion and reduction when compared to 1991, presenting results that support the hypothesis that the Atlantic Forest is in a process of stabilisation and forest restoration.     

海南岛中部山区自然植被演变阶段物种多样性分析

运用α和β物种多样性指数分析热带地区海南中部山区草地、灌丛、次生林和原始林植被演替过程中物种多样性变化规律。结果表明,物种丰富度指数、Margalef's指数和Shannon-Wiener指数能较好地反映不同演替阶段间的物种多样性大小差异;而Alatalo均匀度指数能较好反映物种分布变化。从草地到原始林阶段,群落α物种多样性呈连续增大趋势。Jac-card和Srenson相异性指数能较好地反映不同演替阶段群落间的物种更替,且呈单峰曲线变化,在灌丛与次生林过渡阶段最大。     

Organic and inorganic sulfur transport in the xylem sap and the sulfur budget of Picea abies trees

Temporal changes in inorganic and organic sulfur compounds (sulfate, glutathione, cysteine, methionine) were analyzed in xylem sap of 40-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees growing on acidic soils at a healthy and a declining stand in the Fichtelgebirge (North Bavaria, Germany). Studies were carried out (1) to quantify glutathione (GSH) transport in the xylem of spruce, (2) to study the significance of reduced sulfur versus sulfate (SO(4) (2-)) transport in the xylem, and (3) to compare total sulfur (S) transport in the xylem with the amount of foliar uptake of SO(2) in an air-polluted environment. Glutathione was the main reduced S compound in the xylem ranging in concentration from 0.5 to 5 &mgr;mol l(-1). Concentrations of inorganic SO(4) (2-) in the xylem sap were up to 50 times higher than those of GSH ranging from 60 to 230 &mgr;mol l(-1). During the growing season, concentrations of all S compounds in the xylem were highest in May (up to 246 &mgr;mol l(-1)) and decreased during summer and fall (up to 21 &mgr;mol l(-1)). On average, SO(4) (2-) concentrations in xylem sap were 30% higher at the declining site compared with the healthy site. Diurnal changes in organic S compounds were significant for GSH and cysteine with high concentrations during the night and low concentrations during the day. Diurnal changes in inorganic concentrations were not significant. Xylem sap concentrations of SO(4) (2-) and cysteine were twice as high and GSH concentrations were tenfold higher in surface roots than in branches. At both sites, transport of organic S was low (up to 3% of total S) compared to transport of SO(4) (2-). Annual transport of total S in the xylem (SO(4) (2-) was the main component) ranged from 60 to 197 mmol tree(-1) year(-1) at the healthy site and from 123 to 239 mmol tree(-1) year(-1) at the declining site. Although gaseous uptake of SO(2) was estimated to be similar at both sites (38 mmol tree(-1) year(-1); Horn et al. 1989), the ratio between annual gaseous uptake of SO(2) and transport of S in the xylem was 1:4 and 1:5 at the healthy and declining sites, respectively.     

基于RS的长株潭绿心区植被覆盖动态变化研究

以2000年、2005年、2011年3个时期的landsat5TM遥感影像为数据源,利用像元二分法模型反演三个时期的植被覆盖度,并研究3期植被覆盖度变化特征、植被覆盖度转移矩阵。结果表明:研究区植被覆盖状况良好,3期Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级植被覆盖度(f_c0.5)区域的面积和占总面积百分比均为79%以上。2000—2011年,研究区植被覆盖度总体呈下降趋势,2000年平均植被覆盖度为0.78,2005年平均植被覆盖度为0.72,2011年平均植被覆盖度为0.70。     

长株潭核心区植被覆盖度动态监测与分析

以2000年Landsat5、2013年Landsat8两个时相遥感影像,利用像元二分法模型反演获得2个时期的植被覆盖度,并通过研究区域内2期植被覆盖度的时空变化特征、近13年的区域植被覆盖度转移矩阵、植被改善/退化状况及驱动力,定量分析了长株潭核心区13年植被覆盖度的时序变化和空间分布特征.研究结果表明:长株潭核心区近13年植被覆盖度保持总体稳定并有所改善,平均覆盖度由2000年的0.573 9上升到2013年的0.601 5,植被退化区主要集中在长沙、株洲、湘潭3市城区及周边区域,另外长株潭绿心区植被覆盖度也有小幅下降;长株潭核心区植被覆盖与气候变化有一定关联,但人口增长、土地利用类型变化、城市化进程以及政策等人为因素是影响植被覆盖变化的主要因素.     

