辽宁松干蚧捕食天敌的研究

采用样方内各种捕食天敌数量与其捕食量引起辽宁松干蚧ＭａｔｓｕｃｏｃｕｓｌｉａｏｎｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＴａｎｇ１）死亡数的调查统计法、Ｋ－值图解分析法,研究了辽宁松干蚧捕食天敌的作用。发现捕食天敌对雌成虫有较大的捕食作用,对卵囊的作用较小。在瓢虫类、草蛉类、螨类、蝽类、蚂蚁类和蜘蛛类捕食天敌中,瓢虫类的捕食作用最大,其次是蚂蚁类。瓢虫主要种类是异色瓢虫、刻点艳瓢虫、蒙古光瓢虫;蚂蚁主要有扁平虹臭蚁和双齿多刺蚁。     

佳木斯地区捕食性天敌昆虫调查及其生物控制作用

佳木斯地区由于所处的地理位置,大森林系统优良,物种极具丰富性,因此对捕食性天敌昆虫进行调查研究。调查结果得知,采集及观察到捕食性天敌昆虫7目15科43种近679只。同时分析了捕食性天敌昆虫与寄主、环境之间的相互关系及生物控制作用,调查丰富了黑龙江省东部地区捕食性天敌昆虫多样性的研究。     

蜘蛛的饲养与释放

蜘蛛种类多,数量大,遍于森林、草原、山川、湖泊、农田及果园,能捕食多种昆虫。在研究蜘蛛的生活习性、捕食情况、生活史和利用蜘蛛防治害虫时,必须进行蜘蛛人工饲养。     

蜘蛛捕食马尾松毛虫作用的研究

森林蜘蛛是森林害虫的重要捕食性天敌类群,对害虫具有显著的自然控制作用,已逐步引起国内外学者的关注。但是,关于捕食马尾松毛虫的松林蜘蛛的种类、特点和作用,未见有正式报道。从1982-1990年在承担国家攻关项目“松毛虫综合管理”研究期     

大别桐桕山林区马尾松毛虫天敌昆虫调查

系统地研究了自然分布北界区域马尾松毛虫天敌昆虫种类（包括蜘蛛）。共记录捕食性知敌昆虫23种，寄生性天敌昆虫30种，其中14种天敌为我省首次记载发现。     

三突花蛛生物学特性及对苹黄蚜捕食作用研究

三突花蛛生物学特性及对苹黄蚜捕食作用研究曲爱军，朱承美，白世红，路丛山（山东省林校，２７１０００）谷昭威（山东省林科所）三突花蛛Ｍｉｓｕｍｅｎｏｐｓｔｒｉｃｕｓｐｉｄａｔｕｓ（Ｆａｂｒｉｃｕｓ）属蜘蛛目，蟹蛛科，是一种重要的游猎型蜘蛛。笔者研究发现，...     

云南元谋干热河谷捕食性昆虫多样性

于2004--2005年对云南元谋干热河谷捕食性昆虫多样性进行调查,报道元谋干热河谷捕食性昆虫89种(含待定种10种),其中印度暗带螳为中国新记录,云南新记录有11种;步甲科种类最丰富,占所有捕食性昆虫种类的19.1%.元谋干热河谷9种生境捕食性昆虫群落多样性的排序为:桉树印楝林>多树种混交的人工林>印楝林>明油子--扭黄茅灌草丛>云南松林>桉树新银合欢林>桉树林>牛筋条一黄荆林>余甘子一明油子灌木林.许多人工植被与自然植被捕食性昆虫群落之间相似性较高,反映出人工种植的乔木尚不能影响植物群落发展.人工封育措施对桉树印楝林的多样性保护起到了积极作用;草本层和地被物不发达、地表裸露是制约捕食性昆虫群落多样性的主要因素.提出对分布较狭窄的自然植被及草本层不发达的人工植被进行优先保护和修复的建议.     

浅议寄生性和捕食性昆虫的利用途径

自然界中很多昆虫是以寄生或捕食其他昆虫为食的,保护、利用寄生性和捕食性昆虫是森林有害生物防治的一个重要措施。本文介绍了寄生性与捕食性昆虫并论述其利用途径,借鉴于今后工作中能更好地了解和利用寄生性与捕食性昆虫,做好有害生物防治工作,维护森林生态平衡。     

大别桐柏山林区马尾松毛虫天敌昆虫调查

系统地研究了自然分布北界区域马尾松毛虫天敌昆虫种类(包括蜘蛛)。共记录捕食性天敌昆虫23种,寄生性天敌昆虫30种,其中14种天敌为我省首次记载发现。     

引人入迷的蜘蛛

引人入迷的蜘蛛虞世鸣人们通常认为蜘蛛是一种昆虫。其实，从动物分类学上看，蜘蛛与昆虫相差甚远，属节肢动物门蛛形纲动物，与体形比它大得多的蝎子和用肉眼蕾不见的螨同属一门。全世界有３．５万种蜘蛛，中国有其中的１０００多种。体型最小的蜘蛛只有０．５毫米长，个...     

