兴安落叶松和杂种落叶松在承德围场地区的引种生长表现

为了了解兴安落叶松及杂种落叶松在承德围场地区的生长表现,以2001年从黑龙江省林口县青山林场引种的14个兴安落叶松家系和7个杂种落叶松家系为调查对象,通过测定16a生落叶松的保存率、树高、胸径等数据分析各家系的适应能力,研究在承德围场地区引种兴安落叶松的可能性。结果表明:兴安落叶松和杂种落叶松共21个家系的造林保存率为62%～90%,仅有3个家系低于70%;14个兴安落叶松家系生长性状均表现优良,虽然低于本地华北落叶松优树(华北落叶松优良家系100号-CK3),但显著优于其他两个对照(华北落叶松母树林混合家系-CK1,华北落叶松1代种子园混合家系-CK2),表明兴安落叶松能适应承德围场当地的环境;家系兴7×日77-2的树高、胸径和材积都显著高于其他家系,说明杂种落叶松生长更具优势。以材积为指标,30%入选率下可选出6个优良家系(兴7×日77-2、日5×长78-3、日3×兴2、1248、1169和1656),树高、胸径和材积较CK2的遗传增益分别为6.77%、15.92%和43.32%。     

兴安落叶松、长白落叶松子代测定及优良家系选择

通过对兴安落叶松优树子代和长白落叶松种子园子代苗期及幼林的树高、直径和材积生长量观察和统计分析认为:两种落叶松子代存在丰富的遗传变异,苗期速生,幼林仍保持较大的生长优势,优良家系生长更为突出。兴安落叶松优树子代8a生材积比原产地对照大28.6％,优良家系大51.5％。长白落叶松种子园子代4a生树高比原产地对照大33.9％,优良家系大65.0％;兴安落叶松和长白落叶松主要生长性状具有较高遗传力,兴安落叶松树高、胸径、材积遗传力分别为0.58％、0.62、0.64;长白落叶松树高、地径分别为0.88、0.89;子代再选择遗传改良效果显著。兴安落叶松选择率为21.7％,材积遗传增益为32.8％。长白落叶松汪清和小北湖产地选择率分别为17.4％和35.0％,树高遗传增益分别为45.1％和33.7％;子代测定结果证明:兴安落叶松、长白落叶松初级种子园质量优良,能为生产提供良种。     

落叶松F2代杂种优势的稳定性研究

对青山林场14年生落叶松杂种F2代2组子代测定林进行分析,探讨杂种落叶松F2代是否存在较大的分离,杂种后期生长优势能否保持.试材包括日本落叶松×兴安落叶松、日本落叶松×长白落叶松、兴安落叶松×日本落叶松.研究结果表明,杂种F2代的树高同F1代相比未存在较大分离,变异系数平均只增加了2.3%和5.8%,杂种优势稳定且具有较大生产潜力,营建杂种F1代种子园是我国高寒地区大量生产具有较高遗传增益杂种种子的途径之一.7个杂种F2代家系树高、胸径和材积家系内存在一定幅度的变异,变异系数随着树木年龄的增加而减小,14年、8年、7年和6年生树高的变异系数分别为17.6%、22.1%、23.9%和24.3%.15个杂种F2代家系随着树木年龄的增长,增产幅度呈下降趋势,但仍具有较大的杂种优势.以小北湖种源作参照,14年生高生长比8年生下降了18.5%,相比于长白落叶松种子园则下降了10.3%,杂种优势下降了2.4%,但14年生杂种F2代生长优势仍然明显,树高、胸径和材积分别超过优良种源小北湖28.1%、43.8%和123.8%,超过长白落叶松种子园7.8%、15.7%和33.8%,杂种优势为7.1%、4.1%和12.1%.7个杂种F2代家系树高、胸径、材积遗传力较高,属于强度遗传,遗传增益都在10%以上,材积的遗传增益高达33%,所以杂种落叶松F2代仍可以利用.     