Soil water carrying capacity of vegetation in the northeast of Ulan Buh Desert, China

The dynamic change of soil water as a function of leaf area index and the soil water deficit value, prerequisites for assuring the survival of plants, were simulated. We established a dynamic soil water model based on a theory of water balance, the characteristics of the environment, and the physiological ecology of the plants in the Ulan Buh Desert, northwestern China. We estimated the soil water carrying capacity of the vegetation in our study area of the desert. The results showed that the proportion of soil evaporation in the total amount of precipitation was greater than 60% in the wandering and semifixed sands and 44.8%in the fixed sand. When the leaf area index was less than 1.7 m²/m², the soil water deficit was maintained at a low level, but when the leaf area index continued to increase, the soil water deficit increased rapidly as well. In consequence, we come to the conclusion that the leaf area index of the soil water carrying capacity of the vegetation is 1.7 m²/m² in our study area. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2008, 44(9): 13–19 [译自: 林业科学]     

湖南主要经济林树种滞留PM2.5等颗粒污染物能力研究

以湖南省7种常见经济林树种为研究对象,研究其在单位叶面积上对空气中PM2.5等颗粒物的滞留量,为揭示湖南省主要经济林树种降低空气中PM2.5等颗粒污染物能力提供科学依据。结果表明:不同树种单位叶面积吸附PM2.5的量各不相同,主要受其叶表微结构、枝叶密集度、叶质地、叶面倾角等因素的影响。各树种单位叶面积吸附PM2.5量由大到小排序依次为板栗(0.144μg/cm~2)、柑橘(0.038μg/cm~2)、油茶(0.034μg/cm~2)、花椒(0.03μg/cm~2)、枣(0.029μg/cm~2)、杜仲(0.023μg/cm~2)、光皮树(0.019μg/cm~2)。各树种单位叶面积吸附TSP、PM1、PM10量大小排序规律基本相同。板栗单位叶面积吸附TSP、PM1、PM10量最大,分别达到1.088、0.04、0.47μg/cm~2,光皮树单位叶面积吸附的TSP、PM1、PM10量最小,分别为0.119、0.006、0.048μg/cm~2。就叶习性而言,单位叶面积吸附的TSP、PM1、PM10、PM2.5量表现为常绿树种大于落叶树种。     

Response of LAI-2000 estimates to changes in plant surface area index in a Scots pine stand

We assessed the accuracy with which the LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer measured changes in leaf area index (LAI) and plant area index (PAI) in a 25-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand. Stand density was 2100 stems ha(-1) and mean tree height was 8.7 m. Needle and branch areas of the stand were reduced progressively to zero by the stepwise removal of branches on all trees growing in a circular plot with a radius of 25 m. An LAI-2000 estimate was taken after each step reduction. The needle and branch surface areas removed at each step were estimated from direct measurements and were compared with the changes in the LAI-2000 estimates. Initially (before removal of branches), directly measured PAI was 5.2 (needles = 86%, branches = 8% and stems = 6%). The LAI-2000 estimate of total surface area was 66% of direct PAI and 77% of direct LAI. There was a nonlinear relationship between the LAI-2000 estimate and directly measured PAI, such that their ratio (equivalent to the clumping factor) increased from 0.66 to 1.05 with decreasing PAI. At the last measurement, when only stems were left, the LAI-2000 estimate agreed well with the direct measurement of PAI. The LAI-2000 underestimated the direct measurement of LAI at the first three steps when LAI was > 2 and the proportion of woody area was small (< 20%). However, because the LAI-2000 estimate included stem and branch areas, it overestimated the direct measurement of LAI at the last three measurements when the proportion of woody area was large (> 20%).     

遥感技术在火监测中的应用研究综述

火是地球表面频繁发生的异变现象,也是森林、灌丛、草地等生态系统中植被演替的主要动力。植被火烧释放出来的大量气溶胶颗粒物以及各种痕量气体,会引发大气环境和全球碳循环过程的深刻改变。遥感卫星能够监测和记录全球地表信息,尤其适用于地表异变现象特别强烈的火灾事件。遥感技术在野火识别和监测中的应用主要为了实现以下4个目的:1）火点精确地理位置判定;2）在燃火线的范围制图和火场发展趋势判定;3）火烧强度评价;4）火烧迹地植被恢复监测与评价。文中总结了遥感卫星技术和数据在火险评价与制图、火点识别、火烧面积统计以及火烧迹地植被恢复评价中的应用和贡献。