柞蚕蛹胶囊饲养蠋蝽对其捕食枸杞棉蚜功能的影响

为探明柞蚕Antheraea pernyi蛹胶囊饲养的蠋蝽Aram chinensis对枸杞棉蚜Aphis gossypii捕食功能的影响,在室内分别测定柞蚕蛹和柞蛹胶囊饲养不同虫态蠋蝽对枸杞棉蚜的捕食功能反应、搜寻效应、种内干扰效应。结果表明:2种饲料饲养的同一虫态蠋蝽对枸杞棉蚜的捕食功能反应,无显著差异,均符合HollingⅡ型方程;各虫态的捕食量,2种饲料间也无显著差异,3龄若虫单日理论最大捕食量分别为33.8头和36.0头,高于其他虫态,搜寻效应最高;2种饲养方式下的蠋蝽均存在种内干扰,随着蠋蝽自身密度的增加总捕食量增加,但单头捕食量下降;自身密度干扰效应符合Hassell-Varley模型;相比之下3龄若虫的种内干扰系数较低,2龄若虫的较高。从功能反应、种内干扰等指标显示,柞蚕蛹胶囊饲养的蠋蝽对其捕食能力无不良影响,可用于规模化饲养蠋蝽,而且3龄若虫捕食量大,为田间释放首选虫态。     

动物取食和扩散森林植物种实研究进展

动物取食扩散森林植物种实作为森林生态系统中植物和动物联系的-个重要方面, 不仅是联系母株与其子代幼苗的重要桥梁, 也是植物生活史中的-个重要阶段。文中综述了近年来关于动物取食森林植物种实及其与这些植物种子散布、萌发、幼苗生长和种群扩展等方面关系的研究成果。动物在取食和破坏森林植物种实的同时也将这些植物的种子扩散到-个新的生境斑块, 其消化道机械的或化学的作用提高了这些森林植物的种子萌发率和萌发进程, 促进了其早期定居和种群扩大。动物对森林植物的这种作用具有长期性, 形成特定动植物间或多物种间的协同进化。近年来, 森林生态系统受到了严重的干扰和破坏, 可能会因为干扰了森林植物种实的动物散布者而影响森林植物种群的扩展。     

Management of burnt wood after fire affects post-dispersal acorn predation

The management of burnt wood after a fire may affect seed predation by vertebrates due to the change produced in habitat structure. We analyze the effect of burnt wood management on post-dispersal seed predation in the Holm oak. Three plots were established in a burnt forest, with three treatments per plot: (1) non-intervention (NI, all trees left standing), (2) “partial cut plus lopping” (PCL, felling 90% of trees, cutting their main branches, leaving all the biomass in situ), and (3) “salvage logging” (SL, felling the logs for their removal and masticating the woody debris). Acorns were buried to mimic dispersal by jays or rodents two and three years after fire, with two trials per year (7200 monitored acorns), and the predation rate was evaluated until the time of seedling emergence. The spatial patterns of acorn predation were assessed by computing a transformed-Ripley's K function and Moran's I correlograms. There was a large spatial and temporal variability in acorn predation, with differences among trials, plots, and replicates within treatments and plots. Overall, PCL showed the lowest predation values (83.0% versus 87.4 in NI and 88.0 in SL). Predator species (mice versus wild boar) also differed among treatments, wild boar having a negligible effect in PCL, presumably due to the physical barrier of felled logs and branches. The results support that: (1) salvage logging offers no advantage against predators and (2) that post-fire burnt wood management alters the guild of acorn predators and may reshape the pattern of seedling establishment.     

异色瓢虫对紫薇长斑蚜捕食及控制作用研究

为明确异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis对紫薇长斑蚜Tinocallis kahawaluokalani的捕食能力,通过室内试验测定异色瓢虫成虫对紫薇长斑蚜的捕食功能。结果表明:异色瓢虫成虫对紫薇长斑蚜的捕食功能符合HollingⅡ反应模型,方程式为Na=0.987 5N/(1+0.005 43N),瞬时攻击率为0.987 5,处置时间为0.005 5 d;通过Hassell和Valley干扰模型拟合,得到捕食作用率E与猎物密度P的关系为E=0.542P^-0.809,捕食常数为0.542,干扰系数为0.809;通过对Holling反应新模型进行拟合,方程式为Na=127.99exp(-61.55/N),最佳寻找密度为61.55头。田间试验表明释放异色瓢虫成虫能有效控制紫薇长斑蚜密度,其中瓢蚜比1:20和1:10的防治效果基本相同,而1:40的防治效果在短期内(7 d)不如1:20和1:10,但长期(28 d)防效趋于一致。从经济学和生态学的角度综合考虑。     

Does afforestation increase bird nest predation risk in surrounding farmland?

