虫媒植物与传粉昆虫协同进化的研究综述

通常协同进化是指一个物种（或种群）的遗传结构由于回应于另一个物种（或种群）遗传结构的变化而发生的相应改变。广义的理解，协同进化是相互作用的物种之间的互惠进化。生物之间、特别是昆虫与植物间存在广泛的协同进化关系，两者之间不断互相适应，是其演化的动力之一。本文具体阐述了：（1）生物之间协同进化的研究意义，包括对生物学与生态学的价值；（2）在被子植物的形成过程中传粉昆虫起的促进作用；（3）花的进化与昆虫的进化的平行发展；（4）虫媒花与传粉昆虫的专性共生；（5）在传粉昆虫和植物协同进化研究方面，取得的一些有重要基础研究意义的进展。     

基于wolbachia的白背飞虱的研究进展

指出了wolbachia是广泛分布于节肢动物生殖组织内的一类共生菌。该细菌通过生殖细胞的细胞质传播并且参与调控其寄主生殖活动机制，可以诱导宿主发生生殖不亲和、产雌孤雌生殖、雌性化等现象，因此研究wolbachia对于了解昆虫的生殖生物学、性别决定机制、物种进化及生物防治具有十分重大的科学意义。白背飞虱Sogatellafurcifera（Horvclth）是一种水稻上危害严重的昆虫，对wolbachia在白背飞虱体内wolbachia的分子检测技术进行了阐述，旨在促进wvolbachia研究的快速发展的同时为生产提供新颖的防治技术理论依据。     

社会性昆虫行为的生理机制：神经传导、激素控制及遗传基础

社会性昆虫的复杂行为一直是动物行为学研究领域的热点之一.通过等级分化和劳动分工合作机制,社会性昆虫在自然界进化中占据有利的生态地位.同时其生殖周期短、易于繁殖饲养和生理机制较高等动物简单等特点,使其成为研究社会行为的模式昆虫.然而,社会性昆虫行为的生理与分子机制一直未完全阐明.研究这些行为的内在机制不仅可使人类更好利用蜜蜂等益虫为社会经济发展和生态健康服务,而且可为设计新型行为调控剂防治林业害虫如黑翅土白蚁、家白蚁及红火蚁等提供理论参考.因此,文章就社会性昆虫的行为及其神经传导、内分泌调节及遗传控制的调控机制进行简要综述.     

中缅树鼩亲缘行为的观察研究

指出了动物生态学研究的前提和重要内容之一是行为的辨别和分类。区分认识动物的活动、休息、取食、标记等行为能够更为系统地理解其生态功能。中缅树鼩在生物学特性上是除灵长类动物外较其他动物更接近于人的哺乳动物,因此近年来被广泛应用于生物学医领域的新型实验动物。对中缅树鼩亲缘行为进行了观测研究,结果表明:中缅树鼩具有嗅闻尿液、粪便、阴部等行为,这可能说明尿液、粪便和阴部腺体中包含相关的信息素成分影响其亲缘行为;还发现中缅树鼩发生"伸懒腰"行为,从行为生态学的角度支持中缅树鼩与灵长类近亲的假说。     

喜火迹地森林昆虫及林火感受器研究进展

在森林发生火灾后,一些适应火迹地的生物种类能够进行自然演替和进化。因此,在某些情况下,被火干扰过的森林呈现出比未过火的森林具有更高的生物多样性,尤其是喜迹地昆虫物种的多样性,而我国尚未对森林喜迹地昆虫进行系统研究、关注和报道。文中综述了喜迹地昆虫物种多样性、生态学特性以及红外感受器、烟雾感受器研究及其仿生学意义,并对我国喜迹地昆虫研究进行了展望。     

近年来我国森林昆虫研究进展

本文从昆虫分类区系、生物学、生态学、预测预报和害虫防治方法研究五个方面,论述了近年来我国森林昆虫研究的进展。     

杉木种子园种子产量大小年周期研究

从气象学、生态学、生殖生物学角度,研究我国南、中、北带具代表性的3个杉木种子园种子产量大小年的周期、分布年度、形成原因及与气候的关系,提出了调节种子园种子产量大小年的主要技术措施,并根据不同区域种子园大小年发生年份的不一致性,提出调节杉木用种的可行方法。     

扁桃生殖生物学特性的研究进展

阐述了近年来扁桃生殖生物学特性研究的新进展,就扁桃的花芽分化、开花授粉、坐果等方面的研究现状进行了总结和分析;对今后进行扁桃生殖生物学特性研究提出了针对开花坐果特性,进行现有优良品种的区域化研究、加快不同品种生殖特性遗传分析研究、扁桃花芽分化过程中酶代谢规律及其外源激素和药物对其花芽分化的影响的研究、不同品种花粉性状及其授粉结实特性筛选各地适宜的授粉昆虫的研究、受精生理学研究的方向和建议。     

麻花艽繁育系统研究

本文总结了高山植物麻花艽繁育系统近期的研究成果。从繁育系统入手,如花部特征和花开放式样,传粉昆虫及其行为,不同原因诱导的花冠闭合,闭合存留花冠进化价值等,证明了世界龙胆属繁育系统研究的一些问题和假说。最后讨论虫媒植物麻花艽对环境的适应对策。     

云南红豆杉及其种群特性研究综述

云南红豆杉分布不连续,种群间通过种子和花粉进行交流,形成了广义的集合种群。本文介绍了云南红豆杉的地理分布及生境概况,对云南红豆杉的种群生物学研究、谱系地理学研究、代谢生态学研究、构件种群生态学研究及资源的保护利用等方面进行了综述,并在此基础上,提出开展云南红豆杉种群特性研究,将为探索植物种群的生存、分化、扩展适应和进化机制提供借鉴。     

Bidirectional selection of walking velocity,associated behavioral syndrome and reproductive output in the maize weevil <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sitophilus zeamais</Emphasis>

Individual behavioral types (i.e., personality traits) and their interrelations (i.e., behavioral syndrome) are recognized in arthropods and are of ecological and evolutionary importance. This aspect is also important in applied entomology, as distinct personality types may exhibit different fitness consequences. Here, we attempt to understand how within-population variation in a personality trait responds to selection and affects other personality traits. Our main focus was a quantifiable behavioral trait (i.e., walking velocity), its potential association with other personality traits, and how these traits are related to the reproductive output. The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais), a key pest of stored cereal grains, was used to test these hypotheses, and we detected that walking velocity is amenable to selection in this species. Furthermore, bidirectional selection with regard to walking velocity (i.e., either high or low) had an impact on the behavioral type, thereby allowing the recognition of different behavioral patterns among the strains. The generated multi-dimensional behavioral constructs of personality indicate consistent divergence among the strains with a stronger contribution of the activity dimension. Walking velocity was associated with other behavioral traits, particularly within the activity dimension, indicating the existence of a behavioral syndrome in the maize weevil. Furthermore, this behavioral dimension (i.e., activity), and particularly walking velocity, was associated with the reproductive output of maize weevil.     

Territory and territorial behavior of migrating Common Coot (Fulica atra)

Territory and territorial behavior of the Common Coot(Fulica atra) were studied in two breeding sites,Anbanghe Nature Reserve and Daqing Longfeng wetland,in Heilongjiang Province,China from April to October in 2008 and 2009.In the breeding season,the breeding pairs occupied an area and protected it throughout the reproduction,and both interspecific and intraspecific conflicts were observed.Territory activities became severe since early May,the peak of territory behaviors appeared at late May,and then declined gradually.The territorial activities level was higher than that in the nest building period than in the laying and incubation periods.The most adopted behavioral model was expelling,which was the least energy cost.The degree of territorial behavior tended to be descended since the development of breeding phase.The territory size differed from 1 333 m2 to above 5 000 m2.Wintering population was observed in Poyang Lake of Jiangxi Province.The coots gathered in the open water;however,there was no territory behavior both in the interspecies and intraspecies in wintering sites.The hypotheses why there was territory behaviors for coots both in the interspecies and intraspecies were also discussed.     

角倍蚜不同蚜型形态特征的比较分析

以五倍子蚜的主要生产种-角倍蚜为研究对象,对其生活周期中7个蚜型的形态特征进行显微测量分析。结果表明:各蚜型的形态特征与其分工相适应,春迁蚜和秋迁蚜体型大,具有发达的足、翅、触角和次生感觉圈,与其迁移和繁殖的分工相适应。干雌和越冬若蚜体型稍小,具有较发达的足和口器,与其取食、繁殖或越冬的分工相适应。干母体型最小,但体型修长,具有发达的足和喙,与其取食、形成虫瘿和繁殖的分工相适应。雌、雄性蚜体型小,口器完全退化,足不发达,与其交配和繁殖的分工相适应。结合各蚜型生活环境的变化,探讨角倍蚜对环境的适应性。     

基于行为观察法的游客游憩行为与环境偏好研究 ——以三明市如意湖湿地公园为例

以三明市如意湖湿地公园为研究对象,采用游憩行为观察法、核密度估算法、问卷调查法,分析游客的游憩行为与环境偏好及其影响因素,探究游客在三明市如意湖湿地公园中游憩的时空分布规律.结果表明:老年游客偏好在林下空间及主要景观节点处,以舒缓的游憩方式进行游憩;中青年游客的游憩目的以游览观光为主,偏好在滨水空间及景观视线良好处进行...     

