燕山北部山地人工针叶林及天然阔叶林植被层的降水截留量研究

为了比较人工针叶林及天然阔叶林对降水的调控作用,利用泡枝法对燕山北部山地落叶松人工林及天然次生杨桦林植被层对降水的截留量进行了比较。研究结果表明:在各个年龄阶段,落叶松乔木林冠截留量都高于天然次生杨桦林。落叶松人工林幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林乔木林冠截留量分别为0.44mm、0.74mm、0.69mm,杨桦林则分别为0.25mm、0.33mm、0.49mm;但落叶松人工林灌木的截留量低于天然次生杨桦林;华北落叶松人工林植被层总截留量高于天然次生杨桦林,分别是0.48mm、0.78mm、0.74mm。随着林龄的增加,杨桦林林冠截留量有逐渐增加的趋势,幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林分别为0.41 mm、0.38 mm、0.76mm;但落叶松林到达近熟林时林冠截留量却有所下降。     

杉木人工林根际土壤性质变化的研究

本文重点论述一代杉木人工林根际和非根际土壤生物活性、生物化学活性、土壤化学性质的差异及其在林木生长过程中的动态变化规律。研究结果表明：杉木幼龄林、中龄林及近熟林样地土壤中有机养分和无机养分含量,除去幼龄林土壤中全Ｋ 之外,均是根际土壤养分含量高于非根际土壤。不同发育阶段养分变化规律：速效Ｎ 在根际和非根际均呈下降趋势;速效Ｐ 含量也呈下降趋势,仅从中龄林至近熟林略有恢复,但全Ｐ含量一直呈下降趋势,速效Ｋ 由幼龄林至中龄林呈升高趋势,但由中龄林至近熟林呈下降趋势,全Ｋ 只是从中龄林至近熟林呈下降趋势。Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ 、Ｍｎ 含量,从幼龄林至中龄林呈大幅度下降,中龄林至近熟林在非根际土壤中略有恢复。关于土壤酶活性变化,无论是水解酶类、还是氧化还原酶类活性,在杉木幼龄林时期,均是根际土壤酶活性低于非根际土壤,随着林木生长至近熟林,则逐渐出现根际土壤酶活性高于非根际土壤。土壤微生物区系研究结果表明：在幼龄林阶段根际土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌均多于非根际土壤,从幼龄林至中龄林根际土壤和非根际土壤细菌和真菌均呈下降趋势,但放线菌数量在增多,由中龄林至近熟林,细菌、真菌和放线菌在根际和非根际土壤中数量趋于提高。在杉木生长过程中,根际和非     

不同年龄杉木人工林抚育成效分析——以江西省靖安县为例

以5a(幼林)、12a(中龄林)、18a(近熟林)生杉木人工林为研究对象,分别设置抚育间伐与对照(不抚育)2种处理,分别于2013年底和2015年底对样地进行调查。结果表明:抚育间伐促进了胸径和单株材积的生长,年平均胸径生长量的增加值抚育比对照幼林多44.4%、中龄林多25.0%、近熟林多14.3%,年平均单株材积生长量的增加值抚育比对照幼林多59.3%、中龄林多31.0%、近熟林多19.9%,上述差异均达到显著水平(p<0.05);抚育间伐对树高生长有促进作用,但与对照比,其差异未达显著水平(p>0.05);抚育明显改善了杉木幼、中龄林的健康状况,健康等级抚育样地普遍比对照样地高一级;抚育提高了林下植被种类的丰度、高度和盖度,抚育样地植被的垂直结构明显;总体而言,抚育间伐对杉木生长、林下植物生长和林分健康的促进作用幼林好于中龄林,好于近熟林。试验结果为杉木人工林的科学抚育提供了参考依据。     

重庆四面山次生植被不同演替阶段土壤理化性质的比较研究

对四面山不同演替阶段的次生植被类型进行了典型样地的土壤调查,结果表明,在天然次生林演替序列中,随着进展演替的进行,土壤理化性质得到明显改善;而对于人工林演替序列而言,从幼林到中龄林、再到成熟林都表现为土壤理化性质的逐渐退化,从成熟林到过熟林土壤理化性质又有明显的改善。     

岫岩地区不同发育阶段红松人工林土壤理化性质研究

为掌握岫岩地区红松人工林不同发育阶段土壤质量的变化情况,对不同林龄红松林的土壤理化性质进行了测定和分析。结果表明,通过土壤物理性质反映出岫岩地区不同发育阶段红松人工林的土壤质量次序为成熟林>幼龄林>中龄林>近熟林;通过土壤化学性质反映出土壤质量次序为:成熟林>中龄林>幼龄林>近熟林。近熟林阶段土壤理化性质最差,成熟林阶段土壤理化性质最佳。     

