不同微生物处理对连栽木麻黄根际土壤的影响

为研究微生物对连栽木麻黄根际土壤的影响,用芽孢杆菌、伯克氏菌、尖孢镰刀菌处理不同连栽代数土壤种植的盆栽木麻黄幼苗,探究盆栽木麻黄幼苗根际土壤理化性质和土壤微生物数量和多样性的变化。结果表明:芽孢杆菌处理后,盆栽木麻黄土壤全效养分和pH值变化不明显,速效养分含量明显提高,特别是速效磷在3种土壤中含量分别提高87.34%、101.06%、248.00%,根际土壤微生物数量和群落多样性均明显提高;伯克氏菌处理后,盆栽木麻黄根际土壤碱解氮含量3个代次的变化分别为增加133.90%、降低8.33%、增加28.81%,速效磷含量3个代次分别提高145.86%、81.94%、248.00%,土壤理化性质有所改善,土壤微生物群落多样性提高;镰刀菌处理后,盆栽木麻黄3个代次全磷和全钾均有明显下降趋势,速效磷、速效钾含量呈上升趋势,根际土壤微生物数量和群落多样性也有所提高。综上所述,3种处理在一定时间内均能够初步改善木麻黄根际土壤微生态环境,缓解木麻黄的连栽障碍。     

广西杉木连栽幼林根际与非根际土壤特性研究

采用配对样地法对广西连栽杉木幼林不同栽植代数(一代林G1、二代林G2)的根际土和非根际土进行了土壤特性的分析研究,为连栽杉木人工林经营与可持续发展提供理论依据。结果表明:土壤pH值、有机质、全N、全P、水解性N、有效P、速效K、交换性Ca~(2+)、有效Fe、有效Mn含量均表现为G2G1,根际土(R)非根际土(S),而土壤全K含量则反之。杉木连栽对林地土壤养分状况、酶活性和微生物具有一定影响。土壤酶活性表现为G2G1,根际土(R)非根际土(S)。无论是在根际土还是非根际土,土壤微生物优势种均为细菌,微生物总数、细菌、放线菌、真菌数量表现为G1G2;栽植代数增加,细菌所占微生物总数比例下降,而放线菌所占比例则有明显增加趋势。     

小兴安岭森林湿地不同过渡带土壤微生物群落结构研究

土壤微生物群落是生态功能的基础。为了揭示土壤微生物群落结构对森林湿地不同过渡带生境的响应,以小兴安岭的退化森林湿地为研究对象,沿森林至沼泽过渡带环境依次分布的4种典型沼泽湿地:白桦-落叶松(Betula platyphylla-Larix olgensis)、毛赤杨(Alnus sibirica)、油桦(Betula ovalifolia)、苔草(Carex schmidtii)分别采集0~10 cm土壤样品。采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)生物标记法分析不同过渡带土壤微生物群落结构的变化规律。结果表明:不同过渡带土壤中共检测到57种PLFA生物标记,PLFA总含量在4.06~11.06/μg/g之间,优势PLFA生物标记是16:0N ALCOHOL、16:0、18:1ω7c和16:1ω7c。土壤微生物PLFA的种类和总量沿森林至沼泽过渡带环境梯度递减,即白桦-落叶松毛赤杨油桦苔草土壤。细菌、真菌PLFA含量变化趋势与PLFA总量一致,放线菌的PLFA含量表现为白桦-落叶松油桦毛赤杨苔草土壤。土壤微生物多样性指数的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson丰富度指数在白桦-落叶松、油桦沼泽湿地中显著大于其他土壤,而土壤微生物的Pielou指数表现为油桦、苔草土壤显著大于其他土壤。RDA分析表明土壤有效氮含量、p H是影响土壤微生物群落的重要因子。总之,不同过渡带的土壤微生物群落结构存在差异,在监测和治理小兴安岭森林湿地生态系统时应考虑土壤微生物群落的空间分布特征。     

