黄土区人工林草植被深层土壤干燥化研究进展

黄土高原地区深层土壤干燥化(土壤干层)是人工林草植被过度耗水导致土壤水分负平衡的结果。概述土壤干层的研究进展,包括土壤干层的特征、类型、量化指标、成因、分布、危害及其缓减对策,指出当前研究中存在的问题,对今后研究提出建议。     

黄土高原退耕还林条件下的土壤干化问题*

介绍了土壤干化的概念及其对黄土高原生态环境的严重危害和对退耕还林还草工程的不利影响 ,说明了黄土高原地区土壤干化现象的出现是树 (草 )种选择不当和过分追求经济效益的结果 ,论述了黄土高原的植被建设几十年来没有取得成效的原因在于人类活动的逆向作用 ,包括植被类型选择失当 ,群落生产力过高 ,忽视了生物多样性在植被恢复演替中的重要作用等。这些不合理的措施一方面导致了大面积低效低产林的形成 ,另一方面又恶化了植被赖以生存的水分生态条件 ,加速了土壤干化现象的出现。由于其对植被建设的严重不良影响 ,必然影响到黄土高原生态环境的重建 ,在此意义上 ,解决土壤干化问题是目前退耕还林 (草 )工程面临的最为关键的课题之一。     

人工植被的土壤水分状况与水分动态研究

该文综合阐述了不同的人工植被在干旱、半干旱、半湿润地区普遍存在着的土壤干化现象。文章着重介绍了不同的植被类型在不同的土壤剖面层次、不同的季节，土壤水分存在不同的动态变化规律，变异系数的大小，直接反映了当地土壤干化的程度和年内水分供需矛盾状况。利用人渗规律，增加水分循环的途径，使土壤干层水分得到补给，是避免人工植被土壤干化的一种有效途径。     

科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林土壤水分动态的研究

对樟子松人工林群落结构和土壤水分动态进行研究。结果表明:13年林龄的樟子松人工林3 0 0cm深层的土壤水分已基本耗竭,而且整个生长季还在持续减少,土壤水分不能得到有效补给;林木生长衰弱,平均高仅3 59m ,平均胸径5 77cm ,并出现大量枯梢;林木生长已受到土壤水分亏缺的严重制约,林分开始衰败;林下草本层发育良好,盖度较高。研究指出,干旱半干旱地区人工林在不适宜的密度下造成群落结构与环境条件不相适应,存在着由乔木植被向草本植被演替的规律,对人工林群落的稳定性进行分析,指出通过密度控制、树种选择等措施可以进行调整,延缓土壤水分的耗竭速度,提高林分的稳定性。要建立稳定性更高和维持时间更长的人工林,从根本上改变草本植被代替乔木植被的规律,需要借鉴天然稀树草原植被的乔木密度,大幅度降低人工林的密度。在有地下水存在和植物可以利用的情况下,人工林的稳定性可以维持一个世代甚或更长。     

晋西人工林土壤水分状况与植被建设--以河曲砖窑沟流域人工林为例

以河曲砖窑沟流域为例,分析了黄土区人工植被土壤水分的现状和土壤干化导致的后果以及造成这些后果的直接原因,并针对这些原因提出了黄土高原人工植被建设的策略和指导思想。     

干旱半干旱沙区人工植被与土壤水分环境相互作用关系研究进展

土壤水分在干旱、半干旱沙区人工植被恢复、植物生长和群落演替过程中起着重要作用。文中综述了我国主要沙化地区人工固沙植被土壤水分状况和动态的研究现状, 分析了土壤水分的时空格局及其影响因子; 探讨植被冠层、生物结皮、植物根系对土壤水分的调控作用和影响机理以及干旱、半干旱沙区人工植被土壤水分空间异质性及相关问题; 最后提出人工植被区的土壤水分动态模拟预测、土壤—植被—大气系统水量平衡和水分循环以及空间尺度扩展等问题应是未来的研究重点。     

毛乌素沙地沙柳、乌柳及旱柳蒸腾耗水变化规律的研究

蒸腾是植物耗水特征的主要方式,在土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)水热传输过程中占有极为重要的地位,一直是农学、林学、气象学、水文学、生态学等相关学科及领域共同关注的重要课题之一[1].随着水资源紧缺问题的日益严重化,蒸腾问题的研究业已受国际社会的愈加重视.揭示林木耗水规律及其影响机制对水资源紧缺地区林业建设战略规划、林种布局、树种选择、林分结构配置及林地水分管理等具有重要的理论指导意义[2].     

