木荷1代育种群体遗传多样性分析

木荷为我国亚热带地区主要的珍贵优质阔叶用材树种和生态防护树种.利用筛选的14对多态性强的SSR引物,对木荷1代育种群体中来自15个产地133个亲本进行遗传多样性分析,为其优异种质资源保存、杂交亲本选配及新种质创制提供科学依据.结果表明:14对引物共扩增86个位点,每对引物检测到的等位基因数(Na)变异范围为2～11个,平均等位基因数(Na)为6.14个,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为3.23个,平均观察杂合度(Ho)为0.572 0,平均Shannon信息指数(I)和平均Nei's基因多样性指数(Nei)分别为1.224 7和0.599 0,说明木荷1代育种群体具有丰富的遗传多样性,其中,福建建瓯产地遗传多样性最高,浙江遂昌产地遗传多样性最低.木荷1代育种群体中成对亲本间遗传距离为0.023 3～1.633 8,平均为0.6067.不同产地遗传多样性与纬度呈显著的负相关关系(r=-0.5162,p=0.048 9).通过UPGMA聚类,可将133个育种亲本分成3个类群,其中,类群3又分为4个亚类群.木荷亲本选配时,应充分考虑优树的产地来源.     

组培苗百合种质资源ISSR分析

本研究应用ISSR分子标记对日本百合、荷兰百合以及湖北野生百合共34份组培苗材料进行了遗传多样性分析。从40条引物中筛选出4条重复性好,条带清晰的引物进行PCR扩增,共扩增出多态性条带76条。供试百合材料的观察等位基因数(Na)为2,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.2623,Nei's(1973)基因多样性指数(H)为0.196 3,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.338 8。湖北野生百合遗传多样性较高,日本百合和荷兰百合相对较低。根据标记分析结果,基于供试样品间遗传距离,采用UPGMA分析方法构建了聚类图,对不同来源百合样品的亲缘关系进行了初步分析。     

木兰科濒危植物大果木莲遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术对云南省3个大果木莲天然居群进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,在物种水平上,大果木莲的多态位点百分率(PPB)为70.71%;有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.4121;Nei′s基因多样性指数(H)为0.2433;Shannon信息指数(I)为0.3651。在居群水平上,其PPB为44.1%;Ne为1.2704;H为0.1573;I为0.2343。通过Nei′s遗传多样性分析得到居群间的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.3595,由遗传一致度进行了3个居群的UPGMA聚类。     

紫茎泽兰种群空间遗传结构研究

选取云南省境内怒江流域北段作为研究区域,采用SSR分子标记技术,对研究区域内的22个紫茎泽兰种群的遗传多样性和种群遗传结构进行了实验分析。实验从60对SSR引物中筛选出3对多态性引物进行扩增,采用0/1法读取条带。3对SSR引物一共扩增出136个条带,共检测到38个特异性条带,每对SSR引物检测出的多态性条带平均为12.6。采用GenAlEx 6.2、Structure2.3.3、NTSYS-PC软件进行分析,得出:22个紫茎泽兰种群间遗传多样性较高,种群水平上的多态位点百分率(P)为71.21%,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.280,Nei基因多样性指数(H)为0.176,等位基因数(Na)为1.712,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.280。通过UPGMA聚类和贝叶斯聚类分析均显示出三个区域的种群遗传差异。     

白皮松天然群体遗传多样性的EST-SSR分析

为探讨白皮松群体间遗传变异规律,使用7对EST-SSR引物对分布区内21个白皮松天然群体的遗传多样性及遗传分化水平进行了研究。结果表明:7对引物在21个白皮松天然群体的663个单株中共检测到14个多态性位点。各群体间有效等位基因数(Ne)、Shannon’s信息指数(I)、观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、Nei’s期望杂合度(Nei’s)分别为1.156 5 1.601 9、0.133 5 0.492 5、0.138 4 0.397 3、0.0860 0.342 8、0.084 6 0.337 4。白皮松群体间遗传分化系数(Fst)平均为0.215 2,基因流(Nm)值平均为0.911 9,群体间基因交流总体较少,遗传分化较大。白皮松多样性水平在分布区内呈规律性变化,多样性分布的中心区域主要在西部、南部,具有从西向东,从南向北依次减少的趋势。     

