内蒙古柠条生物量建模

以内蒙古自治区的常见灌木种柠条(Caragana microphylla)为研究对象,基于大样本的生物量实测数据,利用非线性误差变量联立方程组方法,建立了单株水平的地上生物量模型及其相容的地下生物量模型和根茎比模型,并建立了基于平均植冠面积和密度或覆盖度的群落水平的总生物量模型。结果表明:植冠面积是影响单株生物量的首要因子,其次才是丛生枝个数;基于植冠面积和丛生枝个数的单株地上生物量模型,其确定系数能接近0.7,但地下生物量模型的确定系数要低些,还不到0.5;单株地上生物量和地下生物量模型的平均预估精度均能达到90%左右,总生物量的平均预估精度能达到92%以上,完全可用于内蒙古自治区范围内柠条灌木林的生物量估计。以单株总生物量模型为基础,直接推导出不同密度或覆盖度的群落总生物量模型,可为建立群落水平的灌木生物量模型提供借鉴。     

林木竞争对臭冷杉生物量分配的影响

用不同高度树干直径建立并比较臭冷杉各器官生物量方程,分析林木竞争对臭冷杉地上、地下生物量分配的影响。结果表明:臭冷杉不同高度树干直径中,胸径是预测各器官生物量的最可靠变量;利用不同高度树干直径建立各器官生物量方程均会高估小个体样木(直径≤10cm)的生物量,并且随着直径增大,预测误差也随之增大;臭冷杉地上生物量与地下生物量的比值(T/R)与树木年龄、单株生物量、整株生物量年均生长率及树高年均生长率间均没有显著相关性(P>0.05);随着竞争增强,臭冷杉树干生物量占单株生物量的比例逐渐减小,枝叶生物量比例逐渐增大,而粗根生物量比例则基本保持不变;胸径年均生长率、树高年均生长率及单株生物量年均生长率均随着竞争强度增大逐渐减小,而T/R值并不受林木竞争的影响。     

混交条件下水曲柳落叶松根系的生长与分布

用土钻法调查了水曲柳、落叶松纯林及其混交林的根系分布 ,并在温室内用盆栽和床栽方法测定了混栽及纯栽水曲柳、落叶松的根系生长。野外调查结果表明 :在混交林中 ,水曲柳、落叶松根系的水平分布不同 ,在水曲柳、落叶松相邻行间和水曲柳带内 1、2行间 ,水曲柳根密度分别为 32 37 2g·m- 3 和 3130 2g·m- 3 ,无明显差异。而在水曲柳落叶松相邻行间和落叶松带内 1、2行间 ,落叶松的根密度分别为 939 4g·m- 3 和2 745 3g·m- 3 ,差异明显。水曲柳根系有向落叶松带伸展的趋势 ,而落叶松根系的分布则受到水曲柳的抑制。混交林中根系的垂直分布更加均匀 ,在水曲柳落叶松相邻行间 ,0～ 10cm、10～ 2 0cm和 2 0～ 30cm土层内根量分别占总根量的 41 9%、2 8 7%和 2 9 4%。而水曲柳纯林中分别为 6 1 0 %、31 6 %和 7 4% ;落叶松纯林中分别为 5 5 6 %、2 7 9%和 16 5 %。温室栽培实验表明 :无论盆栽和床栽 ,混栽水曲柳的根生物量和地上生物量均高于纯栽 ,尤其是≤ 2mm细根生物量增加明显 ,盆栽时增加 2 8 8% ,床栽时增加 36 5 %。而混栽时落叶松的根生物量和地上生物量均低于纯栽。水曲柳的地下 地上比较高 ,约是落叶松的 2倍。水曲柳的根生物量约是落叶松的 4～ 6倍。上述结果说明 ,水曲柳的地下竞争能力     

毛环竹笋用林生物量结构调查分析

通过对毛环竹林分、单株生物量及其结构特征调查分析,结果表明:毛环竹林分生物量在一定范围内随着密度的提高而增大,在密度为10800～12900株·hm-2时生物量最大,地上部分可达到50t·hm-2以上,地下部分可达到30t·hm-2以上。各器官生物量分配为:地上部分生物量秆>枝>叶,其比例大致是6∶3∶2或2∶1∶1;地上部分>地下部分,其比例变化幅度在1 183～1 784之间。毛环竹单株生物量与胸径、竹高呈正相关,在生产实践中可用模型W=aDbHc进行估测,其精度达95%以上。     

石羊河流域干旱荒漠区柠条生物量预测模型研究

以石羊河流域干旱荒漠区典型灌木柠条(Caragana korshinskii)为研究对象,分别以冠幅面积(C)、植株高度(H)与冠幅面积(C)的乘积(HC)为自变量,柠条枝条、叶和地上部分的实生物量为因变量进行回归分析,构建了生物量预测模型。进一步对各预测模型的判定系数(R~2)、F检验、回归检验显著水平(P0.001)、总相对误差(RS)和平均相对误差绝对值(RMA)等指标进行对比分析,筛选出了最优的柠条生物量预测模型。结果表明:柠条生物量的最优模型为:枝条生物量:WB=-0.055(HC)~2+0.599(HC)+0.104;叶生物量:WL=-0.001(HC)~2+0.01(HC)+0.006;地上生物量:WT=-0.056(HC)~2+0.609(HC)+0.111。经验证模型的预测值与实测值拟合率在81.9%～88.4%,其预测效果较好。     

水翁幼苗生长规律研究

对水翁Cleistocalyx operculatus幼苗的生长过程进行研究。结果表明,水翁幼苗的株高、地径生长具有阶段性的特点,利用Logistic曲线拟合了水翁幼苗株高与地径的生长模型,决定系数均在0.95以上;其生长进程可划分为4个阶段,即出苗期、生长前期、速生期和生长后期;根冠比总体呈下降趋势,生长重心逐渐由地下部分向地上部分转移;叶面积比与叶根比呈先下降后上升的趋势;地径与主根长、单株总叶面积等形态指标以及地上生物量、地下生物量以及单株总生物量等生物量指标之间均存在较强的正相关关系(r0.92,P0.01);根冠比与株高、地径、单株总叶面积、主根长、地上生物量、地下生物量、单株总生物量均存在负相关关系;地上生物量、地下生物量、单株总生物量之间均存在极显著的正相关关系(r0.97,P0.01)。     

海南沿海木麻黄人工林林下植被生物量

采用样地调查法,对海南沿海木麻黄人工林林下植被进行调查、并测定其生物量。结果表明:木麻黄人工林林下灌木层地上部分生物量大于地下部分生物量,草本层地下部分生物量大于地上部分生物量;灌木层各器官的生物量分配规律为干(3.41 t·hm-2)根(3.19 t·hm-2)叶(2.10 t·hm-2)枝(1.41 t·hm-2),干和根的生物量比例较大;灌木层、草本层生物量与总生物量均呈正相关关系,灌木层生物量与草本层生物量则呈负相关关系,说明灌木层与草本层存在竞争。     

鄂尔多斯高原油蒿灌丛群落生物量和净初级生产力研究(英文)

应用标准株收获法对鄂尔多斯高原油蒿灌丛群落生物量和净初级生产力进行了一个生长季(6月~10月)的研究。结果表明:(1)生长季内不同月份之间相同株型单株油蒿地上和地下生物量差异不显著(p>0.1),而地上当年生部分生物量差异显著(p<0.01);(2)油蒿群落中,地上和地下总生物量为699.76~1246.40gm-2,年地上部分NPP值为224.09 gm-2y-1;(3)单株油蒿生物量和 NPP 与灌丛体积具有较好的相关性,应用幂指数方程能够达到较好的拟合效果。     

喀斯特丘陵坡地麻竹施肥对地上部分生物量分配的影响

试验采用L16(45)正交试验设计对马山县古寨乡喀斯特丘陵坡地麻竹林进行尿素、钙镁磷肥、沸石3种肥料的施肥试验,研究不同施肥组合对单株或单位面积的地上生物量分配影响。结果表明:施肥对提高新竹地上生物量具有一定的促进作用,以施用尿素500 g+钙镁磷肥1 000 g+沸石5 000 g、钙镁磷肥4 000 g+沸石5 000 g效果显著,且极显著高于不施用的处理,但在低P、低Si、无N或无P或无Si等3种情况下,杆重比例均为较低。各处理以竹秆所占的比例最大,为61.0%～88.8%,其次是枝。各器官比例与肥料施用比例没有直接的关系。初步认为,单株或单位面积地上部分总生物量、杆重达到较高时,秆、枝、叶较适合比例为73%～74%、18%～19%、8%。杆重比例的高低与单株或单位面积杆重、地上部分总生物量的关系无规律性,而单株杆重是影响单位面积杆重、地上部分总生物量的主要因子,随着各处理单株杆重增加,单株或单位面积地上部分总生物量也增加。枝、叶所占比例无规律变化,但各处理中杆、枝比例表现出高杆低枝或低杆高枝的趋势。杆、枝和地上部分总生物量的增减与叶量比例的关系无规律性变化,叶片数量对单株或单位面积的竹杆、竹枝和地上部分总生物量影响不显著,这可能与麻竹生物学特性有关。认为留好母竹,合理施用肥料是提高喀斯特丘陵坡地麻竹产量的最佳途径。     

内蒙古柠条和山杏单株生物量模型研建

[目的] 针对现有灌木生物量模型存在的分量与总量、地上与地下生物量不相容等问题, 探索利用联立方程组 方法, 建立灌木林相容性生物量模型。[方法] 以内蒙古自治区的2种常见灌木柠条(Caragana korshinskii)和山杏(Armeniaca sibirica)为研究对象, 基于大样本的生物量实测数据, 利用非线性误差变量联立方程组方法, 建立了地上生物量模型及其相容的地下生物量模型和根茎比模型。[结果] 表明:基于植冠面积和丛生枝个数(或植株高度)的地上生物量模型, 其确定系数能达到0.67以上, 但地下生物量模型的确定系数要低些, 其中山杏仅0.36;2种灌木的地上生物量和地下生物量模型的平均预估精度均能达到80%以上, 全株生物量的平均预估精度, 山杏能达到86%以上, 柠条能达到92%以上。[结论] 对于无明显主干的丛生状灌木, 不论是地上生物量还是地下生物量, 植冠面积是首要的相关因子, 其次才是丛生枝个数和植株高度;利用非线性误差变量联立方程组方法, 能有效解决不同生物量之间的相容性问题, 同步建立地上生物量模型及其相容的地下生物量模型和根茎比模型;所建模型完全可用于内蒙古自治区范围内相应灌木林的生物量估计。     

Effects of planting orientation and density of willows on biomass production and nutrient leaching

Willow buffer strips are a promising vegetated filter for the reduction of non-point source pollution from agricultural land to watercourses resulting from the rapid growth of shoots and from the large amount and distribution of roots. A greenhouse experiment tested the hypothesis that a new planting method, planting cuttings horizontally, exhibited more biomass production and more effective filter than did planting cuttings vertically. Due to the different times taken for shoots break through the soil surface, the summed height of all shoots of horizontally planted cuttings was significantly smaller than that of the vertical ones at the beginning of the growth period. The difference in the height of all of the shoots between planting orientations decreased with time. After 16 weeks growth, the biomass of the stem, leaves and fine roots was not affected by the planting orientation. The coarse root biomass was larger in the horizontal treatments and decreased with increased density. The total biomass, as well as the biomass of stem or leaves, of each treatment, increased with increased planting density. The individual plant biomass, as well as that of the stem or leaves, decreased with increased planting density. Compared with the unplanted control treatment, the planted treatments significantly reduced the total-N, NO₃-N, PO₄-P and SO₄-S leaching. The planting orientation did not affect the nitrate leaching. The horizontally planted cuttings were slightly more effective for reducing the SO₄-S leaching and the vertically planted cuttings were slightly more effective for reducing the PO₄-P leaching. Lower PO₄-P leaching was observed only with higher planting density. With regard to the horizontal planting method, further studies are needed to explore the influence of different willow clones, the size of cuttings, pre-planting treatments, planting geometry (configuration) and soil conditions on survival, the number of shoots produced, the biomass production and the amount and distribution of roots.     

Radiation-use efficiency and dry matter partitioning of a young olive (Olea europaea) orchard

Radiation-use efficiency (RUE) relates biomass production to the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted by a plant or crop. We determined RUE and biomass partitioning coefficients of young olive (Olea europaea) trees for use in a general growth model. In 1995, 1-year-old olive trees var. 'Picual' were planted at a density of either 0.5 or 2.0 trees m(-2) near Córdoba, Spain, at a site providing favorable growth conditions. During the experiment (1995-1997), both PAR interception by the canopy and plant area index (PAI) were measured with radiation sensors. Regular harvests were performed to determine leaf area and biomass accumulation in roots, wood (stem, branches and trunk) and leaves. Leaf, wood and root biomass partitioning coefficients were calculated. The leaf area partitioning coefficients were also estimated. Dry matter production was linearly related to cumulative intercepted PAR. Seasonal RUE, calculated as the slope of the regression of aboveground biomass and cumulative intercepted PAR, was 1.35 g (MJ PAR)(-1). Radiation-use efficiency appeared to respond to environmental conditions, but was independent of planting density and PAI. The young olive trees allocated 0.26 of their total biomass to roots. Partitioning of aboveground dry matter was 0.60 to wood and 0.37 to leaves. As competition increased, dry matter partitioning to wood increased to 0.70.     

模拟物理空间资源对麻疯树幼苗生长的影响

密度效应为常见的生态学术语,但对其本质缺乏认识。物理空间也是一种资源（M cConnaughay＆Bazzaz,1991）,为密度效应的认识提供了线索。本文利用密度与容器大小模拟物理空间资源对麻疯树幼苗形态与资源配置的影响,来阐明物理空间资源影响现象与机制。在密度栽植时,立地异质性无法抗拒无意中得到了空间限制的资源依赖性结果,增加了解释的复杂性与价值性。结果表明：1）大容器个体苗高、直径、头年生高度、当年生高度、叶片数量,叶生物量、根系生物量、头年生生物量、当年生茎生物量、总体生物量都明显大于小容器;2）大容器根系资源配置明显小于小容器,大容器当年生叶与茎生物量配置较高,而头年生茎生物量相对配置较低,表明空间不足限制了根系发育从而限制了地上部分生长能力;3）试验后测定容器土壤肥力,发现小容器肥力利用充足,元素浓度明显低于大容器;4）高密度组个体形态与生物量参数较大,中密度次之,低密度最低,这一意外结果与微地形造成的水分差异有关;5）高密度在资源充足,加剧了空间限制,使得当年生茎与根系生物量相对配置增加,而低密度因微地形可能水分缺乏明显,根系生物量配置增加。物理空间也是一种资源,这种资源与生态学中生态空间含义不同,单纯是一种资源因子。     

The impact of alley cropping Gliricidia sepium and Cassia spectabilis on upland rice and maize production

G. sepium and C. spectabilis hedgerows were established on slopes ranging from 18 to 31% in an effort to reduce soil erosion and improve upland rice and maize production. Upland rice and maize responded more to soil incorporated G. sepium biomass than to mulched, C. spectibilis. Incorporating hedgerow biomass equivalent to over 40 kg N per hectare, however, did not increase upland rice productivity. Maize, planted during the drought-prone second season, responded more than did rice to mulching. Crop performance improved along the slope gradient. Hedgerow-crop competition was observed at the upper and lower interfaces. Terracing intensified hedgerow-crop competition at the upper interface by reducing the crop's effective rooting depth. Under prevailing climatic and soil conditions, mixed hedgerows of C. spectabilis and G. sepium initially produced approximately 7 tons of fresh biomass per hectare every 3 months. Four years after hedgerow establihment, however C. spectabilis biomass was chlorotic and considerable mortality was observed, suggesting that C. spectabilis may be depleting soil N reserves.     