科尔沁沙地植被建设方向和模式的探讨

文章论述了科尔沁沙地植被的历史变迁和原生植被类型。提出了本地区退化生态系统植被建设的方向和目标,即根据具体地形地貌、土壤特点和残存植被特征,以改善生态环境和提高土地生产力为目标,选择生态防护和经济价值高的植物种类,组建结构不同、功能各异的人工植被体系,其结构不同于原生植被,但功能优于原生植被,形成新的高效、和谐、稳定的人工-自然生态系统。同时,对本地区植被建设的基本模式也进行了论述。     

晋西北主要造林树种土壤水分特征研究

土壤水分是影响干旱半干旱地区人工造林的关键因子,为查明人工林土壤水分消耗状况,以晋西北岚县人工柠条和油松为研究对象,草地作为对照,定量分析和评价0~600cm土壤水分垂直剖面变化。结果表明:油松林地的土壤含水量在7.8%~9.7%之间变化,柠条林地土壤含水量的变化范围为7.3%~11.3%;油松和柠条林地存在不同程度的轻度干层和中度干层,含水量小于6%的重度干层不存在;油松林地枯落物的水文效应使其表层土壤含水量变异低于柠条林地。不同土层,不同植被类型土壤水分亏缺程度不同。从土壤水分亏缺的垂直变化来看,表层中层底层。从不同植被类型来看,柠条油松草地。     

影响树木蒸腾耗水的外部因子研究进展

国内外研究表明,影响树木蒸腾耗水的外部因子主要由2部分构成:一是土壤因子,二是气象因子,包括光照、温度及空气相对湿度等。分析得出这两类因子影响树木耗水的一般规律为:(1)在土壤水分超过树木日需求量平均值过多时,叶片气孔在数小时内迅速关闭,导致树木蒸腾耗水量曲线呈下降趋势;在土壤水分低于树木日需求量平均值过多时,树木的生长受到限制,叶片水势下降,导致蒸腾耗水也相应下降。(2)在一定范围内,树木蒸腾耗水量会随着光照强度、大气温度的增加而增大,随着空气相对湿度的增加而减少。同时,这些因子间的互相作用也影响着树木的耗水。     

大青沟植物群落起源探讨

从古地质、古地理、古地貌、古土壤、古气候、古植被及现存植被与相关植物区系的关系等方面阐述了大青沟森林植物群落的起源演化过程。采用相关系数方法、模糊聚类方法探讨了大青沟植物群落与相关植物区系间的关系,结果表明：第四纪特别是全新世以来气候的大幅度波动,使大青沟地区的暖温带落叶阔叶林逐渐退缩,仅残留于特殊的避难所;大青沟森林植物群落与长白植物区系、内蒙古植物区系、华北植物区系存在密切的关系;表明大青沟森林植物群落是在长期气候条件影响下,３个植物区系交互作用产生的残遗森林群落类型。     

Soil desiccation for Loess soils on natural and regrown areas

In the Loess Plateau, soil desiccation has become a serious problem for forest and grass vegetation. Soil desiccation leads to the formation of a dried soil layer (DSL). This paper presents the results of research carried out in the central part of the Loess Plateau. The objective of the research was to produce a statistically supported set of indicators for evaluating soil desiccation of forestlands, to present a heuristic idea for soil desiccation and to supply scientific support for replacing farmland with forest or grass in the Loess Plateau and other regions of China. Here, we suggest that more attention should be paid to soil desiccation and its effects on the ecosystem of the region in the future. The results showed that natural Quercus liaotungensis forestlands (NQF) retained more water content than regrown Robinnia pseudoscacia forestlands (RRF). Significant DSLs were formed in the RRF but not in the NQF. A possible reason for no formation of DSL in NQF could be due to the presence of an arbor–shrub–herb stand structure and large humus and litter accumulation, which increased the natural forest's (NF) adaptability to the environmental conditions. Soil water content in the north-facing slope was significantly larger than in the south-facing slope. DSLs formed in the 0–500 cm layer of the south-facing slope. When slope gradient was greater than 25°, soil water content deceased sharply and showed significant difference compared with 9°, 15° and 20° (P < 0.05). So, we conclude that plant species, aspect and slope angle could be the predicators for the formation of DSLs. The analysis on soil physical properties of 0–60 cm layer indicated that plant species, aspect and slope angle also have significant effects on bulk density, porosity, plant-available capacity, and hydraulic conductivity, especially in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers. In the NQF and RRF with north-facing slope, soil physical properties were improved.     

