植物非生物逆境胁迫DREB/CBF转录因子的研究进展

综述近十几年来,特别是近5年来国内外DREB/CBF转录因子的研究进展,主要包括DREB/CBF转录因子的结构特点,DREB/CBF基因的克隆、表达调控及其在植物抗逆基因工程中的作用,以及DREB/CBF转录因子研究中的问题与展望,旨在为植物抗逆育种提供理论依据.DREB/CBF类转录因子即干旱应答元件结合蛋白质/C-重复序列结合子,是AP2/EREBP转录因子家族的一个亚家族,拥有保守的AP2结构域,能够特异性地与抗逆基因启动子区域的DRE/CRT顺式作用元件相结合,在干旱、低温和高盐等条件下调节一系列下游逆境应答基因的表达,是植物逆境适应中的关键性调节因子.目前,已从拟南芥、欧洲油菜、水稻、玉米、小麦、陆地棉、大豆和番茄等几十种植物中分离并鉴定出调控干旱、高盐及低温耐性的DREB/CBF基因,并利用这些基因得到抗逆性增强的拟南芥、欧洲油菜、番茄、小麦以及杨树等转基因植株.转基因结果表明,DREB/CBF转录因子家族在植物抗逆品种改良中具有重要的应用价值.     

DREB/CBF基因响应植物抗冷途径的研究进展

低温环境信号通过细胞膜的转导,激活以DREB/CBF途径为主的抗冷信号网络,调控下游大量抗冷功能基因的表达,继而增强植物的抗冷能力。本文重点介绍了国内外近年来有关CBF基因结构特点、CBF转录因子在植物抗逆基因工程中的作用,CBF信号途径的研究包括Ca2+与低温信号转导、CBF转录因子在植物抗冷过程中的表达调控、生物节律调控CBF转录因子的表达等方面,旨在为植物抗逆育种提供理论依据。     

巨桉EgrDREB2A基因结构及表达特性分析

【目的】从低温条件下巨桉mRNA抑制消减杂交(SSH)文库中筛选得到一个受低温诱导的基因Egr DREB2A(Eucgr.G03094),通过对其蛋白序列特征、亚细胞定位特点以及低温、ABA和盐胁迫逆境处理条件下基因表达方式的分析,讨论Egr DREB2A在巨桉非生物逆境响应中所发挥的作用。【方法】使用SMART,Mat Inspector和MEGA等生物信息学软件,分析Egr DREB2A的序列和编码蛋白特征,搜寻启动子上的重要顺式作用元件并构建其蛋白序列进化树;亚细胞定位采用基因枪轰击洋葱表皮的方法;Egr DREB2A组织表达特异性及低温、ABA和盐胁迫条件下的基因表达分析分别采用半定量和定量RT-PCR方法进行;在4℃低温下随处理时间(0.5,2,6,12,24,48 h)的基因数字表达谱基础上,用WGCNA和Cytoscape软件对Egr DREB2A进行基因共表达分析。【结果】Egr DREB2A编码的蛋白序列含有1个典型的AP2结构域,且结构域内部包含YRG和RAYD 2个保守区,属于DREB2类基因,进化树构建结果表明该基因属于DREB2类基因的亚型Ⅰ。Egr DREB2A启动子序列上含有多个与植物逆境响应相关的顺式作用元件。该基因有明显的核定位区,亚细胞定位结果也表明其编码蛋白主要在核中表达。正常条件下,根、茎和叶中Egr DREB2A都有表达,但叶片中表达水平相对较高。在不同低温(0,2,4,6,8℃)下Egr DREB2A被强烈诱导,4℃低温下随处理时间(0.5,2,6,12,24,48 h)的延长,其表达量呈上升趋势,不同时间处理下与Egr DREB2A具有共表达关系的基因多属于参与植物对逆境响应的基因。ABA(100μmol·L-1)对Egr DREB2A的表达表现为先促进而后抑制,而Na Cl(200 mmol·L-1)的处理则表现为先抑制后促进。昼夜节律同样影响Egr DREB2A的表达,光照下基因表达升高,黑暗条件下基因表达降低。【结论】巨桉Egr DREB2A属于DREB2类基因,其表达受低温诱导,同时受ABA、盐和昼夜节律的影响。该基因启动子序列上启动子元件及与其共表达基因大多与植物逆境响应有关。这些结果表明Egr DREB2A可能在巨桉抵抗非生物逆境因子的过程中发挥比较重要的作用。     