青海不同林分土壤微生物群落结构(PLFA)

【目的】研究青海省7种林分类型土壤微生物群落组成的变化规律,从微生物的角度为该区森林土壤资源的科学管理与评价以及林分结构调整和生态系统更新、恢复与重建提供科学依据。【方法】利用常规实验室分析和磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acids,PLFAs)分析法对青海省云杉、白桦、落叶松和山杨组成的7种不同林分类型(大通青海云杉天然林A、大通白桦次生林B、湟中白桦青海云杉天然混交林C、乐都落叶松白桦天然混交林D、民和山杨人工林E、循化山杨白桦次生林F、尖扎青海云杉天然林G)表层土壤(0~20 cm)的土壤理化特征和微生物量及微生物群落结构的组成进行分析,并探索土壤微生物各菌群与土壤理化特性间的相关性。【结果】研究区不同林分类型土壤中共检测到17种PLFA生物标记,且PLFA生物标记的种类不尽相同,在A和B林分种类最多,而G林分种类最少;7种林分类型土壤中含量最高的PLFA生物标记是16:0,最丰富的脂肪酸种类是饱和脂肪酸;土壤微生物PLFA总量表现为B林分最高,G最低;细菌PLFA含量总体表现为阔叶林最高、针阔混交林其次,针叶林最低,真菌的PLFA含量明显表现为阔叶林混交林针叶林,且细菌的分布量显著大于真菌;7种林分类型土壤微生物多样性指数Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数在F和G林分中显著小于其他类型,而McIntosh指数表现为A,B和D显著大于其他处理;主成分分析表明广义细菌和革兰氏阳性菌是土壤微生物群落类群的主要成分;冗余分析表明pH值、土壤含水量和细根生物量对土壤微生物群落的影响最大,其次为土壤有机碳含量、土壤密度和凋落物现存量。【结论】不同林分类型土壤微生物群落特征及其影响因子存在显著差异,在管理和利用森林生态系统时应考虑土壤微生物群落的变化特征,以便制定出合理的森林管理利用措施。     

广西桉树人工林根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性

为了揭示广西主要桉树人工林种植区桉树根际土壤微生物群落的功能多样性差异,借助BIOLOG检测法,比较了广西5个地区的桉树根际土壤微生物的群落特征。结果表明:各样点土壤微生物碳源平均颜色变化率排序为梧州样点(WZ)田林样点(TL)吴圩样点(WX)鹿寨样点(LZ)宁明样点(NM);5个地区的根际土壤中微生物群落碳源利用类型和微生物代谢多样性指数(丰富度和多样性)具有明显的分异,对根际土主成分1起分异作用的碳源为糖类及其衍生物、氨基酸类和羧酸类物质;5个地区的桉树根际土壤微生物群落功能性之间的差异显著,梧州样点土壤微生物活性和功能多样性最高。     

萌芽更新对桉树根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

本文以桉树新造林、一代萌芽更新林、二代萌芽更新林根际土壤微生物为研究对象,采用Biolog方法测定了萌芽更新对桉树根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明：随着培养时间的延长,各样点土壤微生物利用碳源的能力呈上升趋势,土壤微生物碳源平均颜色变化率排序为一代萌芽林〉二代萌芽林〉新造林;一代、二代萌芽林和新造林根际土壤中微生物群落具有明显的分异,起分异作用的主要碳源分别为羧酸类物质、多聚物类和氨基酸类;不同萌芽代数根际土壤中被利用碳源的丰富度和多样性指数之间的差异不显著。     