太行山石质山地植被结构优化评价

以太行山石质砂岩区山地植被为研究对象,在对典型植被类型综合调查的基础上,提出了评价山地植被水土保持效益的10项指标,并通过不同植被类型的水源涵养效能指标测定和径流小区泥沙对比分析,认为人工-天然复合植被类型的水土保持效果最好,乔木林最适郁闭度为0．6～0．7。阐述了突出水土保持、水源涵养功能的植被优化结构建设是太行山石质山地植被恢复的根本途径和防护林体系建设的重要内容。     

Simulation of soil water dynamics in a Caragana intermedia woodland in Huangfuchuan watershed

As vegetation coverage increases, soil water content can decrease due to water uptake and evapotranspiration. At a very high level of plant density, poor growth and even mortality can occur due to the decrease of soil water content. Hence, a better understanding of the relationship between soil water content and the density of plants is important to design effective restoration projects. To study these relationships, we developed a soil water dynamic simulation model of a Caragana intermedia woodland under different slope gradient and slope aspect conditions in the Huangfuchuan watershed on the basis of the previous studies and field experiments. The model took into account the major processes that address the relationships of plants and the environment, including soil characteristics, precipitation, infiltration, vegetation transpiration, and soil evaporation. Daily changes in soil water content, transpiration, and evaporation of the Caragana intermedia woodland with different vegetation coverage, slope gradient, and slope aspect were simulated from 1971 to 2000. Based on the model simulations, we determined the functional relationships among soil water content, plant coverage and slope as well as the optimal plant density on flat slopes. We also determined the effects of slope gradient and slope aspect on soil water content. When slope gradient was less than 10°, the optimal plant density was sensitive to slope gradient. In the slope range from 10° to 30°, plant density was not sensitive to slope gradient. Therefore, it is important to consider planting densities on the hillsides with slope gradients less than 10° for reconstructing vegetation. __________ Translated from Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2005, 29(6): 910–917 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

Use of water stress integral to evaluate relationships between soil moisture,plant water stress and stand productivity in young Douglas-fir trees

Water stress integral (WSI) is a method of assessing cumulative plant water stress over a chosen period of time. While the technique has been used in other tree species, it has not been applied for reforestation projects. In this study we used the WSI approach for newly planted Douglas-fir in the Pacific Northwest (USA), where the Mediterranean climate, plant community development, and competition for water all play key roles in the success of establishment efforts. In this study, previously reported seedling growth, xylem water potential, and soil moisture data were utilized to provide direct correlations between Douglas-fir productivity, soil water availability and WSI. For each growing season, a strong relationship between WSI and volume growth as well as a strong linear relationship between WSI and soil moisture measured during mid-August was found. On average, for each reduction of 0.01 cm³ cm^?3 in soil moisture measured during mid-August, Douglas-fir seedling volume growth decreased by 5.6 and 7.7% in the first and second growing seasons, respectively. Preserving soil moisture until early-August through the judicial application of vegetation management regimes was critical for maximizing stand productivity. Based on these results, a single evaluation of soil volumetric water content during early-August can be used as a predictor of stand productivity during the initial two seasons of forest establishment.     

巴音温都尔沙漠典型植物群落土壤物理性质研究

巴音温都尔沙漠是我国北方干旱气候带典型的环境敏感区和生态脆弱区,生态建设和植被恢复对巴音温都尔沙漠生态系统服务功能极为重要。本研究以巴音温都尔沙漠梭梭、唐古特白刺、球果白刺、盐爪爪、膜果麻黄群落土壤为试验对象,对不同植物群落类型土壤物理性状和持水能力进行了研究。结果表明:5种群落中土壤孔隙度、土壤毛管孔隙度与土壤非毛管孔隙度最大值均出现在盐爪爪群落,其土壤通透性最好,具备良好的通气透水能力;膜果麻黄群落土壤最为紧实,通气透水能力最差。5种群落中,盐爪爪群落土壤自然含水率最高,膜果麻黄群落最低。盐爪爪群落土壤持水量最高,麻黄群落土壤持水量最低。盐爪爪群落土壤具有良好的保水能力,膜果麻黄群落土壤保水能力处于偏低水平。     

桉树林、云南松林及松栎混交林下植物群落调查与分析

通过对桉树林、云南松林和松栎混交林植物群落的物种组成、空间结构、各成分盖度系数等调查,分析了3种类型下的植被与生态因子之间的相互关系,揭示合理育林措施能提高生物多样性水平、增强水土保持的能力等。提出人工造林以营造混交林为宜。     

退化人工梭梭林的恢复技术研究

对退化人工梭梭林进行恢复试验研究发现:滴灌可使梭梭林地土壤含水率显著提高;梭梭光合作用增强;群落物种数增多,盖度增大;防风固沙作用增强.布设机械沙障可使退化梭梭林地表粗糙度增大,林内近地面层风速、输沙量显著下降.春灌3 a后,不仅退化梭梭个体恢复正常生长,同时梭梭林群落物种组成数明显增加,盖度显著增大,生态功能也逐渐恢复.雨水集流和雨水下渗改造两种模式应用1～2 a后,退化梭梭林地土壤含水率均有明显提高.滴灌、布设机械沙障、春灌和改造结皮4种技术措施对退化梭梭林生长及其环境均有明显的恢复作用,其中滴灌、机械沙障恢复技术是当前和今后推广的主要措施;春灌和改造结皮可作为前两种技术的补充措施.