福寿林场杉木人工林水源涵养功能比较研究

以福寿林场作为研究区域,将杉木人工林按龄组划为幼龄林、中林龄和近熟林,采用标准地调查的方法、环刀法和烘干法对杉木的幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林的土壤物理性质以及水源涵养功能进行研究。结果表明:不同林龄杉木类型土壤容重为上层小于下层,土壤容重为中龄林(1.44 g/cm3)>近熟林(1.37 g/cm3)>幼龄林(1.36g/cm3);不同林龄杉木类型土壤毛管孔隙度随土壤厚度增加而减小,毛管孔隙度为幼龄林(30.32%)>中龄林(17.26%)>近熟林(14.41%);土壤非毛管孔隙度随土壤深度的增加无明显变化,非毛管孔隙度为近熟龄(36.66%)>中林龄(28.61%)>幼龄林(18.55%);根据土壤蓄水能力的大小,可以得出涵养水源能力的大小为近熟林(107.74t/hm2)>中龄林(81.24 t/hm2)>幼龄林(57.43 t/hm2);随着杉木林龄的增大,水源涵养功能呈增大趋势。     

思茅松人工林土壤有机碳和氮储量变化

以思茅松人工林中龄林、近熟林和过熟林及附近区域思茅松天然林和常绿阔叶林为研究对象,探讨造林对思茅松人工林土壤有机碳和氮储量大小与空间分布的影响。结果表明:各林地类型土壤有机碳、氮含量与C:N随着土层厚度增加而减少,过熟林土壤有机碳和氮含量随土层加深则显著高于其它林地类型,近熟林土壤表层有机碳和氮含量显著低于中龄林和过熟林。思茅松人工林乔木层碳储量随林龄增大而增加,过熟林乔木层碳储量最高。造林对思茅松人工林土壤氮储量的影响不显著,而土壤有机碳储量随林龄增大先减少后增加至过熟林恢复至常绿阔叶林和思茅松天然林水平,土壤有机碳与氮储量随土层加深而减少。与常绿阔叶林和思茅松天然林相比,思茅松人工林的中龄林与过熟林土壤有机碳和氮储量的年变化量高于近熟林,近熟林年变化量呈净减少;在思茅松天然林中,人工更新与在常绿阔叶林中造林相比,思茅松人工林可以累积更多的土壤有机碳和氮储量。此外,土壤含水量越大,土壤有机碳储量则越高。     

南岭山区杉木大径材高效培育土壤调查分析

为了有针对性地实施杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolate)大径材高效培育技术研究,在新造林、中龄林和近熟林3种林分中设置杉木大径材培育试验,试验前进行土壤养分、微生物和酶活性的本底调查分析,以了解不同试验地土壤基本情况。调查结果表明,参照"全国第二次土壤普查养分分级标准"进行养分分级评价,近熟林试验地土壤养分处于中等水平,而中龄林试验地和新造林试验地土壤养分则处于较低水平,因此在大径材培育试验过程中,应重点关注土壤养分的补充和维持,在保证充足、均衡肥料的施放的前提下,使试验地有足够的养分供杉木大径材培育所需。不同试验地的土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量有一定的差异,但没达到显著水平。氧化氢酶、磷酸酶和脲酶3种土壤酶的活性在新造林、中龄林和近熟林的不同试验地间差异达到显著水平。     

南岭山区杉木大径材高效培育土壤本底调查分析

为了有针对性地实施杉木大径材高效培育技术研究,在新造林、中龄林和近熟林三种林分中设置杉木大径材培育试验,试验前进行土壤养分、微生物和酶活性的本底调查分析,以了解不同试验地土壤基本情况。调查结果表明,参照“全国第二次土壤普查养分分级标准”进行养分分级评价,近熟林试验地土壤养分处于中等水平,而中龄林试验地和新造林试验地土壤养分则处于较低水平,因此在大径材培育试验过程中,应重点关注土壤养分的补充和维持,在保证充足、均衡肥料的施放的前提下,使试验地有足够的养分供杉木大径材培育所需。不同试验地的土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量有一定的差异,但没达到显著水平。氧化氢酶、磷酸酶和脲酶三种土壤酶的活性在新造林、中龄林和近熟林的不同试验地间差异达到显著水平。土壤本底调查结果对杉木大径材高效培育试验具有重要的参考和指导作用。     