长期粗放经营毛竹林土壤微生物群落演变特征

[目的]通过分析土壤微生物生物量及群落结构的演变趋势,筛选影响土壤微生物群落的关键环境因子,揭示土壤微生物群落对毛竹林长期粗放经营的响应机理。[方法]选取不同粗放经营年限(5 a、9 a、15 a、18 a)毛竹林,以天然马尾松林(Masson pine,MP)作为对照,采用磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid fatty acids,PLFA)分析方法表征土壤微生物量及群落结构。[结果]结果表明,毛竹林土壤微生物总PLFA含量以及细菌、真菌、放线菌等PLFA含量均显著低于马尾松林(P0.05),但不同经营年限毛竹林之间没有显著差异。土壤碱解氮及有效磷含量对土壤微生物总PLFA含量以及细菌、真菌、原生动物等PLFA含量影响显著(P0.05),而土壤碱解氮、p H值以及有机质含量对放线菌PLFA含量影响显著(P0.05)。长期粗放经营过程中毛竹林土壤微生物丰富度及多样性均呈逐渐下降趋势。非度量多维尺度转换排序(Non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)分析结果表明,毛竹林土壤微生物群落结构与马尾松林有明显区分(R=0.388 1,P=0.009)。土壤含水量、碱解氮、有效磷以及p H值合计解释了90.28%的微生物群落结构变异量,其中土壤含水量、碱解氮、有效磷贡献显著(P0.05)。[结论]长期粗放经营降低了毛竹林土壤微生物量,改变了群落结构,其生态风险还有待于进一步评估。     

根际促生细菌(PGPR)对冬枣根际土壤微生物数量及细菌多样性影响

从6年生冬枣根际土壤中筛选出1株根际促生细菌(PGPR),以发酵鸡粪(DC)为吸附载体制成PGPR生物肥(PF),利用传统的氯仿熏蒸法和现代的T-RFLP技术,从冬枣根际土壤中可培养微生物的数量、细菌群落多样性和微生物量碳的动态变化3个方面,分析PF、普通生物肥料(NF)和DC对冬枣根际土壤微生物特征的影响.结果表明:同NF处理相比,PF处理中的细菌数量和微生物总量显著增加,真菌数量显著减少,但放线菌数量差异不显著.PF处理根际土壤具有较高的丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数.基于T-RFLP的主成分分析结果表明:PF处理的细菌群落结构成为1个独立的群,NF,DC和CK处理构成1个相对独立的群.此外,同其他试验处理相比,PF可相对稳定地提供冬枣生长周期内的微生物生物量碳.PGPR生物肥料的施用可提高可培养微生物数量,提高根际土壤中微生物多样性,有效改善冬枣根际土壤的微生态环境.     

毛棉杜鹃根际与非根际土壤微生物群落多样性

【目的】通过研究深圳梧桐山毛棉杜鹃土壤理化性质、根际与非根际土壤微生物群落特征,为探究毛棉杜鹃根际土壤微生态提供理论依据。【方法】以毛棉杜鹃根际(R)与非根际(NR)土壤为研究对象,测定其土壤理化指标,同时利用高通量测序技术分析土壤细菌、真菌群落特征。【结果】1)根际与非根际土壤均为微酸性,且根际明显低于非根际(P<0.05),根际土壤速效磷显著高于非根际土壤(P<0.05),根际土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮等均高于非根际土壤,但无显著性差异。2)根际细菌分别注释到23门291种,非根际注释到25门305种;而根际真菌注释到8门520种,非根际真菌注释到8门,518种。3)根际与非根际优势细菌门均为酸杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门、绿弯菌门等。土壤优势真菌均为子囊菌门、担子菌门以及被孢菌门等。毛棉杜鹃根际与非根际优势细菌目,主要为Subgroup＿2、酸杆菌目、Solibacterales、根瘤菌目等。根际与非根际优势真菌目主要是散囊菌目、肉座菌目、蜡壳耳目等。4)丰富度指数及多样性指数结果表明：根际与非根际细菌、真菌无显著性差异,而β多样性分析则表明,根际与非根际在土壤细菌以及真...     