濒危植物新疆野扁桃的遗传多样性

【目的】基于cpDNA序列,对孑遗濒危植物新疆野扁桃的遗传多样性、遗传结构和显著进化单元等进行分析,为居群的保护提供依据。【方法】基于叶绿体序列trnL-trnF和psbK-psbI,对新疆野扁桃自然分布区内的8个居群共102个个体进行序列分析;利用分子方差分析和景观遗传插值分析居群间的遗传分化;利用最大似然树和贝叶斯系统树分析单倍型间的分子系统关系。【结果】1)叶绿体序列trnL-trnF和psbK-psbI拼接后的总长度为584 bp,鉴别了14个核苷酸变异位点,共定义了9个单倍型。居群间总的遗传多样(h_T)和居群内平均遗传多样性(h_S)分别为0.755和0.487。2) AMOVA分析结果表明,65.71%的遗传变异来源于居群间。物种分布范围内存在显著的遗传结构(N_(ST)G_(ST),P0.05)。3)单倍型的最大似然树和贝叶斯系统树均表明新疆野扁桃自然分布区内9个叶绿体单倍型共聚为2支:阿勒泰和塔城地区的居群各为一支。单倍型网络图和主坐标分析结果也表明阿勒泰和塔城地区的居群各聚为一支。所有居群的遗传景观分析表明,阿勒泰地区和塔城地区的居群之间表现出明显的遗传分化。4)哈巴河孔墩林山麓居群和裕民保护区居群2拥有较高的遗传多样性,可以作为该濒危植物遗传多样性保护的重点。【结论】基于cpDNA序列,新疆野扁桃居群的遗传变异主要来源于居群间,阿勒泰地区和塔城地区的居群组间存在显著的遗传分化。阿勒泰居群组和塔城居群组可以作为2个显著进化单元,哈巴河孔墩林山麓居群和裕民保护区居群2应该作为新疆野扁桃遗传多样性保护的重点。研究结果可以为深入研究新疆野扁桃居群的分布、进化和保护提供科学依据。     

13种观赏竹EST-SSR标记遗传多样性分析

为给竹子分类、竹种新品种登记及种质资源保护提供一定的科学依据,从已开发的25对毛竹EST-SSR引物中筛选出13对引物,对13份常用观赏竹种进行遗传多样性分析。共检测到123个位点,获得121个多态性位点。采用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,在相似系数0.18水平下可将13个竹种分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ5类。利用Popgen32软件对其进行遗传多样性分析,结果表明,各类群等位基因观察数(Na)平均为1.342 2,有效等位基因数(Ne)平均为1.234 5,基因多样性指数(H)平均为0.152 8,Shannon信息指数(I)平均为0.180 4。5个类群间遗传多样性趋势为:Ⅱ>Ⅴ>Ⅰ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ。     

基于叶绿体和核基因片段序列的甘蒙柽柳谱系地理研究

【目的】甘蒙柽柳为我国黄河流域特有种,本研究旨在探讨该物种各居群间的谱系地理结构以及黄河形成对甘蒙柽柳居群分布、遗传结构的影响。【方法】利用叶绿体基因trn Q-rps16片段和核基因片段ITS序列信息,通过PCR扩增、测序,对分布于我国黄河流域的甘蒙柽柳17个居群共266个个体的序列进行分析,研究其遗传多样性、遗传结构及种群历史动态。【结果】在甘蒙柽柳居群中,共检测得到4个叶绿体单倍型(207个个体)和32个核基因单倍型(232个个体)。该物种的叶绿体基因遗传多样性较低(HT=0. 13),但其核基因的遗传多样性较高(HT=0. 82)。甘蒙柽柳居群的遗传变异主要发生在居群内,叶绿体基因(cp DNA)和核基因(nDNA)的遗传分化系数NST(cpDNA:0. 15; nDNA:0. 22)和GST(cpDNA:0. 19; nDNA:0. 24)均不显著(P0. 05),且NST小于GST,表明该物种无明显的谱系地理结构。中性检验结果 Tajima’s D和Fu’s Fs均为负值,且失配分析表明期望扩张群体的分布曲线与实际观测到的分布曲线基本吻合,期望分布曲线呈单峰,表明甘蒙柽柳居群经历过快速扩张,这可能与黄河的贯通形成有关。单倍型分布及网络结构分析结果表明,叶绿体单倍型H1、核基因单倍型R1频率最高,位于网络结构图中心位置,且分布最为广泛,可能为古老单倍型。叶绿体基因的结果显示,甘肃省永靖县、积石山县的甘蒙柽柳单倍型种类、多态性及核苷酸多样性显著高于其他地区,且具有特有单倍型(H2、H4),推测其在永靖县、积石山县附近最为古老,以此为起源中心,分别向上游(青海省)和中下游迁移,奠基者效应造成新建居群的遗传多样较低。【结论】本研究揭示了我国黄河流域主要甘蒙柽柳居群的遗传结构及其历史迁移动态。甘蒙柽柳的叶绿体基因遗传多样性水平较低,核基因的遗传多样性较高,遗传变异主要发生在居群内,无明显的谱系地理结构。该物种经历过快速扩张,其起源中心可能为甘肃省积石山县、永靖县附近,随着黄河的形成分别向黄河上游和中下游迁移,推测黄河的形成贯通是导致甘蒙柽柳居群迁移扩散的重要因素。     

