浙江天童国家森林公园木荷演替更新特性的研究

通过15年的定位研究和相关调查，试验，探讨了木荷的更新特性，生长过程及在植被演替过程中的特点，认为木荷具有易更新，生长快且分布于群落演替的各个阶段的特点，对地区的植被恢复具有重要意义。同时，结合生产实践，为地区生态公益林的建设提出了建议。     

威宁森林火灾与气象条件的相互关系研究

利用威宁冬春林火资料及同期气象资料,从影响森林火灾发生的气象因子着手,分析了气象条件对森林火灾发生的影响和作用,揭示了二者间的相互关系,建立了简单而又直观的气候干燥度公式,计算了可燃物潜在火险程度的等级指标,为林火预测预报提供了科学依据。     

Forest fire in India: a review of the knowledge base

Forest fire has profound impacts on atmospheric chemistry, biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem structure. This feedback interaction may be hastened in climate change scenarios. In view of this, the present day knowledge about the forest fire condition in India has been reviewed. Operational monitoring, geospatial modelling and climate change uncertainties are discussed. Indicators for forest fire assessment and the role of geoinformatics tools in developing those parameters are identified. The need for developing an adaptive management strategy from the existing experience is emphasized, and specific points are recommended sector-wise with short- and long-term visions.     

STUDY ON RELATIONS BETWEEN HEAVY-DISASTER-PERIOD OF FOREST FIRE ACTIVITY AND SUNSPOT ACTIVITY, SSTA

TheprojectwassupportedbyChinaNaturalScienceFund.INTRoDUCTIoNOursocietyhascomeintoaperiodofhighdevelopedscienceandtechnology,nevertheless,it'sapitythatmankindhasn'tfreedhimselffrompassiveandblindcondi-tionthatforestfirewaspreventedandcon-trolledonlargescale.Particufarly,sofarthebasiclawsofinter-annualchangesofforestfirehasnotbeenknown.Itremainsperplexingwhyheavy-disaster-periodofforestfire(HDPFF)inacertainregionreappearseveryafewyearsandlastsforl-2yearswithgreatlossofforestresource.A1th…     

大气CO2升高和气候变化对森林的影响——国内近五年研究概况

本概述了国内过去５年中,在大气ＣＯ２倍增和气候变化条件下,对树木个体,森林生产力,森植被带影响的研究。     

Exploring adaptation to climate change in the forests of central Nova Scotia, Canada

The threat of climate change is now recognized as an imminent issue at the forefront of the forest sector. Incorporating adaptation to climate change into forest management will be vital in the continual and sustainable provision of forest ecosystem services. The objective of this study is to investigate climate change adaptation in forest management using the landscape disturbance model LANDIS-II. The study area was comprised of 14,000 ha of forested watersheds in central Nova Scotia, Canada, managed by Halifax Water, the municipal water utility. Simulated climate change adaptation was directed towards three components of timber harvesting: the canopy-opening size of harvests, the age of harvested trees within a stand, and the species composition of harvested trees within a stand. These three adaptation treatments were simulated singly and in combination with each other in the modeling experiment. The timber supply was found to benefit from climate change in the absence of any adaptation treatment, though there was a loss of target tree species and old growth forest. In the age treatment, all trees in a harvested stand at or below the age of sexual maturity were exempt from harvesting. This was done to promote more-rapid succession to climax forest communities typical of the study area. It was the most effective in maintaining the timber supply, but least effective in promoting resistance to climate change at the prescribed harvest intensity. In the composition treatment, individual tree species were selected for harvest based on their response to climate change in previous research and on management values at Halifax Water to progressively facilitate forest transition under the altered climate. This proved the most effective treatment for maximizing forest age and old-growth area and for promoting stands composed of climatically suited target species. The size treatment was aimed towards building stand complexity and resilience to climate change, and was the most influential treatment on the response of timber supply, forest age, and forest composition to timber harvest when it was combined with other treatments. The combination of all three adaptation treatments yielded an adequate representation of target species and old forest without overly diminishing the timber supply, and was therefore the most effective in minimizing the trade-offs between management values and objectives. These findings support a diverse and multi-faceted approach to climate change adaptation.     

森林植物及其产品产地检疫刍议

简要回顾了杭州市余杭区森林植物产地检疫的发展，对当前面临的新形势和存在的问题进行了分析，并提出了在市场经济条件下，如何进一步搞好产地检疫的对策与措施。     

林火发生对土壤集中酶活性变化的影响

对贵州兴仁梨树坪林场杉木林林火影响下土壤的酶活性进行了研究,结果表明:林火对林地土壤的酶活性会产生极显著的影响.在林火发生的初期,土壤酶活性受到了抑制,之后土壤酶活性得到显著促进,土壤中养分的释放得到加强,但同时也抑制了土壤腐殖物质的积累过程,因此林火发生之后需要及时进行林地清理,并及时补栽造林,以保持林地土壤肥力的可...     