杨树受溃疡病菌感染后转录因子的应答变化

【目的】研究杨树受溃疡病菌感染后转录因子的应答变化。【方法】提取诱导前后的毛白杨树皮mRNA，反转录生成 cDNA，构建接种溃疡病菌72 h 后的 SSH － cDNA 库，从库中获得 ESTs，将 ESTs 注释到Unisequences，挑选出与转录相关的Unisequences，利用RT－qPCR对转录基因作进一步的分析。随机挑选199个阳性克隆进行测序，测序结果经与 NCBI基因库中序列进行比较，发现172个 EST 同源序列，对这些 EST 在 dbEST 数据库进行同源检索分析。【结果】有10个序列与转录相关，占5．8%，分为4类，即：锌指蛋白，含EAR转录区域；类CONSTANS转录因子，编码核蛋白；普通转录因子，调节转录；WRKY21转录因子，参与防御信号转录。通过 RT －qPCR对其中3类(锌指蛋白、类 CONSTANS和 WRKY21)转录因子做进一步分析发现，Z锌指蛋白( Cys/His－rich)在接种溃疡病菌后，在诱导初期增长缓慢，48 h后逐渐升高，144 h达到最高，表达量是未接种时的50倍；WRKY21表达量先升高(12～24 h)，然后降低(24～96 h)，144 h 时，表达量是未接种时0.94倍；类 CONSTANS 表达量一直处于缓慢升高的趋势，直到诱导144 h，是未接种时2倍。【结论】毛白杨被溃疡病菌感染后与防御相关的转录因子表达量明显上升，这可为毛白杨抗溃疡病重要功能基因的克隆和鉴定提供理论基础。     

非生物逆境对植物抗坏血酸过氧化物酶作用的影响研究进展

指出了植物抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(Ascorbate peroxidase,APX)含有高度保守的氨基酸残基,分为叶绿体型同工酶和非光合器官型同工酶,以各自特异方式调控细胞内过氧化氢(H2O2)浓度。APX基因编码区同源性较高,表达具有组织特异性,响应H2O2、热激转录因子(Heat shock factors,HSFs)等信号因子调节,可调控胁迫相关蛋白和转录因子的表达。非生物逆境胁迫下,过量表达APX,可有效清除物体内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),减轻过氧化损伤,提高植物抵御逆境的能力。     

毛竹GRF转录因子的生物信息学及表达分析

通过生物信息学手段,对毛竹GRF(Growth-regulating factors, GRFs)转录因子基因家族成员展开研究。主要包括对毛竹转录因子家族成员的鉴定,基本信息的分析,进化分析,基因结构分析,保守基序分析,保守结构域分析,以及在不同组织中的表达分析。一共鉴定了18条毛竹GRF转录因子。根据拟南芥、水稻的系统进化树分析,将毛竹GRF转录因子划分为6个家族。利用Gene structure、NCBI和MEME在线分析软件,发现毛竹GRF转录因子的基因结构和氨基酸序列较为保守。表达量分析发现GRF转录因子普遍在花中表达丰度最高,其次在竹笋侧芽中表达丰度较高,而在叶片中表达量较低,表明GRF转录因子在毛竹花发育以及笋尖生长发育过程中发挥着重要的作用。     

干旱胁迫下柠条锦鸡儿叶片SSH文库构建及CkWRKY1基因克隆

为研究柠条锦鸡儿抗旱的分子机制,挖掘干旱响应相关基因,成功构建干旱胁迫下柠条锦鸡儿叶片的抑制性差减杂交(SSH)文库,获得1 286条高质量的EST序列,平均长度475 bp,拼接得到Unigenes 645条.对这些Unigenes进行Blast比对注释后发现很多抗旱相关基因,例如LEA蛋白、DHN蛋白编码基因,MYB、bZIP、WRKY、NAC和bHLH转录因子等.通过RACE技术克隆其中1个WRKY转录因子的cDNA全长,命名为CkWRKYI,GenBank登录号为JX987095.CkWRKY1编码330个氨基酸的蛋白质,氨基酸序列中有1个“WRKYGQK”的WRKY转录因子家族保守序列,属于第Ⅱ类WRKY转录因子.利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测发现,CkWRKY1基因在干旱处理后mRNA的表达水平明显上升,预示该转录因子可能与柠条锦鸡儿抗旱的分子机制相关.     

杨树抗寒分子机理研究策略

杨树是树木抗寒分子机理研究的模式树木。文章通过对杨树在细胞冰点测定技术、冻融伤害修复与膜再密封、CBF/DREB调节、转录调控、CRISPR/Cas9技术和DNA修复几方面研究的评述，总结出杨树抗寒性分子机理研究存在的问题，提出未来研究的发展方向。     