华北落叶松单亲本子代测定林遗传变异和选择研究

单亲本子代测定林遗传变异的研究是种子园升级换代,建设1.5代种子园的基础工作,是种子园提高种子质量的有效途径。通过对山西省静乐县国家华北落叶松良种基地20年生华北落叶松种子园70个单亲本家系子代测定林进行研究,结果显示:不同家系间树高和胸径差异显著;通过树高和胸径双重选优,共选出优良家系25个,并进行了统一编号;树高遗传增益为11.95%,胸径遗传增益达11.75%.为种子园升级换代奠定了技术基础。     

林业近讯

兴安落叶松与日本落叶松“喜结良缘”最近,内蒙古甘河林业公司种子园进行的“兴安落叶松与日本落叶松杂交”试验,经鉴定已获得杂种优势。这项试验是从1983年开始的。用兴安落叶松作为母本,日本落叶松作为父本进行杂交,经过5年多的试验,取得了可喜成果,第一代杂交的树苗高度、胸径均超过双亲的30％。     

落叶松种子园土壤养分特征研究

该研究以落叶松1.5代和2代种子园为对象,通过测定不同土层土壤养分含量,揭示落叶松不同世代种子园土壤特性,以期为指导精准施肥提供理论依据。结果表明:落叶松种子园土壤养分总体较为充足,个别养分指标偏低,如铵态氮和硝态氮含量。落叶松种子园土壤养分含量垂直分布特征明显,各养分含量随土层加深而减少。落叶松2代种子园土壤全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和有机质含量较低,全磷和有效磷含量较高,分别为0.74 g·kg~(-1)和26.73 mg·kg~(-1),是1.5代种子园的1.57和6.15倍。落叶松1.5代种子园土壤pH值、全磷和有效磷含量较低,土壤全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和有机质含量较高,全氮含量达到1.27 g·kg~(-1),分别是2代种子园和日本落叶松试验林的1.42和1.23倍。该研究对我国北方落叶松种子园合理施肥具有指导意义。     

小兴安岭引种杂种落叶松家系苗期生长量分析

1年生苗期数据表明,小兴安岭南部地区可以引种杂种落叶松.日本落叶松×兴安落叶松高生长表现突出,其次是兴安落叶松×日本落叶松,日本落叶松×长白落叶松高生长较差,长白落叶松家系、优良种源生长都差,兴安落叶松优良种源长势最弱.生长较快的5个家系同当地生产对照相比快25.1%,与兴安落叶松优良种源比快52.9%,所有的杂种落叶松家系高生长都大于对照和兴安落叶松优良种源,杂种落叶松适应性较好,播种当年未发现有冻害现象.     

张家口坝下地区兴安及兴安杂种落叶松引种试验

为了验证在张家口坝下地区引种兴安落叶松的可能性,引种了4个家系的兴安落叶松和4个家系的兴安杂种落叶松,通过调查12a生苗木的存活率以及苗高、胸径等指标来分析各家系的适应能力。结果表明:(1)兴安落叶松及其杂种的存活率都低于3组对照,但大部分家系的存活率都达到或接近70%。(2)4个兴安落叶松家系的生长性状表现优良,虽然低于本地优树,但都显著优于其他2组对照,证明兴安落叶松能够适应当地环境。(3)日12×兴9无论在存活率上还是在生长指标上都有极好表现,证明兴安杂种落叶松杂种有可能更加适应当地环境。     

坝上地区华北落叶松优良家系对照栽培试验

华北落叶松的良种选育工作在河北省已进行了30余年,为了展示良种的增益效果,加大良种的推广力度,对现有1.5代种子园的各优良无性系分别采种,培育出两年生家系苗木,2002年秋营造了华北落叶松优良家系生长测定试验林。该试验采用完全随机区组试验设计,主要目的是比较各家系之间尤其是家系整体的生长量跟普通苗之间的差异性。通过试验数据分析得出:各家系苗木4a总生长量和年度生长量均高于普通生产用苗,各处理(家系)间差异显著或极显著。     

落叶松正反交径生长量分析

对林口县青山林场23年生杂种子代测定林63个家系径生长进行分析的结果表明,日本落叶松×兴安落叶松、兴安落叶松×日本落叶松正反交在生长量上存在极显著差异,日本落叶松×兴安落叶松组在径生长量上要比兴安落叶松×日本落叶松组大.落叶松种间生长量也存在差异,径生长由慢到快依次为长白落叶松、兴安落叶松×兴安落叶松、兴安落叶松×日本落叶松、兴安落叶松×长白落叶松、日本落叶松、日本落叶松×长白落叶松、日本落叶松×兴安落叶松.     