竹胶板单板编织机进给装置的设计

本文对一种竹帘胶合板单板编织机进给装置的工作原理进行了介绍，分析了其各种机构的循环动作时序，由运动链出发，提出了各种连杆机构的构成及设计要点．     

Over-expression of Tryptophan Decarboxylase Gene in Poplar and its Possible Role in Resistance Against Malacosoma disstria

Amines and their derivatives are known to influence insect behavior involved in feeding and reproduction. In order to examine the feasibility of improving the resistance of poplar to insect pests by the introduction of a plant-derived amine-generating transgene, explants from the hybrid poplar clone ‘INRA 717 1B4’ (P. tremula ×P. albo) were transformed with a Camptotheca acuminata tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC, EC 4.1.1.28) cDNA driven by the CaMV 35S promoter. The enzyme TDC catalyzes the decarboxylation of tryptophan to tryptamine, which, in addition to being a bioactive amine itself, is known to act as a precursor of various other indole derivatives. Putative transgenic lines were confirmed by PCR for the TDC1 gene sequence and by the expression analysis of the transgene mRNA and encoded protein. No visible phenotypic changes were associated with ectopic TDC1 expression. Chemical and radiotracer analyses of the transgenic plants revealed tryptamine accumulation as high as 4 mM in leaf tissue, and suggested that the tryptamine produced by ectopically expressed TDC was not further metabolized. Insect bioassays with the TDC transgenic plants showed that the tryptamine accumulation was consistently associated with adverse effects on feeding potential and physiology of Malacosoma disstria (forest tent caterpillar).     

Behavioral responses of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) to four essential oils in Thailand

The behavioral effects of four essential oils extracted from orange peel (Citrus aurantium L.), cinnamon leaf (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl), citronella grass (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt), and clove flower [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry] were evaluated against two medically important species of mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, using an excito-repellency test system. Ae. aegypti was collected from a small village in Kanchanaburi Province and Culex quinquefasciatus was captured from an urban area of Bangkok. Mosquitoes from the F1–F3 generations were tested in the excito-repellency test chamber for contact excitation and non-contact spatial repellency. Results showed that both species demonstrated varying levels of behavioral escape responses to different essential oils, showing a clear dose response depending on percent w/v concentration used. Orange oil produced the least response in both mosquito species, while citronella and clove the greatest. In general, Cx. quinquefasciatus exhibited much stronger behavioral responses to all four essential oils than Ae. aegypti. From this study, we conclude that the essential oils from various botanical sources should continue to be screened for protective properties against mosquitoes and other biting arthropods.     

Behavioral and electrophysiological investigation on taste response of the termite Zootermopsis nevadensis to wood extractives

Termite feeding behavior and the chemoreception of plant extracts were evaluated to investigate the water extracts from akamatsu (Pinus densiflora), neem (Azadirachta indica), and their equivalent mixture using pseudoergates of Zootermopsis nevadensis. In behavioral assays, termite preference was akamatsu > akamatsu plus neem > neem. Electrophysiological recordings from the taste hairs on labial palps showed vigorous impulse discharge to akamatsu extract but much lower response to neem extract. The response to akamatsu plus neem was mostly the same as that to neem alone, suggesting the neem extracts inhibited the responses to akamatsu extracts. In the present article, we discuss the correlations between the feeding behaviors and the responses at their taste cells to these different extracts.     

The decomposition of the leaf mulches ofLeucaena leucocephala Gliricidia sepium andFlemingia macrophylla under humid tropical conditions

The decomposition of the leaf mulches ofLeucaena leecocephala, Gliricidia sepium andFlemingia macrophylla has been studied under field conditions. Mulch samples were analysed over a period of 70 days on carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus,potassium, calcium and magnesium left. Loss rates for the elements show similar patterns for the three mulches. Losses of mulch material are caused by decomposition as well as removal by soil-dwelling fauna (insects, arthropods, etc.) feeding on the mulch. Based on the data decomposition-and nutrient release functions are developed for the three mulches. These functions are useful in alley-cropping system analysis and models.