木麻黄连栽对沿海沙地土壤养分含量及酶活性的影响

选择东山 1代、2代和惠安 1代、2代、3代林分为研究对象 ,分别采集土壤进行对比研究。结果表明 ,木麻黄多代连栽后 :( 1 )随着栽植代数的增加 ,沙地土壤的pH值表现为降低趋势 ,而土壤的水解性总酸度、交换性总酸度、交换性氢和交换性铝含量等指标随着木麻黄连栽代数的增加而增大 ;( 2 )沙地土壤中水解性氮、铵态氮、有效磷、速效钾、全碳和全氮的含量随着代数的增加而降低 ,而且木麻黄连栽对表层土壤中上述养分的降低更为显著 ,但木麻黄连栽对缓效钾的影响并不明显。 ( 3 )土壤中阳离子交换总量逐代增大 ,这主要与交换性钙和水解性总酸度逐代增大有关。 ( 4 )沙地土壤中脲酶的活性没有明显的变化 ,而磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性则随代数的增加而降低。     

Effects of Different Forest Fire Intensities on Microbial Community Functional Diversity in Forest Soil in Daxing’anling

Microbial community functional diversity is a sensitive indicator of soil.Forest fires can change microbial community functional diversity.In this research,the fired soil samples were collected from Huzhong of Daxing’anling in Heilongjiang Province. The functional diversity of soil microbial community was detected by BIOLOG system.The average well color development(AWCD) in BIOLOG plates indicated the ability of carbon substrate utilization of microbial community.The indices of Shannon, Simpson and Mcintosh were calculated to show the richness,dominance and evenness of the functional diversity,and the principal component analysis of substrate reactions reflected the main carbon sources utilized by microbial community.The results showed that all the samples exhibited the reduction of AWCD during the first 144 hours of incubation,but there were obvious differences in the reduction degree among the samples.All kinds of fire intensities could influence microbial community functional diversity. The low fire intensity increased the richness (Shannon),dominance(Simpson) and evenness (Mcintosh) of microbial community.However,the intermediate and high fire intensity reduced these parameters,suggesting that the burned soil emitted gaseous nitrogen,a number of organic carbon and available phosphorus,which caused the reduction of the microorganism in quantity and type,and change in soil ingredients.The organic material reduced in the burned soil,in the same time,the pH values rose,which changed environment in which microorganism lives.The changed environment might not be conducive to activities of the microorganism.The principal component analysis showed that the main carbon sources for soil microbes were carbohydrates and amino acids and the carbon substrate utilization patterns in different samples were significant different.The results indicated that functional diversity of soil microbes were altered by forest fires,and the ability of microbes to utilize carbon source and the type of carbon sources were affected by dif     

不同林火强度对大兴安岭偃松林土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

采用BIOLOG方法研究黑龙江省大兴安岭地区呼中林区不同林火强度对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响。在培养144h达到对数增长期的土样中,土壤微生物的碳源利用率因不同林火强度火烧而不同。高、中、低火烧强度均影响微生物群落多样性,特别是低强度火烧能提高微生物物种丰富度(Shannon指数)、物种优势度(Simpson指数)及群落均匀度(McIntosh指数);而中、高强度火烧使指数降低,这可能是由于土壤经过高温高热的灼烧,挥发了大量的气态氮、有机碳、速效磷,使火烧后土壤中的微生物数量、多样性锐减,并使成分发生改变,土壤中的有机质含量减少,同时,火后土壤的pH值升高,使微生物生存环境发生了变化,不利于微生物的活动。主成分分析表明:不同处理土壤微生物主要利用氨基酸类和糖类碳源,但不同火烧强度对微生物群落在碳源的利用上存在着较大的差异。林火可以改变土壤微生物功能多样性,不同林火强度使土壤微生物群落在碳源利用能力、利用类型以及群落的多样性上产生了较大的分异。     