Juvenile radiata pine clonal seed orchard management in Galicia (NW Spain)

A juvenile radiata pine clonal seed orchard (Pinus radiata D. Don) in Sergude (northwestern Spain), comprising 57 clones, was evaluated for fertility, offspring diversity and genetic drift during 4 years. Flower and fruit production was used to asses clone fertility in the orchard. Fertility variation measured as “sibling coefficient” was found to be an average of 1.5, having high genetic diversity (0.99) and low coancestry (0.013). The clones varied in fertility from year to year. Effective population size in the orchard was between 35 and 40, indicating that between 60.30 and 69 %, the clones contributed effectively to seed yield. One way to improve seed yield in the orchard is by increasing the effective population size. Thinning and pruning highly reproductive clones of gibberellin application might be useful in increasing effective population size. The orchard’s parental balance showed consistent improvement over time. Cone and seed characteristics were also investigated. The results showed that significant genetic variation exists among clones for cone width and length; total, sound and empty seed number; as well as 100 seed weight. The seed orchard is still in a juvenile phase; moreover, the broad-sense heritability and variation data obtained in this study could be very valuable in the management practices of the existing radiata pine clonal seed orchard and can be also used for better planning of advanced generation of clonal seed orchards in Spain.     

长白落叶松1.5代种子园营建技术

永吉县西阳林木种子园2010年开始进行长白落叶松1.5代种子园建设工作,采用先定砧、后嫁接方式建园。建园材料为88个优良无性系。其中,从第一代种子园生产区中逆向选择无性系47个,优良种源天然林优良林分选择无性系41个。建设总面积20 hm~2,区划为4个大区、18个小区,以小区为单位利用完全随机法配置无性系,为充分异型交配创造条件。     

马尾松无性系种子园球花量变化研究

对福建漳平五一国有林场马尾松种子园雌、雄球花量观察和分析。结果表明 ,种子园雌、雄球花产量变异主要来源于年份、无性系、无性系与年份互作等效应。它们二者在无性系间、无性系与年份互作间遗传相关关系不显著 ,而在无性系内分株间、年份间相关达到极显著和显著水平。并结合实践 ,提出建园材料再选择 ,以及对现有种子园采用选择性疏伐等提高种子园球花产量 ,克服雄球花显少有效技术措施     

气候条件对马尾松种子园产量的影响

对信宜马尾松种子园的85个无性系进行种子产量与花期和气候因子的关系分析。结果表明：雌花始花期较早的无性系种子产量较高；气候条件对种子产量影响很大，授粉期间旬平均温度及旬积温较高，湿度较低，没有明显的倒春寒时对种子产量有利。在保证具有优良遗传品质的前提下，可选择雌花始花期较早的无性系作为建园亲本。     

马尾松种子园优良无性系的选择与评价

通过对马尾松种子园132个无性系种子产量性状调查与木材比重测定及种子园自由授粉子代8年生生长性状调查,在统计分析、相关分析基础上采用综合评分法进行优良无性系的选择,入选率为20%。结果表明:对马尾松种子园无性系再选择,以营建改良代种子园是可行的。8年生子代材积可获得改良增益10.6%,木材比重可获得4.6%的增益,种子园单株产种量可获得增益37.5%,选择效果明显,达到提高种子园产量、增加改良增益的目的。     

Predicting individual breeding values and making forward selections from open-pollinated progeny test trials for seed orchard establishment of interior Lodgepole Pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus contorta</Emphasis> ssp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">latifolia</Emphasis>) in British Columbia

Ten-year height data from three open-pollinated lodgepole pine progeny test trials were analysed in order to select individuals for seed orchard establishment in the low and high elevation seed-planning units (TOLO and TOHI) of the new Thompson Okanagan seed planning-zone in interior British Columbia, Canada. The total test population had about 35,000 individuals from 362 families of 9 provenances and was divided into two portions, each serving as the base population for its appropriate seed-planning unit. For each population, various genetic parameters were estimated and individual breeding values were predicted. Combined-site estimates of individual, family, and within-family heritability ranged from 0.23 to 0.38, 0.77 to 0.84, and 0.17 to 0.29, respectively. Estimated coefficients of type-b genetic correlation were greater than 0.81, indicating little G × E interaction in this region. Provenance effects were large. Larch Hills and Inonoaklin River were the two superior provenances with an expected gain of 13% and 10% in stem volume at rotation age of 60 years in TOLO. Individual breeding values was not uniformly distributed among provenances and the top 100 individuals originated from 20 families in TOLO and 32 families in TOHI. Co-ancestry among these individuals should not be a serious concern in seed orchard establishment as the predicted genetic loss due to excessive inbreeding is only 1.06% in TOLO and 0.6% in TOHI. The status numbers of the two prospective seed orchards are 32 and 44, respectively, and both are well above the required minimum of 10 in British Columbia. Using unrelated clones for seed orchard establishment may result in reduced optimum genetic gain and thus is not a favourable option.     