北方森林林火发生驱动因子及其变化趋势研究进展

北方森林作为气候变化最敏感的陆地生态系统之一,近些年来随着林区气候变暖,林火发生的数量和过火面积都呈显著的增加趋势,因此研究北方森林林火发生驱动因子及其变化趋势对维护其生态系统的稳定具有重要意义。文中主要从北方森林林火发生的主要控制因子和未来气候变暖条件下林火发生的预测方法及变化趋势进行综述。研究结果表明,林火的驱动因子既包括在大尺度上气候的作用,也包含植被、地形、可燃物和人类活动等局部尺度的影响。近几年来对气候变暖下林火状况趋势预测更倾向综合考虑气候和局部控制因子的作用。对我国而言,需要在更大的区域尺度上开展林火发生预测的研究。研究认为,北方森林林火变化趋势及预测研究的关键问题在于如何在不同空间尺度上确立林火发生的关键控制因子以及完善现有的林火预测方法。     

Wildfires,responsibility and trust: public understanding of Sweden's largest wildfire

Wildfires present a growing risk to many countries, and climate change is likely to exacerbate this risk. This study analyzes how people directly affected by a wildfire understand its causes and consequences, as well as the future risk of wildfires. The point of departure is that social understanding of wildfires has an important influence on the consequences that emerge in the wake of a wildfire. The empirical case analyzed here is the largest forest fire in modern Swedish history, and the material basis of the study is a postal survey to all individuals directly affected by the fire. The results revealed a complex picture of the respondents’ understanding of the wildfire. Even if the fire was human caused, there was little blame toward forest companies and fire departments. Many positive consequences, such as a long-term increase in biodiversity, were attached to the disaster, and there was a belief that organizations will learn from it and take action to limit wildfires in the future. Simultaneously, the majority of the respondents believed that climate change may lead to an increased risk of forest fires in the future. These findings illustrate the complexity of people's perceptions of the fire and its aftermath.     

林火与气候变化研究进展

火是全球大多森林生态系统中的一个重要干扰因子, 它对大气中的温室气体和气溶胶的增加有显著影响。林火与气候变化是当前林火研究领域的热点问题。文中综述了气候变化对林火的影响和林火排放物对气候变化的影响。大量研究表明, 气候变化将导致森林火险期延长, 出现潜在极端火行为的天数增多, 森林火灾更加严重, 特别是北方森林火灾增加显著。未来的研究趋势是, 采用卫星遥感数据在大尺度上研究气候变化对林火的影响, 把林火模型与气候模式和全球植被动力学模型耦合, 构建更为复杂的林火排放模型, 以深入揭示林火与气候变化的关系。     

安徽省宜秀区人工杨树林碳储量研究

森林碳汇是指森林利用光合作用吸收大气中的CO2并以生物量的形式贮存在植物体内和土壤中的能力。近年来,随着人口的增长和经济的发展,人类排放温室气体持续增加,导致地球气候不断变暖,而森林所固有的吸收和固定CO2的功能即森林碳汇功能,能够有效地减少大气中的CO2浓度,起到减缓气候变暖的作用。本研究以安徽省宜秀区人工杨树林为研究对象,设置面积为0.24 hm2的样地一块,采取相邻格子法将其区划为20 m×30 m的乔木样方4块。在样方内进行每木检尺,每块样地选取平均标准木一株,供乔木层生物量测定,林分乔木层总生物量按转换系数进行计算。结果表明：研究地林分径级分布集中在18 cm～28 cm之间,林龄为10 a;无论在单木还是林分中,干生物量都占绝对主体地位;研究地10 a生人工杨树林乔木层每公顷碳储量为196.0016 t。     

持续干旱对森林火灾的影响研究综述

文章通过对干旱定义和对干旱等级的划分,从持续干旱对森林可燃物、火源和林火行为等方面,综合分析了持续干旱对森林火灾的影响。结果表明,持续干旱会降低可燃物的含水率,使可燃物载量和分布发生变化,对森林可燃物有较大影响;持续干旱还会影响火源,使林火强度增大,林火蔓延速度加快,火烈度增大,提高森林火灾发生的几率和森林火灾的强度。     

吉林市森林火灾损失的价值评估及森林防火工作的展望

本文通过对吉林市连续２０年森林火灾损失的价值评估测算,从中可以看出,由于２０年来的有效保护,未发生重、特大森林火灾,给吉林市旅游、环保业及农牧业等方面都带来了具大的、潜在的社会效益、生态效益。     

Integrated methodology to assess windthrow impacts on forest stands under climate change

Storms have a high potential to cause severe ecological and economic losses in forests. We performed a logistic regression analysis to create a storm damage sensitivity index for North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, based on damage data of the storm event “Kyrill”. Future storm conditions were derived from two regional climate models. We combined these measures to an impact metric, which is embedded in a broader vulnerability framework and quantifies the impacts of winter storms under climate change until 2060. Sensitivity of forest stands to windthrow was mainly driven by a high proportion of coniferous trees, a complex orography and poor quality soils. Both climate models simulated an increase in the frequency of severe storms, whereby differences between regions and models were substantial. Potential impacts will increase although they will vary among regions with the highest impacts in the mountainous regions. Our results emphasise the need for combining storm damage sensitivity with climate change signals in order to develop forest protection measures.     