小兰屿蝴蝶兰R2R3-MYB转录因子分析

[目的]本研究为了探讨在植物发育和抗逆过程扮演着重要角色的MYB转录因子的潜在功能。[方法]利用拟南芥MYB转录因子家族蛋白序列(At MYBs)和已报道的蝴蝶兰R2R3-MYB转录因子家族蛋白序列(Pe MYBs),采用本地化软件BLASTP对小兰屿蝴蝶兰全基因组数据库进行搜索,并利用Pfam数据库验证MYB结构域,获得小兰屿蝴蝶兰MYB转录因子家族编码序列(Pe MYBs)125条,包含1R-MYB结构域的Pe MYBs蛋白序列27条,R2R3-MYB结构域96条,R1R2R3-MYB结构域2条。重点对96条R2R3-MYB结构Pe MYBs蛋白序列特点进行生物信息学分析。[结果]依据拟南芥的分类标准将小兰屿蝴蝶兰R2R3-MYB类转录因子划分为20个亚群,预测获得同源性较高的直系和旁系同源基因;各基因在四种器官(花、叶、根、茎)中的表达情况各异,39个Pe MYBs基因在4种器官中均表达,48个基因在不同器官中有特异性不表达现象,一些基因呈现器官特异性表达特点,推测其可能参与相应组织特定发育时期的调控。[结论]预测获得125条Pe MYBs蛋白序列,并对部分Pe MYB转录因子可能的调控功能进行了预测,将为细致研究蝴蝶兰MYB转录因子调控植物生长发育和逆境胁迫响应的分子机理提供一定的数据基础。     

暴马桑黄gpd启动子的克隆与序列分析

暴马桑黄药用价值很高,但是其含有的一些药用成分含量很低,运用基因工程技术对暴马桑黄进行改造,是培育优质暴马桑黄的有效手段。本试验对暴马桑黄三磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(gpd)启动子进行基因克隆,从暴马桑黄中克隆得到一段1380 bp的gpd启动子序列。核心启动子区是转录因子和RNA聚合酶的结合区域,对启动子活性有较大影响,序列分析发现gpd启动子在995-1045 bp之间是核心启动子区的概率最高(0.99);作用元件预测结果显示,gpd启动子含有CAAT-box、TATA-box等典型的启动子顺式作用元件,以及参与低温响应的顺式作用元件LTR、参与脱落酸反应的顺式作用元件ABRE等多种重要的作用元件;启动子序列中处于非甲基化状态的CpG岛是基因转录所必需的,经过预测发现gpd序列在7-1380 bp之间存在一个CpG岛;此外在该启动子序列中还发现AP1、MAF等多种转录因子的结合位点,这些位点是启动子上与转录因子相结合的DNA片段,是一些转录开始的关键结合部位。结论:通过以上结果初步判断克隆得到的gpd启动子具有调控外源基因表达的能力。     

Cloning of four DREB genes from Tibetan Sophora moorcroftiana and analysis of their expression during abiotic stress

Sophora moorcroftiana is an endemic, droughtresistant shrub that grows in Tibet and has some degree of resistance to salt, cold, heat, and drought. In the present study, four dehydration responsive element-binding(DREB) genes(Sm DREB1, Sm DREB2, Sm DREB and Sm DREB1) were isolated from S. moorcroftiana for the first time and their expression and proline content under abiotic stress were analyzed. Proline accumulated in seedlings under drought, salt, cold, and heat stress treatments. The four genes were variously expressed in response to the four abiotic stresses. Sm DREB1 was induced by drought, cold, and heat stresses; Sm DREB2 and Sm DREB4 were both induced by salt, cold, and heat stresses, whereas Sm DREB3 was induced by drought and heat stresses. Thus, these four genes may participate in conferring tolerance to these four abiotic stresses and are candidate genes for genetic engineering in the future.     

Improvement of paper mulberry tolerance to abiotic stresses by ectopic expression of tall fescue FaDREB1

Dehydration-responsive element binding/C-repeat-binding factors (DREB/CBF) control the activity of multiple stress response genes and therefore represent attractive targets for genetic improvement of abiotic stress tolerance. Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L. Vent) is well known for its bark fibers and high levels of chalcone and flavonoid derivatives. Transgenic paper mulberry plants expressing a tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) FaDREB1 gene under the control of CaMV 35S were produced to examine the potential utility of FaDREB1 to increase the tolerance of paper mulberry plants to abiotic stress. The overexpressing FaDREB1 plants showed higher salt and drought tolerance than the wild-type plants (WT). After 13 days of withholding water, or 15 days in the presence of 250 mM NaCl, all the WT plants died, while the over-expressing FaDREB1 plants survived. The FaDREB1 plants had higher leaf water and leaf chlorophyll contents, accumulated more proline and soluble sugars, and had less ion leakage (which reflects membrane damage) than the WT plants had under high salt- and water-deficient conditions. The 35S promoter-driven expression of FaDREB1 did not cause growth retardation under normal growth conditions. Therefore, improved tolerance to multiple environmental stresses in paper mulberry might be achieved via genetic engineering through the ectopic expression of an FaDREB1 gene.     