濒危植物永瓣藤遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术研究永瓣藤居群的遗传多样性,用 10 个ISSR引物对全分布区10个天然居群的190个单株进行扩增,得出总的多态位点百分率为39.2%.Shannon多样性指数(Ho)为0.045 ～ 0.101,居群水平上平均值(Hpop) 为0.083,物种水平上(Hsp)为0.183,表明遗传多样性均较低.用 POPGENE 计算出的遗传分化系数GST为 0.567 2,即居群间的遗传分化占居群总遗传变异的56.72%,显示永瓣藤居群间分化较强烈.地史变迁和植被破坏引起的居群片断化、小居群致使基因流受阻以及永瓣藤自交的繁殖方式都加剧了居群间的遗传分化.研究结果还表明永瓣藤居群间遗传距离与地理距离密切相关.     

基于SSR标记的木荷核心种质构建

【目的】通过对比分析与评价以确定木荷核心种质构建的最适取样策略和比例,并构建木荷核心种质;在此基础上,进一步建立核心种质分子身份信息,为木荷种质资源的深入研究和加强利用、发掘优异基因资源提供理论依据和核心材料,同时也可为其他多年生木本植物核心种质的构建提供参考。【方法】利用13对SSR引物,以来自7个省(市)29个地区的754份木荷种质资源为材料,利用M策略(M)、随机取样法(R)、遗传多样性最大化法(SAGD)和等位基因最大化法(SANA)分别构建核心种质。采用等位基因数(Na)、有效等位基因数(Ne)和Shannon’s信息指数(I)等遗传多样性指标进行比较分析来确定最适合的构建方法。【结果】13对SSR引物共检测到128个等位基因(Na),平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为3.47,Shannon’s信息指数(I)为1.39,表明木荷种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性。SANA、SAGD和M策略构建的核心种质均优于R策略。SANA和SAGD法抽取的核心种质对原有种质均具有较好的代表性,但等位基因保留率较低。M策略构建的核心种质等位基因(Na)保留比例明显高于其他3种策略所构建的核心种质。根据遗传多样性参数综合考虑,同时考虑抽样数量,M策略构建的核心种质能以最小的取样量、最大程度地保留原有种质的遗传多样性,为最优的取样策略。采用主坐标分析法显示,M策略构建的核心种质能够较全面地代表木荷种质资源的遗传多样性,利用该策略得到的115份木荷核心种质,保留了原有种质15.3%的种质材料,等位基因数(Na)、有效等位基因数(Ne)和Shannon’s信息指数(I)的保留率分别达到93.8%,115.6%和109.9%。依据13对SSR引物的扩增数据,经过多态性谱带的有序编码转换,构建了115份木荷核心种质的特异分子身份信息,置信概率达到99.99%,具有有效性和唯一性。【结论】M策略是较适宜的构建木荷核心种质的方法,构建的115份核心种质能最大程度代表木荷种质资源的遗传多样性,同时,本研究所采用的方法对其他多年生木本植物核心种质的构建具有重要的参考价值。     

板栗品种重要经济性状遗传多样性研究

对湖南4个不同区域点16个参加田间品种比较试验的板栗品种坚果调查、观察和测定,研究板栗品种坚果的遗传多样性,探明板栗品种坚果性状间的遗传关系,为板栗品种资源的保存和利用提供科学依据.对坚果性状的研究表明各品种间存在较大的遗传差异,而且大多数品种在不同区域的表现是稳定的.各品种间的耐贮性达到显著水平,说明各品种间存在较大的耐贮性的遗传差异,证明16个良种的耐贮性遗传多样性较丰富.     