荧光假单胞菌与红绒盖牛肝菌共接种对杨树根际土壤酶活性及微生物多样性的影响

【目的】探究荧光假单胞菌与红绒盖牛肝菌共接种条件下NL-895杨根际土壤酶活性和土壤微生物功能多样性的变化,从微生态水平揭示溶磷细菌与外生菌根真菌互作对NL-895杨的促生机制。【方法】采用盆栽试验考察荧光假单胞菌JW-JS1与红绒盖牛肝菌(Xc)共接种后NL-895杨根际土壤酶(酸性磷酸酶、脱氢酶和转化酶)的活性变化,并通过BIOLOG微孔板法分析共接种对NL-895杨根际土壤微生物群落和功能多样性的影响。【结果】从整体趋势来看,不同接种处理后NL-895杨根际土壤酶活性均有所增强,土壤酸性磷酸酶、脱氢酶和转化酶活性均大于对照,其中,共接种JW-JS1+Xc处理对土壤酸性磷酸酶和转化酶活性的促进最为明显;接种150天后,不同接种处理土壤微生物的AWCD值均高于CK(培养24～48 h除外),且随着培养时间的延长呈先上升后稳定的趋势;培养96 h后,共接种JW-JS1+Xc处理土壤微生物McIntosh优势度指数和碳源利用丰富度指数显著高于单接种Xc或JW-JS1和CK(P<0.05),而Shannon丰富度指数和Simpson优势度指数显著低于单接种Xc或JW-JS1和CK(P<0.05);不同接种处理NL-895杨根际土壤微生物对BIOLOG微孔板中6大类碳源的利用能力差异显著(P<0.05)。【结论】荧光假单胞菌JW-JS1与外生菌根真菌Xc共接种对NL-895杨根际土壤酶活性和土壤微生物功能多样性的提高具有一定的促进作用,有利于其土壤肥力的改善,进而促进NL-895杨的生长。与单接种相比,溶磷细菌与外生菌根真菌共接种可更有效地提高杨树根际土壤酶活性和土壤微生物多样性。     

历山典型植被土壤碳代谢指纹特征与差异

【目的】研究不同海拔典型森林土壤中土壤微生物碳代谢特征与差异。【方法】在山西省历山选取了7种典型植物群落,即亚高山草甸(C1),华山松纯林(C2),红桦、榆树、五角枫、辽东栎阔叶混交林(C3),榆树、核桃楸、青皮椴、辽东栎阔叶混交林(C4),白桦、青皮椴、核桃楸、华北落叶松、油松针阔混交林(C5),白皮松、油松针叶混交林(C6)、油松纯林(C7)作为实验样地。采用BIOLOG技术,研究其碳代谢指纹的特征与差异。【结果】结果表明:反映微生物活性的平均颜色变化率(average well color development,AWCD)的大小顺序为C5> C1> C4> C3> C6> C7> C2,且相互之间差异显著(P <0.05),即白桦、青皮椴、核桃楸、华北落叶松、油松针阔混交林土壤中微生物群落利用碳源的能力最强,华山松纯林最低;土壤微生物代谢多样性指数同样反映这一规律。【结论】1)各植被类型下土壤微生物群落对各碳源的利用的主成分分析研究结果表明,不同植被类型下土壤微生物代谢碳源程度各异。2)综合31种碳源的利用,碳水化合利用率最高,其次依次为氨基酸、羧酸类、多聚类、酚酸类,胺类碳源的利用率最小。3)土壤微生物代谢多样性与海拔梯度并无规律性关系,而与地上植物的种类和数量密切相关。     

Characteristics of soil microbial biomass and community composition in Pinus yunnanensis var. Tenuifolia secondary forests