Climate change and the probability of wind damage in two Swedish forests

We simulated how possible changes in wind and ground-frost climate and state of the forest due to changes in the future climate may affect the probability of exceeding critical wind speeds expected to cause wind damage within one northern and one southern study area in Sweden, respectively. The topography of the study areas was relatively gentle and the forests were dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Using estimated changes in the net primary production (NPP) due to climate change and assuming a relative change in the site productivity equal to a relative change in NPP, we simulated possible future states of the forest under gradual adjustment of the site index in response to climate change using the model The Forest Time Machine. Global climate change scenarios based on two emission scenarios and one general circulation model were downscaled to the regional level. The modified WINDA model was used to calculate the sensitivity of the forest to wind and the probability of wind damage for individual forest stands for the periods 2011–2041 and 2071–2100 and for a control period 1961–1990. This was done while taking into account effects on stability of the forest from expected changes in the occurrence of ground frost. Increasing sensitivity of the forest to wind was indicated for both study areas when adhering to recommended management rules of today. Adding also a changed wind climate further increased the probability of wind damage. Calculated probabilities of wind damage were generally higher in the southern study area than in the northern one and were explained by differences in wind climate and the state of the forests, for example with respect to tree species composition. The indicated increase in sensitivity of the forest to wind under the current management regime, and possibly increasing windiness, motivate further analysis of the effects of different management options on the probability of wind damage and what modifications of Swedish forest management are possibly warranted.     

辽宁省国家级公益林森林资源动态监测与预测

通过对2007～2011年连续5年辽宁生态公益林森林资源资源检测区内可比性小班监测数据的运算、对比、分析,研究辽宁生态公益林森林资源动态变化,分析掌握生态公益林森林资源变化的规律,并应用灰色系统理论,建立GM(1,1)模型,预测辽宁省国家级生态公益林森林资源未来5年的动态变化。     

Uncertainty of 21st century growing stocks and GHG balance of forests in British Columbia, Canada resulting from potential climate change impacts on ecosystem processes

Over the coming decades, climate change will increasingly affect forest ecosystem processes, but the future magnitude and direction of these responses is uncertain. We designed 12 scenarios combining possible changes in tree growth rates, decay rates, and area burned by wildfire with forecasts of future harvest to quantify the uncertainty of future (2010-2080), timber growing stock, ecosystem C stock, and greenhouse gas (GHG) balance for 67 million ha of forest in British Columbia, Canada. Each scenario was simulated 100 times with the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3). Depending on the scenario, timber growing stock over the entire land-base may increase by 14% or decrease by 9% by 2080 (a range of 2.8 billion m³), relative to 2010. However, timber growing stock available for harvest was forecast to decline in all scenarios by 26-62% relative to 2010 (a range of 1.2 billion m³). Forests were an annual GHG source in 2010 due to an ongoing insect outbreak. If half of the C in harvested wood was assumed to be immediately emitted, then 0-95% of simulations returned to annual net sinks by 2040, depending on scenario, and the cumulative (2010-2080) GHG balance ranged from a sink of −4.5 Pg CO₂e (−67 Mg CO₂e ha⁻¹) for the most optimistic scenario, to a source of 4.5 Pg CO₂e (67 Mg CO₂e ha⁻¹) for the most pessimistic. The difference in total ecosystem carbon stocks between the most optimistic and pessimistic scenarios in 2080 was 2.4 Pg C (36 Mg C ha⁻¹), an average difference of 126 Tg CO₂e yr⁻¹ (2 Mg CO₂e yr⁻¹ ha⁻¹) over the 70-year simulation period, approximately double the total reported anthropogenic GHG emissions in British Columbia in 2008. Forests risk having reduced growing stock and being GHG sources under many foreseeable scenarios, thus providing further feedback to climate change. These results indicate the need for continued monitoring of forest responses to climatic and global change, the development of mitigation and adaptation strategies by forest managers, and global efforts to minimize climate change impacts on forests.     

Mapping forest dynamics under climate change: A matrix model

Global climate change may be affecting forests around the world. However, the impact of climate change on forest population dynamics, especially at the landscape or regional level, has hardly been addressed before. A new methodology was proposed to enable matrix transition models to account for climate impact on forest population dynamics. The first climate-sensitive matrix (CSMatrix) model was developed for the Alaska boreal forest based on observations from over 15 years of forest inventory. The spatially explicit model was used to map climate-induced forest population dynamics across the region. The model predicted that the basal area increment in the region under natural succession would be hindered by global warming, more so for dry upland areas than for moist wetlands. It was suggested that temperature-induced drought stress could more than offset a predicted increase of future precipitation in the region to lower overall forest productivity. At the same time, stand diversity would increase across the region through transient species redistribution. Accounting for climate conditions made the CSMatrix model more accurate than conventional matrix models.     

伊春林区气候变化条件下的森林经营战略研究

小兴安岭林区地处全球气候变化最为敏感的区域之一,为适应气候变化,该区应从营造混交林、推进良种选育、森林生物多样性保护、适应气候变化的间伐和轮伐期经营、森林病虫害防治以及森林防火等方面着手,建立一整套适应气候变化的森林经营对策。