Gene flow among wild and cultivated common walnut (Juglans regia) trees in the Qinling Mountains revealed by microsatellite markers

Patterns of gene flow and gene introgres sion can be used to assess the risk of genetic pollution of wild forest trees from widespread cultivated trees.A comprehensive understanding of the genetic relationships and levels of gene flow among wild and cultivated common walnut(Juglans regia) has become an urgent issue.Using twelve microsatellite markers,we investigated the genetic diversity and gene flow between cultivated and wild trees of J.regia in the Qinling Mountains,China.A high level of genetic variation was detected in both cultivated and wild trees.The mean number of alleles per locus was 17.5.Observed heterozygosity(H_O)and expected heterozygosity(H_E) were 0.777 and 0.800,respectively.Pollination of mother trees was not by nearest neighbors,and a paternity of 60.7% of offspring evaluated could not be assigned to a local,sampled tree.Pollen flow from cultivated trees to wild trees was infrequent(5.4%),and selfing rates ranged from zero to 25.0%.Male parents were located from 0 to 1005 m from their female partners,with an average pollination distance of 285.1 m.These results are discussed in light of the cultivated species' diversity,outlining the frequent spontaneous genetic contributions from the wild to the cultivated compartment.In addition,the pollen flow parameters provide useful information about the dynamics of pollen movement within J.regia populations.     

板栗矮化砧木选育研究进展

对中国板栗矮化砧木选育研究进展做了阐述,并对板栗、野板栗、茅栗、锥栗、日本栗等作砧木与板栗的嫁接亲和性及矮化效果等做了分析,同时指出了今后板栗矮化砧木的选育途径。     

白皮松天然群体遗传多样性的等位酶分析

采用8种等位酶对白皮松4个天然群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行了研究.在4个群体中共检测到10个基因位点,15个等位基因,其中6个位点为多态位点;群体总体水平多态位点比率P=60%,平均有效基因数A=1.92,平均期望杂合度He=0.106,种群平均遗传距离为0.006 8.南漳白皮松群落平均等位基因数A=1.9,平均有...     

Selection of a seed orchard of Eucalyptus dunnii based on genetic diversity criteria calculated using molecular markers

A Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden breeding population of 46 accessions originated in Australia and selected for fitness to subtropical and cold environments was screened by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) and microsatellite markers to obtain quantitative estimates of genetic diversity. A randomly chosen group of AFLP primers generated 205 AFLP bands that were used to fingerprint the genotypes and to evaluate genetic relationships among accessions. Sixty-eight percent (140) of the bands were polymorphic markers. The mean diversity index (DI) was 0.33 and about 52% of the loci had values greater than 0.4. Cluster analysis derived from similarity indices (SI) revealed no particular grouping among accessions suggesting the absence of closely related genotypes, except for five pairs of genotypes. Bootstrap analysis results confirmed the suitability of AFLP to describe genetic relationships in this breeding population. In addition, four highly informative microsatellites were used to construct an identification matrix that discriminated nearly all of the genotypes. Mean values for the number of alleles per locus, DI and SI among accessions were 13, 0.78 and 0.19, respectively, indicating that the breeding population has high genetic diversity. However, several genotypes showed the presence of single microsatellite bands suggesting a putatively important degree of homozygosity. Molecular data were used to design a clonal seed orchard. To achieve this aim, the nine most divergent pairs of genotypes were chosen, thereby retaining 95.2% of the total number of alleles from the 140 polymorphic AFLP loci and the four microsatellite loci analyzed. Mean DI and SI for AFLP and microsatellites showed no significant differences between the original breeding population and the selected seed orchard, confirming that a seed orchard can be designed with a limited number of individuals, which allows similar accessions to be discarded and avoids inbreeding.     

Genetic characterization of English yew (Taxus baccata L.) populations in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The genetic structures of six populations of English yew (Taxus baccata L.) from different parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina have been characterized by means of isozyme analyses. Using six polymorphic gene loci, a total of 16 alleles have been found with a number of nine alleles, which were in common in all populations. In general, the values of observed heterozygosity reflect a very high level of individual genetic variation. Great differences in the relative allele frequencies lead to relatively high gene pool distances between the populations. Whereas the genetic structures of four populations corresponded essentially with the results of publicized investigations of yew populations from other parts of Europe, two occurrences show great differences. The possible reasons of these peculiarities are discussed. Based on the results of the genetic analyses, different measures for the maintenance and development of the genetic resources are recommended. The conservation management on the population level can prevent the possible loss of genetic adaptation as far as the reasons of genetic differences and their importance are not discovered to a sufficient extent.     