针阔混交林不同演替阶段表层土壤理化性质与优势林木生长的相关性

【目的】旨在分析不同演替阶段针阔混交林土壤表层理化性质与优势树木生长特性之间的关系,以期为探索不同林分的生长规律及森林可持续经营提供依据。【方法】以吉林省蛟河市林业实验区管理局林场的不同演替阶段针阔混交林样地(中龄林、近熟林、成熟林、老龄林)为对象,采用对比方法和主成分分析方法,分析表层土壤理化性质、优势木生长特征及二者间的关系。【结果】随着针阔混交林演替的进行,林分中优势木的平均胸径呈增加趋势,优势木的平均树高变化不大,红松优势木数量逐渐增加,而胡桃楸优势木数量逐渐减少,春榆、大果榆等优势木随演替进行逐渐退出主林层;从中龄林到成熟林,土壤密度变化不显著,老龄林土壤密度最小;随着演替进行,非毛管孔隙度逐渐减小,毛管孔隙度逐渐增大,总孔隙度变化并不明显;在4个演替阶段中,老龄林土壤毛管持水量与最大持水量均最大,比中龄林分别增加12.98%和27.94%;在表层土壤化学性质方面,0～20 cm土层pH值表现为成熟林最大,近熟林最小,老龄林介于成熟林和中龄林之间;土壤有机质含量表现为近熟林最高,成熟林最低;土壤中全氮、水解氮和有效磷含量均表现为老龄林最高,土壤中全磷、全钾和速效钾含量均表现为近熟林最高;不同演替阶段优势木的平均树高和平均胸径均与土壤有机质、全磷、全钾、有效磷和速效钾含量正相关;不同演替阶段下优势木的平均树高与土壤密度、非毛管孔隙度和pH值负相关,与有机质、全氮和全钾含量显著正相关;优势木的平均胸径与土壤密度和全磷含量正相关,与最大持水量和水解氮含量负相关;土壤最大持水量、土壤密度、全磷和水解氮含量对优势木的径生长过程有较大的影响。【结论】毛管孔隙度、速效钾和全磷含量是影响不同演替阶段土壤质量的主要因子;经过不同演替阶段,表层土壤理化性质质量的综合得分表现为中龄林成熟林近熟林老龄林;随着演替进行,针阔混交林的表层土壤理化性质基本呈现质量提高趋势,到老龄林时期达到最佳。本研究得到的不同演替阶段针阔混交林林木生长与表层土壤理化性质特征的相关性为进一步实现该地区森林可持续经营提供了科学依据。     

不同栽植代数杉木人工林土壤肥力的比较研究

在全国杉木中心产区选择不同栽植代数（１、２、３代）、不同发育阶段（５、１０、１５、２０ａ）及不同立地（１４、１６、１８地位指数）的杉木人工林,进行不同栽植代数杉木人工林土壤肥力的比较研究。结果表明：连栽导致了杉木林地土壤肥力的明显下降,随栽植物代数增加,不同发育阶段杉木林林地水稳性团聚体、非毛管孔隙、田间持水量,毛管持水量、最大持水量及土壤各项养分含量均呈下降趋势,而土壤结构体破坏率和容重却呈增加趋势,林地肥力朝不利方向发展。     

南亚热带桉树林和针阔混交林土壤及凋落物持水能力比较

以桉树林（第2代和第1代）和杉木针阔混交林（10～11 a和5～7 a生）为研究对象,探讨南亚热带4种试验林0～100 cm土层土壤及凋落物持水能力。结果表明,在0～100 cm土层,针阔混交林土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度均高于桉树林,而土壤非毛管孔隙度却显著低于桉树林（P＜0．05）,表明针阔混交林土壤中有效水的贮存容量高于桉树林。受土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度的影响,针阔混交林土壤最大持水量和毛管持水量显著高于桉树林（P＜0．05）。4种试验林田间持水量的差异不显著（P＞0．05）,说明4种试验林土壤保水能力基本一致。4种林分凋落物量表现为桉树林Ⅳ＞桉树林Ⅱ＞针阔混交林Ⅰ＞针阔混交林Ⅲ,桉树林凋落物最大持水量、最大拦蓄量和有效拦蓄量显著高于针阔混交林（P＜0．05）。     

Impact of slash removal,drag scarification,and mounding on lodgepole pine cone distribution and seedling regeneration after cut-to-length harvesting on high elevation sites