Pinus yunnanensis var. Tenuifolia is an important species of timber and grease in southern China, but the characteristics of the soil microbial community in P. yunnanensis var. natural secondary forests are still poorly understood. Using a fumigation-extraction method and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, we study microbial biomass and community composition in the topsoil (0–10 cm) of three types of secondary forests (PYI, PYII, PYIII) dominated by P. yunnanensis var. to varing degrees. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, total PLFA, and PLFA contents of bacterial, fungal, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were significantly lower in PYI than PYII or PYIII, and there were significant differences in the monounsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio among the tested forests. Principal component analysis indicated that the soil microbial community structure of the tested forests differed significantly. The changes in soil microbial biomass and community composition were positively correlated with soil water content, pH, organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus. Season did not significantly affect the soil microbial community structure, but significantly affected soil microbial biomass, SOM, and TN, which were higher in the dry season than in the wet season.     

Changes in soil microbial community and activity in warm temperate forests invaded by moso bamboo (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllostachys pubescens</Emphasis>)

In the past few decades, moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forests in Japan have rapidly expanded, and moso bamboo is now invading nearby native forests. In this study, we assessed the effects of moso bamboo invasion on the soil microbial community and activity in warm temperate forests in western Japan. We sampled soil, measured soil microbial respiration, and used phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis to examine changes in microbial community composition. We found that the invasion of bamboo into the native secondary forest of Japan can cause changes to some soil properties. We also observed a significant difference in soil microbial community composition between the bamboo and native forests. The ratio of bacterial PLFA to fungal PLFA was significantly higher after bamboo invasion, while bacterial PLFA contents were significantly lower in the organic layer. Soil microbial respiration rates significantly decreased in the organic layer, and significantly increased in the mineral layer. Microbial respiration activity, as indicated by soil microbial respiration rates per total PLFA content, decreased in the organic layer but increased in the mineral layer after bamboo invasion. These results indicate that bamboo invasion significantly affects associated soil microbial communities and decomposition patterns of soil organic matter.     

寒温带森林根际土壤微生物量碳氮含量生长季内动态变化

【目的】研究寒温带森林根际土壤微生物量碳氮含量的动态变化,为揭示森林土壤碳氮养分利用机制和碳氮循环提供参考,为研究区森林保护与合理经营提供科学依据。【方法】以我国寒温带针阔混交林为研究对象,选择主要组成树种樟子松、兴安落叶松、白桦和山杨,采用抖落法采集根际和非根际土壤样品,对土壤微生物量碳氮含量动态特征进行研究,探讨不同树种根际土壤微生物量碳氮的富集程度、差异性和生长季变化以及其对土壤营养库的贡献率。【结果】不同树种根际土壤微生物量碳氮含量月际变化差异显著,根际土壤微生物量碳含量波动范围为114.14~451.05 mg ·kg -1 ,氮含量波动范围为40.38~185.00 mg ·kg -1 。根际土壤微生物量碳富集率依次为樟子松(87.99%)>白桦(78.22%)>兴安落叶松(73.14%)>山杨(56.96%),微生物量氮富集率依次为山杨(81.50%)>白桦(77.63%)>樟子松(76.42%)>兴安落叶松(51.40%)。土壤微生物量碳氮比为1.42~5.24,樟子松、兴安落叶松、白桦、山杨根际和非根际土壤微生物量碳氮比生长季变幅分别为1.42~5.24、1.57~3.79、1.67~4.55、1.55~2.59和1.79~3.53,其均值分别为2.64、2.63、2.81、2.11和2.36。根际微生物量碳对土壤有机碳库的贡献率为0.83%~0.95%,微生物量氮对土壤有机氮库的贡献率为3.63%~5.08%。【结论】寒温带针阔混交林主要树种生长季根际土壤微生物量碳氮含量均显著高于非根际,根际效应显著;在生长季末期,针叶树种根际效应相比阔叶树种更为强烈;针叶树种根际土壤微生物量对土壤结构和功能的影响高于阔叶树种。     

Effects of phenolic acids on soil nitrogen mineralization over successive rotations in Chinese fir plantations

Phenolic acids are secondary metabolites of plants that significantly affect nutrient cycling processes.To investigate such effects,the soil available nitrogen(N)content,phenolic acid content,and net N mineralization rate in three successive rotations of Chinese fir plantations in subtropical China were investigated.Net N mineralization and nitrification rates in soils treated with phenolic acids were measured in an ex situ experiment.Compared with first-rotation plantations(FCP),the contents of total soil nitrogen and nitrate in second(SCP)-and third-rotation plantations(TCP)decreased,and that of soil ammonium increased.Soil net N mineralization rates in the second-and third-rotation plantations also increased by 17.8%and 39.9%,respectively.In contrast,soil net nitrification rates decreased by 18.0%and 25.0%,respectively.The concentrations of total phenolic acids in the FCP soils(123.22±6.02 nmol g^-1)were 3.0%and 17.9%higher than in the SCP(119.68±11.69 nmol g^-1)and TCP(104.51±8.57 nmol g^-1,respectively).The total content of phenolic acids was significantly correlated with the rates of net soil N mineralization and net nitrification.The ex situ experiment showed that the net N mineralization rates in soils treated with high(HCPA,0.07 mg N kg^-1 day^-1)and low(LCPA,0.18 mg N kg^-1 day^-1)concentrations of phenolic acids significantly decreased by 78.6%and 42.6%,respectively,comparing with that in control(0.32 mg N kg^-1 day^-1).Soil net nitrification rates under HCPA and LCPA were significantly higher than that of the control.The results suggested that low contents of phenolic acids in soil over successive rotations increased soil net N mineralization rates and decreased net nitrification rates,leading to consequent reductions in the nitrate content and enhancement of the ammonium content,then resulting in enhancing the conservation of soil N of successive rotations in Chinese fir plantation.     

Nitrogen application and intercropping change microbial community diversity and physicochemical characteristics in mulberry and alfalfa rhizosphere soil

Intercropping of mulberry(Morus alba L.)and alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) is a new forestry-grass compound model in China,which can provide high forage yields with high protein.Nitrogen application is one of the important factors determining the production and quality of this system.To elucidate the advantages of intercropping and nitrogen application,we analyzed the changes of physicochemical properties,enzyme activities,and microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil.We used principal components analysis(PCA) and redundancy discriminators analysis to clarify the relationships among treatments and between treatments and environmental factors,respectively.The results showed that nitrogen application significantly increased pH value,available nitrogen content,soil water content(SWC),and urea(URE) activity in rhizosphere soil of monoculture mulberry.In contrast,intercropping and intercropping+N significantly decreased pH and SWC in mulberry treatments.Nitrogen,intercropping and intercropping+N sharply reduced soil organic matter content and SWC in alfalfa treatments.Nitrogen,intercropping,and intercropping+N increased the values of McIntosh diversity(U),Simpson diversity(D),and Shannon-Weaver diversity(H') in mulberry treatments.However,PC A scatter plots showed clustering of monoculture mulberry with nitrogen(MNE) and intercropping mulberry without nitrogen(M0).Intercropping reduced both H' and D but nitrogen application showed no effect on diversity of microbial communities in alfalfa.There were obvious differences in using the six types of carbon sources between mulberry and alfalfa treatments.Nitrogen and intercropping increased the numbers of sole carbon substrate in mulberry treatments where the relative use rate exceeded 4%.While the numbers declined in alfalfa with nitrogen and intercropping.RDA indicated that URE was positive when intercropping mulberry was treated with nitrogen,but was negative in monoculture alfalfa treated with nitrogen.Soil pH and SWC were positive with mulberry treatments but were negative with alfalfa treatments.Intercropping with alfalfa benefited mulberry in the absence of nitrogen application.Intercropping with alfalfa and nitrogen application could improve the microbial community function and diversity in rhizosphere soil of mulberry.The microbial community in rhizosphere soil of mulberry and alfalfa is strategically complementary in terms of using carbon sources.