马尾松第一代改良无性系种子园建园材料选择

以福建省漳平五一国有林场马尾松第一代无性系种子园为研究群体,在对园内无性系及其子代家系测定数据分析基础上进行无性系再选择,重建改良代种子园。结果表明,子代生长量与当代无性系产籽量和雌雄球花量,在家系与无性系水平上差异极其显著,且不同程度受遗传控制,具有一定选育潜力。采用综合评定和独立淘汰相结合的方法,能实现性状兼优的无性系再选择。以一代(CK1)为对照,从160个无性系中再选择30个无性系建立的改良代种子园育种效果显著,其遗传增益估值,8年生子代材积提高10.9%,产籽量和雌、雄球花量分别提高49.1%、18.9%、7.6%;以母树林混合种(CK)为对照,2个选择阶段,8年生子代材积累计遗传增益估值18.1%。     

Genetic divergence for growth and wood parameters in different clones of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb

The wood analysis for different parameters was carried out in a clonal seed orchard of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. established during 1997 at Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India. Twelve clones with higher index value were subjected to Euclidean Cluster Analysis based on wood and growth parameters to group into seven clusters. Cluster I and II contained four and three clones, respectively, and remaining clusters had just one clone each. Clone originated from Barielly, Uttar Pradesh of cluster VII was found to be the most divergent clone. Cluster II with three clones maintained greater inter-cluster distance with other clusters. The divergence analysis has confirmed that the clones planted in the clonal seed orchard are sufficiently divergent and seed harvested from the orchard would maintain high diversity.     

Temporal and spatial variation of flowering among Pinus nigra Arn. clones under changing climatic conditions

Until recently, the most important factors affecting the economics and genetics of the seed crop from seed orchards were considered to be the timing and duration of flowering, variation in fertility and the total number of clones used to establish the seed orchards. Change in climatic conditions however is an emerging factor that could prove crucial regarding the timing of flowering and synchronization among clones and thus, the quality and quantity of seed production. The temporal and spatial variation in flowering phenology and the duration of flowering were studied in consecutive years in a Pinus nigra Arn. seed orchard. Sixty plus trees representing the distribution of the species in Northern Greece were used to establish the seed orchard, and nineteen ramets per clone were planted in a honeycomb experimental design in order to avoid kinship. Temporal variation among clones, as well as spatial variation among ramets within clones growing at different sites of the orchard were recorded, for initiation and duration of male and female flowering. The majority of clones were synchronized in dates of flowering during the year with weather conditions close to the long-term climatic conditions, except for a limited number of clones that were precocious or late flowering. The pronounced variability in climatic conditions over the 2 years strongly affected the flowering and synchronization among clones, resulting in almost complete asynchrony during the xerothermic year, which was characterized by a prolonged mean monthly temperature increase of 2.3 °C and a water deficit of 53% in a 7-month-period (November to May). These results suggest that one of the effects of a warmer and drier climate may be the lack of flowering synchronization, as pollen shedding might be completed before female conelets reach the phase of receptivity. The restriction of male parentage to a limited number of clones severely violates the panmixia assumption and could result in fertilization failure. The projected climate change for the Mediterranean region could potentially prove detrimental for fertility and flowering synchronization of forest trees, having consequences on the quantity and genetic diversity of the seed crop in seed orchards, and the natural regeneration of forest trees in forest ecosystems due to the reduced percentage of sound seed.     

湿地松改良种子园无性系的遗传评价及新一轮育种亲本选择*

台山湿地松（Pinus elliottii）改良种子园营建于1988—1997 年，为评价该种子园无性系的遗传品质，项目组在种子园内采集无性系的自由授粉种子并营建子代测定林。文章根据1 块营建在台山市红岭种子园的湿地松子代测定林4、13、18 a 的生长性状数据，分析了改良种子园的现实增益，评价建园无性系的选择效果，选择新一轮的育种亲本，结果如下：3 个年份数据分析结果均显示，在生长量方面，改良种子园子代显著甚至极显著大于湿地松一代种子园子代，18 a 生时，树高、胸径、单株材积的平均现实增益分别为3.09%、4.70%、15.08%；根据单株材积育种值选择出优良亲本无性系6 个，其育种值介于0.050 5~0.186 1 m3，其中有5 个亲本无性系的遗传品质已得到多次验证，可以作为新一轮的育种亲本甚至是核心育种亲本；新选优树15 株，其单株材积育种值介于0.114 9~0.276 9 m3，可充实到新一轮的育种群体中。