Excessive slash loading could pose a problem for the regeneration of the serotinous lodgpole pine especially in forests at higher elevation where soil temperature is limiting. In the past, these forests have commonly been harvested using full-tree harvesting where trees are processed at roadside; however, recently cut-to-length harvesting has become a more frequent harvesting method. In cut-to-length harvesting the harvested trees are processed in the block, as a result slash accumulation is much higher on these cutblocks. In an experimental field trial, the cone distribution, natural lodgepole pine regeneration, and the growth and establishment of planted lodgepole pine were evaluated in response to slash load, drag scarification, and mounding after cut-to-length harvesting of high elevation lodgepole pine stands in the Rocky Mountains. Twelve sites were established, each contained six plots which were randomly assigned to six treatment combinations of two slash removal (slash and slash removed) and three mechanical soil preparation treatments (no soil preparation, drag scarifying, and mounding). The slash removal reduced slash volume by more than 50% but also reduced the number of lodgepole pine cones available for regeneration by over 33%. However, soil mechanical treatments offset this effect as fewer cones were necessary to achieve high natural pine regeneration densities. Drag scarification of plots resulted in 12 times the number of pine seedlings compared to the non-prepared plots. Although slash removal did not have an effect on the number of naturally regenerated lodgepole pine seedlings, it had a positive effect on their growth performance. Conversely, planted pine seedlings had lower mortality and better growth in soils that had been mechanically prepared and had the slash removed; however, the growth effects became only apparent 4 years after planting. While slash removal and mechanical soil preparation did increase soil temperatures; the slash removal treatment had a more transient effect on soil temperatures than soil preparation. Differences in soil temperature decreased over time which appeared to be mostly driven by a warming of the soils in the plots with no soil preparation, likely a result of the decomposition of the finer slash and feathermosses. Overall, it appears that surface disturbance on these high elevation sites had a far greater effect on lodgepole pine regeneration and growth than the increased accumulation of slash as a result of cut-to-length harvesting.     

准格尔旗黄土丘陵区人工林水文生态效益评价研究

就黄土丘陵区主要植被类型人工油松成熟林、人工油松中龄林、人工油松幼龄林、人工沙棘林、人工柠条林、天然草坡的枯落物容水特征和林地土壤水分物理性质进行了测定,并以坡耕地作对照。结果表明：人工油松成熟林的枯落物吸水量为22．6t／hm2,是中龄林和幼龄林的5～9倍,是灌木林的2．4～3倍,是天然草地的10倍多。0～40cm土层土壤最大持水能力油松成林、油松幼林、浦松中龄林、人工沙棘林、人工柠条林、天然草地、农耕地依次为2260．05、1935．6、1935．6、1820．1、1597．65、1666．05、1600．2t／hm2;油松成林、油松幼林、油松中龄林、人工沙棘林、天然草地0—40cm土层土壤最大持水能力分别比对照农耕地提高659．85、335．4、335．4、219．9、65．85t／hm2。在土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、毛管最大持水量、土壤最大持水能力等水土保持及水源涵养功能指标诸方面,人工油松林均优于灌木林和天然草地。     

测土配方施肥对湿地松生长与养分含量及其土壤肥力的影响

选择4年生湿地松优良家系试验林,通过测土配方施肥,研究其对湿地松生长与叶片、枝条养分含量及其土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:施肥后第2年,土壤全P含量与湿地松树高及胸径生长呈现极显著正相关,其数学模型分别为:y=-5.944 4 x+1.318 9、y=-7.500 0 x+2.700 0;施肥后土壤中速效K含量与叶片中全K含量呈现极显著正相关,其数学模型为:y=0.010 8 x-0.163 3;速效K含量与湿地松树高及胸径生长,其数学模型分别为:y=-0.032 8 x+1.513 3、y=-0.047 4 x+3.002 9;土壤中全N增长与湿地松叶片全N含量增长均呈现显著正相关,其数学模型为:y=7.016 1 x+0.162 1。湿地松平均树高与胸径相较于未施肥的对照组增幅分别达11%与13%以上,其差异达到了极显著水平。     