Effects of forest floor planting and stock type on growth and root emergence of Pinus contorta seedlings in a cold northern cutblock

A two-year field trial was conducted to determine the growth response, and root emergence pattern of interior lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) seedlings in response to container type and forest floor removal. Seedlings were grown in Styroblocks^TM, Copperblocks^TM, or AirBlocks^TM, and were planted directly into the undisturbed forest floor or into manually prepared planting spots where the forest floor had been scraped away to expose the mineral soil. Seedlings planted into scalped planting spots exhibited marginally but significantly (7%) greater above-ground growth rates (seedling stem volume); whereas seedlings planted into the forest floor produced significantly more (11%) new roots. There were no differences in above- or below-ground biomass. Seedlings grown in Copperblock^TM containers produced a higher proportion of roots near the top of the plug when tested at lifting, however this pattern was not observed in the field. Given that scalping is more costly than forest floor planting, and that the increased shoot growth was relatively small, we recommend that forest floor planting be considered as an alternative to manual spot scalping for sites, such as the site tested here: those with cold, but well-drained soils and where competition from other plants is not a serious problem.     

Variation in individual biomass decreases faster than mean biomass with increasing density of bamboo stands

The total biomass of a stand is an indicator of stand productivity and is closely related to the density of plants. According to the self-thinning law, mean individual biomass follows a negative power law with plant density. If the variance of individual biomass is constant, we can expect increased stand productivity with increasing plant density. However, Taylor's power law(TPL) that relates the variance and the mean of many biological measures(e.g. bilateral areal differences of a leaf, plant biomass atdifferent times, developmental rates at different temperatures, population densities on different spatial or temporal scales), affects the estimate of stand productivity when it is defined as the total biomass of large plants in a stand.Because the variance of individual biomass decreases faster than mean individual biomass, differences in individual biomass decline with increasing density, leading to more homogeneous timbers of greater economic value. We tested whether TPL in plant biomass holds for different species and whether the variance of individual biomass changes faster than the mean with increasing stand density.The height, ground diameter and fresh weight of 50 bamboo species were measured in 50 stands ranging from 1 m by 1 m to 30 m by 30 m to ensure more than 150 bamboos in every stand. We separately examined TPL in height,ground diameter, and weight, and found that TPL holds for all three biological measures, with the relationship strongest for weight. Using analysis of covariance to compare the regression slopes of logarithmic mean and variance against the logarithm of density, we found that the variance in individual biomass declined faster than the mean with increasing density. This suggests that dense planting reduced mean individual biomass but homogenized individual biomass. Thus, there exists a trade-off between effective stand productivity and stand density for optimal forest management. Sparse planting leads to large variation in individual biomass, whereas dense planting reduces mean individual biomass. Consequently, stand density for a plantation should be set based on this trade-off with reference to market demands.     

桦树柠条混交林生长效应的试验

通过对桦树柠条混交林及桦树纯林、柠条纯林的林木生长量、林分生物量、根系分布规律等的调查研究,结果表明,混交林的桦树高生长量比纯林桦树提高47．6％～119．5％,胸径提高44．1％～143．1％;混交林的林木生长量及单株生物量均高于纯林;混交林中桦树根系分布比纯林均匀,使林木充分利用土壤养分、水分、空间,利于林木的生长。     

Weeds in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus globulus</Emphasis> subsp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">maidenii</Emphasis> (F. Muell) establishment: effects of competition on sapling growth and survivorship