Afforestation of agricultural land is increasingly used to deliver environmental benefits, but their effects on biodiversity remain poorly understood. This paper tests the hypothesis that afforestation changes predation processes in surrounding farmland, examining how the characteristics and landscape context of forest plantations affect predator (birds and mammalian carnivores) and key prey (rabbits and hares) abundances, and bird nest predation rates in Iberian cereal-steppes. Lagomorphs and predators were surveyed in fallow fields around 50 forest plantations, where predation rates were estimated using artificial nests set at 0, 100, 200 and 300 m from the forest edge. Recent plantations structurally similar to sparse (oak) or dense (pine) shrublands were associated with the highest hare and rabbit abundances, respectively, whereas both species avoided landscapes with high eucalyptus cover. In contrast, mature eucalyptus plantations showed strong positive effects on typical nest predators such as corvids and carnivores. Open farmland fragmentation favoured the abundance of lagomorphs and carnivores. Despite these effects and the high predation rate on artificial nests (49%), there was neither evidence for increased predation near plantation edges nor higher predation in fields with more lagomorphs and predators. However, predation tended to increase with cover by young oak plantations and overall forest plantation cover, to decrease with eucalyptus cover at both the local and landscape scales, and to peak in landscapes with intermediate edge densities. These results suggest that afforestation may have strong effects on bird nest predation rates by changing landscape composition and configuration, rather than by inducing local increases in predator and prey populations. Nevertheless, increased abundances of generalist predators associated with forest plantations may still be considered of conservation concern, thus supporting the recommendation for strongly restricting afforestation in areas important for open grassland birds. Where this is unavoidable, monitoring should be undertaken to provide early signals for bird population declines associated with predator increases, eventually triggering conservation action such as predator exclusion or removal.     

蠋敌研究初报

在兰州皋兰山垒洼山林场,选择相同海拔、坡向和土壤类型刺柏林为研究对象,采用野外调查、野外定位研究和室内饲养相结合的方法,观察了兰州皋兰山垒洼山林场蠋敌的形态、生活史、生活习性,对侧柏毒蛾的捕食效果进行了调查。结果表明,蠋敌在该林场1年发生2代,以2龄以上若虫和成虫刺吸捕食侧柏毒蛾幼虫,1头第1代蠋敌一生平均捕食侧柏毒蛾幼虫11-33条,第2代蠋敌一生平均捕食侧柏毒蛾幼虫。9．80条（包括第2代蠋敌成虫越冬后的捕食量）。     

Effect of mating on rate of predation of two species of predacious mites,Agistemus exsertus Gonz. andPhytoseiulus persimilis Ath.-Hen.

The effect of successive matings on the rate of predation of two species of predacious mites,Agistemus exsertus Gonz. andPhytoseiulus persimilis Ath.-Hen., was investigated in the laboratory. With both species, multiple-mated and single-mated females exerted significantly a higher rate of predation on nymphs of the red spider mites during a shorter longevity duration compared to unmated females.With 2 figures and 2 tables     

Rodent impact on establishment of direct-seeded Fagus sylvatica,Quercus robur and Quercus petraea on forest land

Abstract

Seed predation by granivorous rodents constitutes a major problem during reforestation using direct seeding. Acorns or beech nuts were sown at 14 different sites in Denmark and southern Sweden, and seedling establishment was inventoried during the first three growing seasons. Around the time of sowing, rodents were either snap-trapped or live-trapped. At some sites, perches for raptors were installed, and at other sites, signs of predation were investigated or predation was monitored by camera surveillance. Granivorous rodents had a profound negative influence on sowings, and the removal of beech nuts occurred rapidly following sowing. Establishment of oak was better when surroundings consisted of mixed forests rather than broadleaved forests. Fewer rodents were caught, and establishment was better, in large reforestation areas. Rodent captures indicated that forest edges, slash piles and stone wall remains were suitable rodent microhabitats. Snap-trapping or raptor perches did not result in increased oak establishment. Neither sowing in summer nor increased seeding depth decreased predation by rodents on beech nuts. In conclusion, seeds need protection from rodents immediately at the time of sowing. Choosing large regeneration areas combined with removal of suitable rodent habitats seems to be a practical alternative for the development of successful strategies for direct seeding.     

农林复合系统种群互作研究进展

综述了种群互作的认识历史及其研究进展,分析了国内外在农林复合系统种群互作的分类、方式、类型及模式优化方面的研究现状,进而对系统模式优化设计提出了建议;并对农林复合系统种群互作研究的前景进行了展望.     

Predispersal seed predation in Acacia macrostachya,its impact on seed viability,and germination responses to scarification and dry heat treatments

Predispersal seed predation among individual Acacia macrostachya trees over two sites in Burkina Faso was assessed. In addition, the effects of seed predation on seed viability; germination responses to scarification (mechanical, hot water at 60, 70 and 80°C, and sulphuric acid for 10, 20 and 30 min) and dry heat (at 60, 70 and 80°C for 15, 30 and 60 min each) treatments were investigated under laboratory conditions. The results indicated a large difference in predation intensity among individual trees, as well as between sites. Predispersal predation significantly decreased seed germination, particularly when the number of insect larvae per seed increased. Scarified and unscarified seeds germinated equally well, except for hot water treatments of high temperature. This indicates lack of physical dormancy and dispersed seeds can readily germinate provided that conditions for germination are conducive. Seeds exposed to dry heat treatments also germinated close to 97% under low intensity and short exposure times. This suggests that fire, under natural condition, plays a key role in triggering germination of A. macrostachya seeds.