林木相关值法营养诊断及施肥技术研究

对尾叶桉、湿地松林分进行相关值法营养诊断,结果表明：１．尾叶桉：不施肥的幼林需Ｐ肥,１,６龄林需Ｎ肥,２龄林要慎施Ｎ肥,应施有机肥;１～４龄林不必施Ｋ肥,至５,６龄林时要补充Ｋ肥;２,６龄林需Ｃａ肥,３龄林较需Ｍｇ肥。需肥顺序是Ｐ、Ｎ、Ｋ。施肥处理的以施Ｎ１００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２的适宜;施Ｐ量１００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２为足够,施５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２的偏低;４龄林后需补充Ｋ肥。尾叶桉施Ｐ肥效果最为显著。２．湿地松：不施肥林地较需Ｐ、Ｋ肥,林地高Ｐ时需施Ｎ肥,Ｍｇ、Ｃａ养分足够。需肥顺序是Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｎ。施肥处理的以施Ｐ２００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２的更有利于促进湿地松６龄林后的生长成材。施Ｐ肥后,均能促进幼林对Ｎ的需求,并随着施钙镁磷肥量的增大,需Ｎ量和Ｃａ,Ｍｇ—Ｋ的拮抗交互作用也增大。湿地松施肥肥效不显著。３．林地土壤养分库存量下降的趋势及顺序与相关值诊断结果完全吻合。     

云南热区西南桦人工纯林林地土壤的有机碳含量研究

在云南西双版纳的普文试验林场,通过对不同龄期西南桦人工纯林林地土壤有机碳含量的比较,并以当地的山地雨林、林龄较为接近的西南桦次生林和黄水(黄牛水 水锦树)次生林林地的土壤有机碳含量为参照,作了对比分析;还对西南桦人工纯林林地土壤的有机碳含量与其土壤肥力状况及物理性状的相关性进行了研究。结果表明:西南桦人工纯林随着林龄的增长,其林地土壤有机碳含量呈现出先维持再积累上升的趋势;15年生的西南桦人工纯林林地土壤的有机碳含量水平与黄水(黄牛水 水锦树)次生林相近,随其林龄的增长,预计会超过黄水(黄牛水 水锦树)次生林而接近于山地雨林。西南桦人工纯林林地土壤有机碳含量与其土壤全N、水解N、速效K含量、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度等指标呈显著正相关,与土壤容重呈显著负相关,因此,西南桦人工纯林林地土壤的有机碳水平可用以指示其土壤的肥力状况。     

Carbon dynamics and stability between native Masson pine and exotic slash pine plantations in subtropical China

Afforestation and ecological restoration have often been carried out with fast-growing exotic tree species because of their high apparent growth and yield. Moreover, fast-growing forest plantations have become an important component of mitigation measures to offset greenhouse gas emissions. However, information on the long-term performance of exotic and fast-growing species is often lacking especially with respect to their vulnerability to disturbance compared to native species. We compared carbon (C) storage and C accumulation rates in vegetation (above- and belowground) and soil in 21-year-old exotic slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and native Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) plantations, as well as their responses to a severe ice storm in 2008. Our results showed that mean C storage was 116.77 ± 7.49 t C ha^?1 in slash pine plantation and 117.89 ± 8.27 t C ha^?1 in Masson pine plantation. The aboveground C increased at a rate of 2.18 t C ha^?1 year^?1 in Masson pine and 2.23 t C ha^?1 year^?1 in slash pine plantation, and there was no significant difference in C storage accumulation between the two plantation types. However, we observed significant differences in ice storm damage with nearly 7.5 % of aboveground biomass loss in slash pine plantation compared with only 0.3 % loss in Masson pine plantation. Our findings indicated that the native pine species was more resistant to ice storm because of their adaptive biological traits (tree shape, crown structure, and leaf surface area). Overall, the native pine species might be a safer choice for both afforestation and ecological restoration in our study region.     

Influence of variable organic matter retention on nutrient availability in a 10-year-old loblolly pine plantation

The effects of varying forest floor and slash retention at time of regeneration were evaluated 10 years after the establishment of a loblolly pine plantation near Millport, Alabama. Treatments included removing, leaving unaltered, or doubling the forest floor and slash material. Forest floor and litterfall mass and nutrient concentrations, available soil N, foliar nutrient concentrations and stand yield were all impacted by the treatments. Forest floor mass and nutrient contents in the doubled treatment were significantly greater than the other two treatments. The doubled treatment accumulated 25, 45 and 350% more forest floor mass and 56, 56, and 310% more N than the control treatment in the Oi, Oe, and Oa layers, respectively. The other nutrients followed similar patterns. Potentially mineralized NO₃⁻-N in the mineral soil was also significantly higher in the doubled treatment. The positive effect of doubling the forest floor on soil N availability was reflected in greater foliage production, 30% more litterfall and 25% more stand yield for this treatment. This study shows that increasing the forest floor retention has resulted in increased nutrient availability and improved tree growth.