The effect of herbaceous vegetation on growth and survival was assessed in planted eucalyptus saplings grown under four levels of weed cover. Seedlings of Eucalyptus globulus subsp. maidenii were planted with 0 (W0), 25 (W25), 50 (W50) and 100% (W100) weed cover. Weed species composition and aboveground biomass was determined. Soil water content was evaluated by the gravimetric method. Seedling leaf area, diameter and height were evaluated at planting and during the 3 months following establishment. Tree height, diameter and stem volume was estimated at 12, 24 and 36 months. First year tree survival was recorded. The ratio of cumulative stem growth under W100: cumulative stem growth under W0 was used to measure competitive performance. Regression analysis was used to determine competition thresholds. Weeds seriously threaten the growth of E. globulus subsp. maidenii. Early negative effects of competition on growth were evident as from the second month after establishment, and both seedlings and 1-year-old saplings were more affected than 2- and 3-year-old ones. A “minimum-response threshold” was determined near 500 kg/ha (corresponding to W25 cover). No clear effect was found between sapling survival and weed biomass.     

Carbon budget for Scots pine trees: effects of size, competition and site fertility on growth allocation and production

Time series of carbon fluxes in individual Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees were constructed based on biomass measurements and information about component-specific turnover and respiration rates. Foliage, branch, stem sapwood, heartwood and bark components of aboveground biomass were measured in 117 trees sampled from 17 stands varying in age, density and site fertility. A subsample of 32 trees was measured for belowground biomass excluding fine roots. Biomass of fine roots was estimated from the results of an earlier study. Statistical models were constructed to predict dry mass (DW) of components from tree height and basal area, and time derivatives of these models were used to estimate biomass increments from height growth and basal area growth. Biomass growth (G) was estimated by adding estimated biomass turnover rates to increments, and gross photosynthetic production (P) was estimated by adding estimated component respiration rates to growth. The method, which predicts the time course of G, P and biomass increment in individual trees as functions of height growth and basal area growth, was applied to eight example trees representing different dominance positions and site fertilities. Estimated G and P of the example trees varied with competition, site fertility and tree height, reaching maximum values of 22 and 43 kg(DW) year(-1), respectively. The site types did not show marked differences in productivity of trees of the same height, although height growth was greater on the fertile site. The G:P ratio decreased with tree height from 65 to 45%. Growth allocation to needles and branches increased with increasing dominance, whereas growth allocation to the stem decreased. Growth allocation to branches decreased and growth allocation to coarse roots increased with increasing tree size. Trees at the poor site allocated 49% more to fine roots than trees at the fertile site. The belowground parts accounted for 25 to 55% of annual G, increasing with tree size and decreasing with site fertility. Annual G and P per unit needle mass varied over the ranges 1.9-2.4 and 3.5-4.0 kg(DW) kg(-1), respectively. The relationship between P and needle mass in the example trees was linear and relatively independent of competition, site fertility and age.     

两种培育模式下闽楠生长及生物量研究

在福建宁化国有林场开展了混交(马尾松:闽楠混交比例分别为1:1和2:1)和马尾松间伐后林下套种(25%和40%间伐强度)2种培育模式下闽楠生长、材积及生物量的研究。结果表明,造林后第1年,马尾松林下套种的闽楠成活率高于马尾松+闽楠混交林;造林后1-4年,闽楠树高、胸径和材积在马尾松林下套种和马尾松+闽楠混交林中没有显著差异;造林后7-9年,马尾松+闽楠1:1混交林中闽楠胸径、树高、单株材积和单株生物量均显著高于马尾松+闽楠2:1混交林;40%间伐处理后林下套种的闽楠胸径、树高、单株材积和单株生物量大于25%间伐处理。总体上,造林7年后混交林中闽楠生长量和生物量显著高于林下套种。因此,闽楠与马尾松营造混交林比在马尾松林下套种更有利于其生长,但确定适宜的混交比例和加强后期的抚育管理(如间伐)对于闽楠人工林培育仍是十分重要的。