Analysis of genetic diversity and differentiation of artificial populations of yellowhorn(Xanthoceras sorbifolium) in China using ISSR markers

Yellowhorn(Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge)is a drought-tolerant tree in the family Sapindaceae that is native to northeastern China.Its remarkably oil-rich seeds are a reliable biodiesel source.An inter simple sequence repeat(ISSR) analysis showed genetic variation among four artificial populations in China:two in Inner Mongolia(IM),one in Liaoning(LN),and one in Shandong(SD).The average percentage of polymorphic loci was 81.25 % for these four populations.The Forest Farm in SD showed the highest number of effective alleles(Ne),Shannon index(I),and expected heterozygosity(He),i.e.,1.598,0.470,and 0.325,respectively,but the lowest number of alleles(Na) as 1.600.Based on an analysis of molecular variance,23 % of the total genetic variation was found among populations,and 77 % within populations.A principal coordinate analysis revealed two groups(Group 1:Lindonglinchang,Jianping Agriculture Research Station and Forest Farm;Group 2:Jinjilinchang).Understanding the genetic diversity among artificial yellowhorn populations in China,detected using ISSRs,will be useful for yellowhorn conservation and improvement.Additional artificial and natural populations need to be included in the future for a country-wide perspective.     

板栗品种嫁接亲和力的研究

板栗品种与不同砧木嫁接成活率的差异显著,它栗与4种砧木的嫁接成活率由高到低依次为本砧、锥栗、野板栗、茅栗。板栗品种在不同区域嫁接成活率有差异。不同品种与本砧嫁接成活率最高,不同品种在同一区域嫁接成活率差异不显著,但同一品种在不同区域的差异显著。根据板栗生产的不同情况选择不同类型的砧木,可提高嫁接树适应不同环境的能力,使板栗品种在性状的表现上保持一定的稳定性。     

湖北省马尾松天然林同工酶遗传变异的研究

采用丙烯酰胺垂直平板电泳法,对天冬氨酸转氨酶（ＧＯＴ）、丙氨酸氨酸酶（ＡＡＰ）、亮氨酸氨酸酶（ＬＡＰ）、６－磷酸葡萄糖酶（６０ＧＤ）、磷酸葡萄糖变位酶（ＰＧＭ）、莽草酸脱氢酶（ＳＨＤＨ）等 ６种同工酶系统的 １２个基因位点进行了研究和分析,共发现 ３６个复等位基因。结果还表明,马尾松天然群体具有较为丰富的遗传变异性,其多态位点百分率（ＰＬ）为５６％,平均杂合率（Ｈｅ）为０．２８５,等位基因平均数（Ｎａ）为２．２９;有效等位基因平均数（Ｎｅ）为１．４２;马尾松天然群体间的变异量只占总变异量的８．８％左右,而约９１％以上的变异只存在于单个的小群体内的单株间;湖北省马尾松天然群体内存在较为严重的近亲交配现象,近交系数（Ｆｉｓ）平均为 ０．２０２。     

Genetic differentiation and diversity of Adansonia digitata L (baobab) in Malawi using microsatellite markers

Baobab (Adansonia digitata L) belonging to Bombacaceae family, is one of the most widely used indigenous priority tree species in sub-Saharan Africa, valued in the cosmetic industry for its seed oil, and powdery fruit pulp for juice making. Baobab has high potential for domestication in southern Africa, therefore understanding its genetic diversity and population structuring is warranted. The study investigated the level of genetic diversity and differentiation of five populations of A. digitata L. sampled from four diverse silvicultural zones in Malawi. Variation at nine microsatellite loci were examined in 150 individual trees. Low mean genetic diversity was expressed through genetic diversity indices: Nei’s genetic diversity (h, 0.18 ± 0.03), Shannon Information Index (I, 0.21 ± 0.07), observed number of alleles (na, 1.47 ± 0.10), effective number of alleles (ne, 1.23 ± 0.04) and percentage polymorphic loci (pp, 48 %). The low genetic variation found is attributed to the population growing in marginal areas of genetic centre of diversity of the species, anthropogenic factors and founder effects. Moderate genetic differentiation was observed among populations (Gst = 0.13) indicating the presence of a large number of common alleles resulting in a homogenisation effect. Clustering of individual trees by genetic similarity coefficients indicated that mainland trees were genetically closer than the trees on Likoma Island. Mantel’s test showed a weak positive insignificant correlation (Z = 0.12; P = 0.64) between genetic distance among populations and actual distance on the ground implying that geneflow was not directly influenced by isolation by distance. The results suggest that seed distribution and tree improvement should recognise the presence of ecotypes and conservation measures should protect all the populations due to existence of private alleles which are of adaptive importance.