Overexpression of the ThTPS gene enhanced salt and osmotic stress tolerance in Tamarix hispida

Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide with high stability and strong water absorption properties that can improve the resistance of organisms to various abi-otic stresses.Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) plays important roles in trehalose metabolism and signaling.In this study,the full-length cDNA of ThTPS was cloned from Tamarix hispida Willd.A phylogenetic tree includ-ing ThTPS and 11 AtTPS genes from Arabidopsis indicated that the ThTPS protein had a close evolutionary relationship with AtTPS7.However,the function of AtTPS7 has not been determined.To analyze the abiotic stress tolerance function of ThTPS,the expression of ThTPS in T.hispida under salt and drought stress and JA,ABA and GA3 hormone stimu-lation was monitored by qRT-PCR.The results show that ThTPS expression was clearly induced by all five of these treatments at one or more times,and salt stress caused par-ticularly strong induction of ThTPS in the roots of T.hispida.The ThTPS gene was transiently overexpressed in T.his-pida.Both physiological indexes and staining results showed that ThTPS gene overexpression increased salt and osmotic stress tolerance in T.hispida.Overall,the ThTPS gene can respond to abiotic stresses such as salt and drought,and its overexpression can significantly improve salt and osmotic tolerance.These findings establish a foundation to better understand the responses of TPS genes to abiotic stress in plants.     

刚毛柽柳 FeSOD 基因的克隆及耐盐应答分析磁

植物响应盐胁迫逆境,涉及一系列的保护酶类基因的表达和调控, SOD酶是其中重要的一类。本研究通过对盐胁迫后7个柽柳转录组分析和进一步测序验证,获得了2个柽柳FeSOD基因全长cDNA序列,它们编码蛋白的氨基酸残基数分别为256、308,分子量为63.8、75.4 kDa,理论等电点为5.0和5.1。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示这2个FeSOD基因在盐胁迫后柽柳根和叶中呈现不同的表达模式。在根中,第9天时, ThFeSOD1和ThFeSOD2基因的表达均明显上调。在叶中, ThFeSOD1和ThFeSOD2在胁迫3天受明显的诱导,而5天表达受明显的抑制。     

Effect of salt on ROS homeostasis, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant mechanisms in Pinus pinaster suspension cells

? In the Pinus genus, information on the effectiveness of oxidative defence mechanisms during exposure to salt is lacking. The effect of salt stress imposition on ROS homeostasis was investigated using maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) suspension cells as a model system.

? Cells were maintained in MS-based medium, exposed to salt (50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl) and analysed for biomass production, evidencing a decreasing growth capacity. Use of 100 mM NaCl imposed severe salt stress without affecting cell viability, being chosen for subsequent studies on the ROS homeostasis of salt shock-treated suspension cells.

? Increased total ROS levels were evident on the second day of salt exposure, but a superoxide ion transient burst was immediately noticeable. Additionally, lipid peroxide formation seemed to correlate with superoxide ion breakdown. In-gel superoxide dismutase activity evidenced a FeSOD homodimer with strongly increasing activity between hours 12–48 of salt stress imposition. Subsequently, P. pinaster Fe-Sod1 and csApx1 genes were isolated from a cDNA library and expression was shown to increase within 12–24 h.

? Results show that severe salt treatment generates oxidative stress in P. pinaster cells despite the induction of antioxidant systems, and suggest a putative involvement of ROS in salt stress signalling.

     

盐胁迫下比拉底白刺差异表达基因的转录组分析

[目的]为了挖掘比拉底白刺耐盐相关基因,对其盐胁迫下差异表达基因进行筛选分析。[方法]以比拉底白刺幼苗为材料,用200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl对幼苗处理7 d,并对胁迫处理和对照植株叶片进行转录组测序及生物信息学分析。[结果]有效序列组装共得到应答盐胁迫的168463条unigenes和196个差异表达基因。通过差异基因GO和KEGG功能聚类,分别获得64个GO功能小类和25条KEGG通路。进一步基因相互作用网络分析发现,转录调控、氧化还原以及抗逆相关基因在比拉底白刺应答盐胁迫中发挥重要作用,其中,筛选到3个重要的节点基因,分别是热激同源蛋白基因、L型凝集素类受体激酶基因和Win类蛋白基因。[结论]本研究获得了盐胁迫下比拉底白刺的差异表达基因及功能注释信息,有助于理解其耐盐的分子机制,为后续开发耐盐分子标记及通过基因编辑改良植物耐盐特性提供了科学依据。     

Successful Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Populus tomentosa with apple SPDS gene

The problem of salinized soils has become one of the most serious constraints to agricultural and forest productivity. With the purpose of enhancing salt stress tolerance of Populus tomentosa, we transformed this tree species with spermidine synthase (SPDS) genes derived from an apple by an Agrobacterium-mediatod method. Four transgenic clones were confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis. As well, the expression of introduced SPDS genes was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR.